gluma and hydroxyethyl-methacrylate

The purpose of this study was to evaluate five dentin bonding systems simulating indirect restorations. The surface of bovine and human dentin was primed with a glutaraldehyde agent (GLUMA) and placed in a humidor at 37 degrees C for 168 h. In an experimental bonding system (GLUMA/CY/SB), the surfaces were etched with phosphoric acid, primed with cytochrome c, and then bonded to an acrylic rod with a self-curing resin (4-META/MMA-TBB). Specimens using two commercially available bonding systems [All-Bond 2 (AB2) and Super-Bond C & B (10-3/SB)] and two controls with and without GLUMA (GLUMA/10-3/SB and CY/SB) were also prepared. Tensile testing revealed that the bond strengths were influenced by the bonding system, 168 h dentin exposure and their interaction, but not by the tooth origin. AB2 showed the lowest bond strength. With the 10-3/SB system, exposing the dentin to humidity resulted in a decrease in bond strength. After 168 h of exposure, no significant differences were observed between 10-3/SB and CY/SB. The most effective bonding was obtained with the bonding systems of GLUMA/10-3/SB and GLUMA/CY/SB. Improved outcome is expected with these bonding systems when building up abutment teeth with indirect restorations.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Cattle; Dental Bonding; Dental Restoration Failure; Dentin; Dentin-Bonding Agents; Glutaral; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Iron Compounds; Methacrylates; Methylmethacrylate; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Molar; Polymethacrylic Acids; Polymethyl Methacrylate; Tensile Strength

Topics: Acid Etching, Dental; Composite Resins; Dental Bonding; Dental Enamel; Dentin; Dentin Sensitivity; Dentin-Bonding Agents; Glutaral; Humans; Methacrylates; Phosphoric Acids; Polymethacrylic Acids; Resin Cements; Smear Layer; Wetting Agents

Many dentists use resin primers and adhesives to prevent post-cementation sensitivity of teeth restored with crowns. However, little information is available regarding the effect of these resins on crown retention. This laboratory study concluded that two popular resins, Gluma Desensitizer (Heraeus Kulzer) and One-Step (Bisco Dental Products), had little or no effect on the retention of crowns luted with zinc phosphate, glass ionomer or resin-modified glass ionomer cements.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Composite Resins; Crowns; Dental Bonding; Dental Prosthesis Retention; Dentin Sensitivity; Dentin-Bonding Agents; Glass Ionomer Cements; Glutaral; Humans; Methacrylates; Polymethacrylic Acids; Resin Cements; Zinc Phosphate Cement

Gluma Dentin Bond is an adhesive system, where the primer contains 5% glutaraldehyde and 35% hydroxyethyl methacrylate. Practitioners have reported a strong desensitizing effect of the Gluma system on dentin. This study, thus, sought to evaluate the effect of this system on dentin using various microscopic techniques. 12 non-restored human molars extracted for prosthodontic reasons were used. Prior to extraction the buccal cusps were removed such that a 2 mm x 2 mm wide dentin surface was exposed. The surfaces were treated in 6 ways: (1) application of Gluma 2 cleanser, Gluma 3 primer to which 0.1% w/v fluorescein was added, and Gluma 4 sealer; (2) as in (1) but treatment with H2O/0.1% w/v fluorescein instead of the Gluma 3; (3) as in (1) but without Gluma 2; (4) as in (1) but with application of 5% glutaraldehyde instead of Gluma 3; (5) as in (1) but without Gluma 4; (6) as in (1) but with application of 35% HEMA/0.1% w/v fluorescein instead of Gluma 3. Following extraction, 1 tooth per procedure was prepared for confocal laser scanning microscopy. The remaining teeth were fixed and prepared for SEM and TEM evaluation. In specimens of procedures (1) and (5), tubular occlusions could be seen to a depth of 200 microm. In specimens of procedure (4) tubular occlusions were found only to a depth of 50 microm. Such occlusions were not seen in control specimens (2), in specimens where the smear-layer had not been removed (3), or following application of HEMA alone (6). It is concluded that glutaraldehyde can intrinsically block dentinal tubules. The septa in the tubules may counteract the hydrodynamic mechanism for dentinal sensitivity.

Topics: Adhesives; Composite Resins; Dentin; Dentin Sensitivity; Dentin-Bonding Agents; Fluorescein; Fluorescent Dyes; Glutaral; Humans; Methacrylates; Microscopy, Confocal; Microscopy, Electron; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Molar; Polymethacrylic Acids; Rheology; Smear Layer

Dentin cavities, prepared in extracted human teeth, were treated with various proprietary dentin-bonding agents and then filled with a light-cured restorative resin for posterior use. All bonding agents were either treated in accordance with the manufacturers' instructions or combined with Gluma, which is an aqueous solution of glutaraldehyde and HEMA, a hydrophilic monomer. 10 min after polymerization, the width and the extent of the marginal contraction gap was measured approximately 0.1 mm below the free surface of the filling, using a light microscope. With nearly all dentin-bonding agents, the marginal contraction gap could be significantly reduced if Gluma was used after conditioning of the dentin. The reason for this improvement may be that glutaraldehyde cross-links the collagen fibers and thereby strengthens the organic part of the hybrid layer, however, other mechanisms might also play a rôle in the improvement found.

Topics: Acrylic Resins; Aluminum Silicates; Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry, Physical; Collagen; Composite Resins; Cross-Linking Reagents; Dental Bonding; Dental Marginal Adaptation; Dentin; Dentin-Bonding Agents; Glutaral; Humans; Methacrylates; Polymers; Polymethacrylic Acids; Resin Cements; Resins, Synthetic; Silicon Dioxide; Surface Properties; Zirconium

To determine whether the use of two HEMA-containing dentin desensitizing agents [Health-Dent Desensitizer with fluoride (H) or Gluma Desensitizer (G)], when applied at simulated "cavity preparation" and "cementation" appointments, affects the bond strength of lab processed resin composite restorations cemented to dentin.. The occlusal surfaces of 70 teeth were ground flat to expose dentin and polished to 600 grit. Teeth were randomly assigned to seven groups (n = 10). The treatments were applied in two sessions in order to simulate cavity preparation and cementation appointments. Water (W) was applied as a control instead of a desensitizing agent. H or G were applied for 30 seconds with a rubbing motion (1) at preparation appointment (HW and GW), or (2) at cementation appointment, after etching (WH and WG), or (3) at both sessions (HH and GG). In the control group, water was applied at both sessions (WW). All-Bond 2 and Dual Cement were used according to manufacturers' instructions to cement pre-polymerized resin composite cylinders (4 mm diameter) to the dentin surfaces using a force of 1.0 MPa. Specimens were thermocycled 300x and tested in shear until failure. Data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test at alpha = 0.05.. Mean bond strength and standard deviations are reported in MPa: GW = 7.4 +/- 6.0; WW = 7.7 +/- 5.8; HW = 8.2 +/- 4.3; WH = 10.8 +/- 6.2; GG = 13.5 +/- 6.0; HH = 13.8 +/- 7.1; WG = 19.9 +/- 8.8. There were no significant differences in bond strengths for GW, WW, HW, WH and GG. Shear bond strength for WG and HH was significantly higher than all groups except for GG. Results of this in vitro study indicate that the use of desensitizers at the preparation and/or cementation appointment does not interfere with bond strengths of resin cement to dentin.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Benzalkonium Compounds; Dental Bonding; Dental Cements; Dentin Sensitivity; Dentin-Bonding Agents; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Glutaral; Humans; Materials Testing; Mechanics; Methacrylates; Polymethacrylic Acids; Resin Cements; Tensile Strength

The purpose of this study was to investigate on human dentin the relationships between, on the one hand, the wettability of five adhesive compounds, characterized by different solubility parameters delta, and on the other, the thickness of the resin impregnated dentin layer (RIL) and the shear bond strength (SBS). Cut dentin surfaces were treated with conditioners of pH 1.25, 3.6 or 7.4. Shear bond strength was measured on 20 specimens each. RIL was determined by scanning electron microscope on specimens fractured perpendicularly to the bonding interface. When resins with delta 32, 30 or 39 (MJ1/2/m3/2) were used RILs were consistently 4 microns and 1 micron on dentin pretreated with the two acidic conditioners. No clearly measurable RIL was shown after application of the conditioner with pH 7.4, and when resins with delta-values of 20 and 25 were applied. For the same adhesive no difference in SBS was found, when applied on the differently conditioned dentin sites. Resins with delta > 30 produced significantly higher SBS than the two adhesives with smaller delta.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; Composite Resins; Dental Bonding; Dentin; Dentin Permeability; Dentin-Bonding Agents; Glutaral; Humans; Materials Testing; Methacrylates; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Polyethylene Glycols; Polymethacrylic Acids; Resin Cements; Surface Properties; Tensile Strength; Wettability

Dentin bonding agents reduce microleakage and enhance marginal adaption of composite resin restorations. These characteristics are advantages for their use as an endodontic retrofilling material. Because these materials will be in direct contact with vital tissues, their cytotoxic potential must be evaluated before clinical use. It was the purpose of this study to evaluate the cell cytotoxicity of amalgam, Caulk Universal Bond, Gluma, 35% HEMA, Morita Clearfil, Scotchbond 2, Super EBA, Tenure, and Tenure 5-4. VERO cells were grown in RPMI-1640 medium and cell monolayers were prepared by incubating 15 ml of the cell suspension in 60-mm culture dishes at 37 degrees C in 5% CO2. Twelve milliliters of a medium-agarose mixture containing 1% neutral red vital stain were overlayed onto the cell layer and allowed to solidify. The materials were directly exposed to the agarose overlays by inverting 6.0-mm diameter polypropylene capsules containing the cured and liquid sample materials either immediately (0 time) or after placement in phosphate-buffered saline with 1% gentamicin for 7, 15, or 30 days. Cytotoxicity was determined by measuring the zone of killed cells around the sample 24 h after placement on the agarose. Cytotoxicity was determined by measuring the zones of cell inhibition at 24 h and at 7, 15, and 30 days. Initially, all of the materials were found to be cytotoxic, except amalgam and the Tenure components. The dentin bonding primers showed a mean zone of inhibition of 13.2 mm and the cleansers a 40.0-mm zone. Amalgam demonstrated increasing cytotoxicity: 0.0 mm at 24 h to 12.0 mm at 30 days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Acid Etching, Dental; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; Composite Resins; Dental Alloys; Dental Amalgam; Dental Cavity Lining; Dentin-Bonding Agents; Glutaral; Materials Testing; Methacrylates; Nitric Acid; Oxalates; Polymethacrylic Acids; Resin Cements; Retrograde Obturation; Root Canal Filling Materials; Time Factors; Vero Cells

The quantitative microleakage of class V cementum (dentin) cavities restored with six dentinal bonding restorative systems was determined in vitro. Ninety extracted human permanent first and second mandibular and maxillary premolars were used in this study. Class V preparations were made in cementum (dentin) at the root facial surfaces. The preparations were restored with 1) a dentin bonding system containing 2% HEMA and BisGMA and a light-cured microfilled composite; 2) the same materials only substituting META/MMA base and TBB catalyst monomers for the BisGMA sealer; 3) a dentin bonding system containing 35% HEMA with META/MMA base and TBB catalyst, and a light-cured hybrid composite; 5) the same dentin bonding system only substituting the 35% glycerylmethacrylate for the 35% HEMA and using the microfilled composite; and 6) the previously described system with a substitution of 0.5 mol EDTA for the 10% citric acid -3% FeCl3. Fifteen teeth were restored with each procedure. The restorations were finished with 12-bladed carbide burs 15 min after placement, the teeth were stored in saline at 37 degrees C for 24 h, finished with Sof-Lex discs and then thermocycled in 2% methylene blue solution 500 times between 50 degrees C and 8 degrees C with a dwell time of 15 s. Quantitative microleakage was determined by a spectrophotometric dye-recovery method and expressed in microgram/dye/restoration. The data were analyzed by ANOVA, Student-Newman-Keuls and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The quantitative microleakage of the teeth restored with the adhesive systems containing 35% glyceryl methacrylate was significantly reduced. The bonding mechanism of glyceryl methacrylate is not known.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; Boron Compounds; Citrates; Citric Acid; Composite Resins; Dental Leakage; Dental Restoration, Permanent; Dentin-Bonding Agents; Edetic Acid; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Glutaral; Glycerides; Humans; Methacrylates; Methylmethacrylate; Methylmethacrylates; Polymethacrylic Acids; Root Caries; Statistics, Nonparametric

Until adhesiveness of dentin bonding agents and other restorative materials to dental structures can be assured, microleakage into resulting "gaps" and dentin permeability will remain major concerns in cases of pulpal irritation. The objectives of the present study were to (a) delineate the kinds and levels of metabolic cytotoxicity of the GLUMA and Scotchbond 2 systems as well as glutaraldehyde and 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate, and (b) compare the effects of these same materials after diffusion through dentin discs approximately 0.5-mm thick. In monolayer cultures, glutaraldehyde was much more cytotoxic than 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate. However, GLUMA sealer and Scotchbond 2 adhesive exhibited similar cytotoxicity in monolayer cultures. After diffusion through dentin, glutaraldehyde and 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate effects were diluted 14.7 and 26.7 times, respectively. The postdiffusional effects of the GLUMA and Scotchbond 2 systems were not significantly different and less than those effects in monolayer cultures. This study should help in the evaluation of possible causes of pulpal irritation following restorative procedures.

Topics: 3T3 Cells; Animals; Composite Resins; Dentin-Bonding Agents; Glutaral; Methacrylates; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Polymethacrylic Acids; Resin Cements

The objective of this study was to determine by shear bond strength testing the efficacy of Gluma batches produced between 1985 and 1990 and stored at either 23 degrees C or varying temperatures between 19 degrees and 32 degrees C. The average bond strength figures for the thirty variable conditions tested were not significantly different from each other on the 0.05 significance level. Chemical analysis of the individual Gluma Primer batches investigated proved that the concentration of the main active ingredients of the mixture, glutaraldehyde and HEMA, were not or only moderately reduced when compared with the composition determined on the dates of manufacture. It was concluded that this bonding system is stable over a period of 6 years when possible extremes in storage temperature are avoided.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Dental Bonding; Dental Cements; Drug Stability; Drug Storage; Glutaral; Materials Testing; Methacrylates; Polymethacrylic Acids; Temperature; Tensile Strength

The efficacy of dentin bonding systems composed of a commercial or an experimental dentin cleanser, a dentin primer, and an intermediate resin was examined by measurement of the wall-to-wall polymerization contraction gap. Light-activated composites in a cylindrical dentin cavity were prepared in exposed dentin of the proximal surface of the extracted human premolar. The combination of a dentin cleanser of neutralized 0.5 mol/L EDTA, a dentin primer of 35% hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) or 35% HEMA containing 5% glutaraldehyde and a commercial intermediate resin (Clearfil New Bond, Kuraray Co., Osaka, Japan; Pyrofil Light Bond, Sankin Co., Osaka, Japan) was effective in compensating for the contraction stress of a light-activated composite and for obtaining marginal integrity between the composite and the dentin cavity wall.

Topics: Composite Resins; Dental Bonding; Dental Cements; Dentin; Glutaral; Humans; Materials Testing; Methacrylates; Polymethacrylic Acids

Topics: Acid Etching, Dental; Adhesives; Adult; Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; Composite Resins; Dental Bonding; Dental Cements; Dental Leakage; Dental Restoration, Permanent; Dentin; Glutaral; Humans; Methacrylates; Middle Aged; Polymethacrylic Acids; Resin Cements

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the solubility parameter of the intermediary resin in the Gluma system on the bonding to dentin. The solubility parameter of the resins was varied between 18.8 x 10(3) and 21.1 x 10(3) J(1/2)/m3/2 by varying the composition of the resin. The efficacy of the bonding system was determined by measurements of marginal gaps formed by polymerization contraction of a restorative resin in dentin cavities treated with the bonding system. The bonding system had maximum efficacy at a solubility parameter of the intermediary resin of delta = 20.0 x 10(3) J(1/2)/m3/2. This finding corroborates a concept of bonding to dentin that involves a mechanical interlocking by interpenetrating resins.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; Composite Resins; Dental Bonding; Dental Cavity Preparation; Dental Cements; Dentin; Glutaral; Humans; Methacrylates; Polyethylene Glycols; Polymethacrylic Acids; Solubility; Surface Properties

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) in an Al2Ox3/glycine solution used as primer for dentin bonding in combination with an experimental BISGMA-HEMA-based adhesive resin. With various amounts of HEMA in the Al2Ox3/glycine solution, a shear bond test showed a maximum strength at 50 wt% of HEMA. In this case, scanning electron microscopy examination showed a HEMA-infiltrated surface layer of the dentin along the interface between dentin and the adhesive resin. It is suggested that HEMA in Al2Ox3/glycine solutions may facilitate penetration of HEMA into etched or primed dentin.

Topics: Aldehydes; Aluminum Oxide; Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; Composite Resins; Dental Bonding; Dental Cements; Dentin; Glutaral; Glycine; Humans; Methacrylates; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Polymethacrylic Acids; Resin Cements; Stress, Mechanical; Surface Properties

Aqueous mixtures of HEMA with glutaraldehyde or propionaldehyde polymerize by addition of catalytic amounts of amines or amino acids. The maximal reaction velocity of the transformation of HEMA/glutaraldehyde with glycine was obtained at pH 0.8. Kinetic data suggested a second-order reaction between glutaraldehyde and glycine, and solubility data suggested formation of a cross-linked polymer. A relatively high bond strength between dentin and resin composite was obtained by pre-treatment of dentin with Gluma (35% HEMA, 5% glutaraldehyde in water) adjusted to pH 1.0 with hydrochloric acid. It is proposed that on application of Gluma, amino-group-containing substances in dentin react with glutaraldehyde and start the formation of a HEMA polymer. This product may be cross-linked by an alpha,beta-unsaturated glutaraldehyde aldol condensation product and may bond to dentin by aldehyde fixation to dentin proteins. Resin composite will bond to this product by copolymerization.

Topics: Acrylates; Aldehydes; Amines; Amino Acids; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Dental Bonding; Dental Cements; Dental Stress Analysis; Dentin; Glutaral; Humans; Methacrylates; Polymethacrylic Acids

Standardized cylindrical Class V preparations, 3 mm in diameter and 1.5 mm deep, were made on the roots of 60 extracted human maxillary permanent canines. The teeth were restored with Scotchbond 2/Silux (S); Gluma/Lumifor (G); and Tenure/Perfection (T), respectively. The root apices were sealed with Copalite/amalgam and two coats of nail varnish applied to the teeth except for 1 mm around the restorations. For the qualitative microleakage evaluation the teeth were thermocycled x500 in 0.5% basic fuchsin between 8 degrees C and 50 degrees C and for the quantitative microleakage evaluation in 2% methylene blue solution. The marginal gap dimensions were measured on cylindrical restorations placed on the facial surfaces of ground root surfaces of 30 teeth. Epoxy replicas were made of the restorations, coated with gold/palladium and examined with the SEM. The maximum marginal gap dimensions were measured. The data were analyzed by ANOVA, Duncan's and their nonparametric analogues. In the qualitative microleakage evaluation the total microleakage was: S: 16; G: 50; T: 18. The quantitative microleakage (micrograms) was: S: 3.1 +/- 2.9; G: 16.1 +/- 5.3; T: 4.4 +/- 4.1. The maximum marginal gap dimensions (microns) were: S: 4.1 +/- 3.6; G: 9.3 +/- 3.4; T: 16.4 +/- 7.0.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Composite Resins; Cuspid; Dental Bonding; Dental Cements; Dental Leakage; Dentin; Glutaral; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Maleates; Methacrylates; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Nitrates; Nitric Acid; Oxalates; Polymethacrylic Acids; Resin Cements; Surface Properties

The long-term bonding stability and shelf life of the two dentin-bonding systems--GLUMA combined with Clearfil New Bond and HEMA combined with Clearfil New Bond--were evaluated by measurement of the tensile bond strength and the wall-to-wall polymerization contraction in the cylindrical dentin cavity. The tensile bond strengths of the two bonding systems did not decrease significantly after the specimens were stored in water at room temperature for a maximum period of 24 weeks. Since the bonding efficiency of the two bonding systems was not affected by the storing of these solutions in a refrigerator for a maximum period of 24 weeks, the shelf life of these agents is considered to be longer than 24 weeks.

Topics: Acrylates; Aldehydes; Dental Bonding; Dental Stress Analysis; Glutaral; Methacrylates; Polymethacrylic Acids; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Etching, Dental; Adhesives; Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry, Physical; Composite Resins; Dental Bonding; Dental Cements; Glutaral; Methacrylates; Nitrates; Nitric Acid; Oxalates; Polymethacrylic Acids; Resin Cements

Gluma-treated dentin was covered with various resins before a microfilled composite was applied. The strength of the bond between dentin and composite established by this procedure was measured in shear and tensile tests. The effectiveness of the bonding was further tested by the width of the marginal contraction gap around fillings made in dentin by the above procedure. Resins containing propanal promoted shear bond strength of about 15 MPa. The tensile bond strength exceeded 22 MPa by one of the resins, but could not be measured because of frequent rupture in the composite. Between 30 and 70% of the fillings were without contraction gaps when propanal or p-toluenesulfinate-containing resins were used. It is proposed that oxygen inhibition of the polymerization on the dentin surface suppresses the bonding. Resins containing reducing agents may reduce oxygen inhibition and increase bonding by the adhesive.

Topics: Aldehydes; Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; Composite Resins; Dental Bonding; Glutaral; Humans; Methacrylates; Polymethacrylic Acids; Stress, Mechanical; Surface Properties; Tensile Strength

A restorative resin was bonded to EDTA-treated dentin by means of a mixture of glutaraldehyde and HEMA. The bond exhibited a tensile strength of 17.5 +/- 1.0 MPa (mean +/- SEM) and was unaffected by water storage at 37 degrees C for up to 6 months. The glutaraldehyde/HEMA mixture was found to be most effective when the pH was between 2 and 5; an application time of 10 s was found to be sufficient for the glutaraldehyde/HEMA mixture as well as for the EDTA-solution.

Topics: Acrylates; Adhesives; Aldehydes; Dental Bonding; Dentin; Edetic Acid; Glutaral; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Methacrylates; Polymethacrylic Acids; Stress, Mechanical; Tensile Strength; Time Factors; Water