glucoerucin and sinigrin

Red cabbage (

Topics: Brassica; Chromatography, Liquid; Cooking; Glucose; Glucosinolates; Imidoesters; Indoles; Microwaves; Oximes; Sulfoxides; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Evolution of important glucosinolates (GLSs), namely, sinigrin, glucoraphanin, glucoerucin and glucobrassicin, in three commonly consumed Brassica vegetables viz. white cabbage, Chinese cabbage and bok choy during their processing into vegetable powder was investigated. Drying was noted to be a major processing step causing significant losses of GLSs. Interestingly, different GLSs and even the same GLSs in different vegetables showed different thermal stabilities during drying. The stability of GLSs in vegetable powder during in vitro gastric digestion was also studied. Glucoraphanin exhibited the highest stability while glucobrassicin was the most vulnerable GLS under in vitro gastric conditions. White cabbage is found to be a promising material for the production of vegetable powder as it contains high contents of GLSs, especially glucoraphanin and glucoerucin, which are important precursors of anticarcinogenic compounds, namely sulforaphane and erucin. These two GLSs were also noted to be stable during in vitro gastric digestion.

Topics: Brassica; Dietary Fiber; Digestion; Food Handling; Glucose; Glucosinolates; Imidoesters; Indoles; Nutritive Value; Oximes; Powders; Sulfoxides; Vegetables

Glucosinolates are the biochemical compounds that provide defense to plants against pathogens and herbivores. In this study, the relative expression level of 48 glucosinolate biosynthesis genes was explored in four morphologically-different cabbage inbred lines by qPCR analysis. The content of aliphatic and indolic glucosinolate molecules present in those cabbage lines was also estimated by HPLC analysis. The possible association between glucosinolate accumulation and related gene expression level was explored by principal component analysis (PCA). The genotype-dependent variation in the relative expression level of different aliphatic and indolic glucosinolate biosynthesis genes is the novel result of this study. A total of eight different types of glucosinolates, including five aliphatic and three indolic glucosinolates, was detected in four cabbage lines. Three inbred lines BN3383, BN4059 and BN4072 had no glucoraphanin, sinigrin and gluconapin detected, but the inbred line BN3273 had these three aliphatic glucosinolate compounds. PCA revealed that a higher expression level of ST5b genes and lower expression of GSL-OH was associated with the accumulation of these three aliphatic glucosinolate compounds. PCA further revealed that comparatively higher accumulation of neoglucobrassicin in the inbred line, BN4072, was associated with a high level of expression of MYB34 (Bol017062) and CYP81F1 genes. The Dof1 and IQD1 genes probably trans-activated the genes related to biosynthesis of glucoerucin and methoxyglucobrassicin for their comparatively higher accumulation in the BN4059 and BN4072 lines compared to the other two lines, BN3273 and BN3383. A comparatively higher progoitrin level in BN3273 was probably associated with the higher expression level of the GSL-OH gene. The cabbage inbred line BN3383 accounted for the significantly higher relative expression level for the 12 genes out of 48, but this line had comparatively lower total glucosinolates detected compared to the other three cabbage lines. The reason for the genotypic variation in gene expression and glucosinolate accumulation is a subject of further investigation.

Topics: Arabidopsis; Brassica; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Genotype; Glucose; Glucosinolates; Imidoesters; Indoles; Oximes; Plant Proteins; Sulfoxides

In this study, the effect of myrosinase-treated glucoerucin (GER+MYR), which releases the isothiocyanate (ITC) erucin, on heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) gene expression and Nrf2 signaling was investigated in vitro in cultured cells and in vivo in mice. Treatment of HT-29 cells with GER+MYR resulted in a significant increase in the mRNA and protein levels of nuclear Nrf2 and HO-1. GER+MYR was more potent at enhancing the nuclear Nrf2 levels than were the following myrosinase-treated glucosinolates: sinigrin, glucoraphanin and gluconasturtiin, which are the precursors of allyl-ITC, R-sulforaphane and 2-phenylethyl ITC, respectively. GER+MYR also significantly induced HO-1 gene expression in the mouse intestinal mucosae and liver but not in the brain. Mechanistic studies suggest that GER+MYR induces Nrf2 via ERK1/2-, p38- and JNK-dependent signal transduction pathways. The GER+MYR-mediated increase in HO-1 expression is primarily attributable to p38 signaling.

Topics: Animals; Brain; Diet, High-Fat; Female; Glucose; Glucosinolates; Glycoside Hydrolases; Heme Oxygenase-1; HT29 Cells; Humans; Imidoesters; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; Isothiocyanates; Liver; Membrane Proteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; Mustard Plant; NF-E2-Related Factor 2; Oximes; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; Plant Extracts; RNA, Messenger; Signal Transduction; Sulfoxides; Up-Regulation

Glucosinolates in the subantarctic Kerguelen cabbage (Pringlea antiscorbutica) were determined by HPLC. Glucoerucin (6) was present only in the seeds, whereas sinigrin (2), gluconapin (3), n-butyl glucosinolate (4), glucoraphanin (1), and glucotropaeolin (5) were present in both the seeds and leaves. High concentrations of glucosinolates, precursors of bioactive isothiocyanates, were found in the leaves of Kerguelen cabbage. In particular, the lack of unhealthy beta-hydroxylated aliphatic side-chain glucosinolates is supportive of this vegetable being a possible dietary source with a high nutritional value.

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Australia; Brassica; Glucose; Glucosinolates; Imidoesters; Nutritive Value; Plant Leaves; Seeds; Vegetables