germacrene-d and sabinene

In the present study, the essential oil from dry leaves of Steiractinia sodiroi (Hieron.) S.F. Blake is described for the first time. The plant material, collected in the Province of Loja (Ecuador), was analytically steam-distilled in a Marcusson-type apparatus, affording an essential oil with a 0.2 ± 0.12% yield. The volatile fraction was submitted to GC-MS and GC-FID analyses, on two stationary phases of different polarity. A total of sixty-seven compounds, corresponding to 95.6-91.2% by weight of the whole oil mass, on the two columns respectively, were detected and quantified with at least one column. The quantification was carried out calculating the relative response factors of each constituent according to their combustion enthalpy. The major components were limonene (25.6-24.9%), sabinene (11.7-12.4%), germacrene D (7.7-7.0%), α-pinene (7.8-6.9%), δ-cadinene (7.3-7.0%), (E)-β-caryophyllene (4.8-4.5%), and bicyclogermacrene (3.6-3.0%). The chemical composition was complemented with the enantioselective analysis of some major chiral compounds, conducted by means of two β-cyclodextrin-based capillary columns. Three constituents, (S)-(+)-α-phellandrene, (R)-(-)-1-octen-3-ol, and (S)-(-)-limonene were enantiomerically pure, whereas (1R,5R)-(+)-β-pinene, (1S,5S)-(-)-sabinene, (R)-(-)-terpinen-4-ol, (R)-(+)-α-terpineol, and (R)-(+)-germacrene D presented an enantiomeric excess. Finally, α-pinene was present as a racemic mixture.

Topics: Asteraceae; Ecuador; Limonene; Oils, Volatile; Stereoisomerism

This investigation focused on the qualitative and quantitative composition of essential oil compounds of European Origanum vulgare. Extracts of 502 individual O. vulgare plants from 17 countries and 51 populations were analyzed via GC. Extracts of 49 plants of 5 populations of Israeli Origanum syriacum and 30 plants from 3 populations of Turkish Origanum onites were included to exemplify essential oil characteristics of 'high-quality' oregano. The content of essential oil compounds of European O. vulgare ranged between 0.03% and 4.6%. The monoterpenes were primarily made up of sabinene, myrcene, p-cymene, 1,8-cineole, β-ocimene, γ-terpinene, sabinene hydrate, linalool, α-terpineol, carvacrol methyl ether, linalyl acetate, thymol and carvacrol. Among the sesquiterpenes β-caryophyllene, germacrene D, germacrene D-4-ol, spathulenol, caryophyllene oxide and oplopanone were often present in higher amounts. According to the proportions of cymyl-compounds, sabinyl-compounds and the acyclic linalool/linalyl acetate three different main monoterpene chemotypes were defined. The cymyl- and the acyclic pathway were usually active in plants from the Mediterranean climate whereas an active sabinyl-pathway was a characteristic of plants from the Continental climate.

Topics: Acyclic Monoterpenes; Alkenes; Bicyclic Monoterpenes; Cyclohexane Monoterpenes; Cyclohexanols; Cyclohexenes; Cymenes; Eucalyptol; Europe; Monoterpenes; Oils, Volatile; Origanum; Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes; Sesquiterpenes; Sesquiterpenes, Germacrane; Thymol

The essential oils obtained by simultaneous distillation and extraction (SDE) from the fresh and dried needles and dried berries of Juniperus communis L. of Estonian origin were subjected to GC-FID and GC-MS analyses. The yields of the oils ranged between 0.2% and 0.6% from juniper berries and between 0.5% and 1.0% from needles (dried weight). A total of 87 compounds were identified, representing over 95% of the oil. The major compounds in the needle oil were monoterpenes α-pinene (33.3-45.6%), sabinene (0.2-15.4%), limonene (2.8-4.6%) and sesquiterpenes (E)-β-caryophyllene (0.8-10.3%), α-humulene (0.8-6.2%) and germacrene D (3.0-7.8%). The juniper berry oil was rich in α-pinene (53.6-62.3%), β-myrcene (6.5-6.9%) and germacrene D (4.5-6.1%). The main oxygenated terpenoids found in the needle oil were germacrene D-4-ol (0.4-4.0%) and α-cadinol (to 2.7%). The oil from fresh needles contained high amounts of (E)-2-hexenal (3.7-11.7%).

Topics: Bicyclic Monoterpenes; Cyclohexenes; Estonia; Fruit; Juniperus; Limonene; Monoterpenes; Oils, Volatile; Plant Leaves; Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes; Sesquiterpenes; Sesquiterpenes, Germacrane; Terpenes

The present investigation reports the experimental data a) from the recovery and the composition of the extract under super critical fluid extraction from Juniperus communis L. "berries" (cones), and b) their comparison with those of the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation. For the extraction of the juniper oil different values of temperature and pressure were applied; furthermore, the degree of comminution of the plant material was also considered - a) integral "berries" and b) comminuted "berries". The quality of the oil recovered from the "berries" by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction was found to be highly dependent on the applied conditions. The comminution affected greatly the oil recovery and consequently the final composition of the extracts. Significant differences were recorded between the supercritical CO(2) extract and the distilled oil, the latter being more enriched in monoterpenoid hydrocarbons.

Topics: Acyclic Monoterpenes; Bicyclic Monoterpenes; Carbon Dioxide; Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid; Fruit; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Juniperus; Manometry; Monoterpenes; Oils, Volatile; Plant Extracts; Sesquiterpenes; Sesquiterpenes, Germacrane; Temperature