galidesivir and forodesine

This review will describe the recent advances in the field of aza-C-nucleosides with a particular emphasis on immucillins and related compounds. The review will cover both chemical and biological aspects concerning their preparation and/or occurrence in Nature as well as their biological properties which include glycosidase, glycosyl transferase, and nucleoside hydrolase and phosphorylase inhibition, among others. These enzymatic inhibitory properties are the basis for the potential use of the title compounds in viral and parasitic infections, cancer and genetic disorders.

Topics: Adenine; Adenosine; Aza Compounds; Glycoside Hydrolases; N-Glycosyl Hydrolases; Nucleosides; Purine Nucleosides; Purine-Nucleoside Phosphorylase; Pyrimidinones; Pyrroles; Pyrrolidines

The de novo synthesis of piperidine nucleosides from our homologating agent 5,6-dihydro-1,4-dithiin is herein reported. The structure and conformation of nucleosides were conceived to faithfully resemble the well-known nucleoside drugs Immucillins H and A in their bioactive conformation. NMR analysis of the synthesized compounds confirmed that they adopt an iminosugar conformation bearing the nucleobases and the hydroxyl groups in the appropriate orientation.

Topics: Adenine; Adenosine; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Molecular Conformation; Nucleosides; Piperidines; Purine Nucleosides; Pyrimidinones; Pyrrolidines; Structure-Activity Relationship

Chemotherapy against visceral leishmaniasis is associated with high toxicity and drug resistance. Leishmania parasites are purine auxotrophs that obtain their purines from exogenous sources. Nucleoside hydrolases release purines from nucleosides and are drug targets for anti-leishmanial drugs, absent in mammal cells. We investigated the substrate specificity of the Leishmania (L.) donovani recombinant nucleoside hydrolase NH36 and the inhibitory effect of the immucillins IA (ImmA), DIA (DADMe-ImmA), DIH (DADMe-ImmH), SMIH (SerMe-ImmH), IH (ImmH), DIG (DADMe-ImmG), SMIG (SerMe-ImmG) and SMIA (SerME-ImmA) on its enzymatic activity. The inhibitory effects of immucillins on the in vitro multiplication of L. (L.) infantum chagasi and L. (L.) amazonensis promastigotes were determined using 0.05-500 μM and, when needed, 0.01-50 nM of each drug. The inhibition on multiplication of L. (L.) infantum chagasi intracellular amastigotes in vitro was assayed using 0.5, 1, 5 and 10 μM of IA, IH and SMIH. The NH36 shows specificity for inosine, guanosine, adenosine, uridine and cytidine with preference for adenosine and inosine. IA, IH, DIH, DIG, SMIH and SMIG immucillins inhibited L. (L.) infantum chagasi and L. (L.) amazonensis promastigote growth in vitro at nanomolar to micromolar concentrations. Promastigote replication was also inhibited in a chemically defined medium without a nucleoside source. Addition of adenosine decreases the immucillin toxicity. IA and IH inhibited the NH36 enzymatic activity (Ki = 0.080 μM for IA and 0.019 μM for IH). IA, IH and SMIH at 10 μM concentration, reduced the in vitro amastigote replication inside mice macrophages by 95% with no apparent effect on macrophage viability. Transmission electron microscopy revealed global alterations and swelling of L. (L.) infantum chagasi promastigotes after treatment with IA and IH while SMIH treatment determined intense cytoplasm vacuolization, enlarged vesicles and altered kinetoplasts. Our results suggest that IA, IH and SMIH may provide new chemotherapy agents for leishmaniasis.

Topics: Adenine; Adenosine; Animals; Antiprotozoal Agents; Cell Proliferation; Enzyme Inhibitors; Female; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Kinetics; Leishmania infantum; Leishmania mexicana; Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous; Leishmaniasis, Visceral; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; N-Glycosyl Hydrolases; Purine Nucleosides; Pyrimidinones; Pyrroles; Pyrrolidines

Immucillins ImmA (IA), ImmH (IH) and SerMe-ImmH (SMIH) are synthetic deazapurine nucleoside analogues that inhibit Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi and Leishmania (L.) amazonensis multiplication in vitro without macrophage toxicity. Immucillins are compared to the Glucantime standard drug in the chemotherapy of Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi infection in mice and hamsters. These agents are tested for toxicity and immune system response.. BALB/c mice were infected with 107 amastigotes, treated with IA, IH, SMIH or Glucantime (2.5mg/kg/day) and monitored for clinical variables, parasite load, antibody levels and splenocyte IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10 expression. Cytokines and CD4+, CD8+ and CD19+ lymphocyte frequencies were assessed in uninfected controls and in response to immucillins. Urea, creatinine, GOT and GPT levels were monitored in sera. Anti-Leishmania-specific IgG1 antibodies (anti-NH36) increased in untreated animals. IgG2a response, high levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α and lower levels of IL-10 were detected in mice treated with the immucillins and Glucantime. Immucillins permitted normal weight gain, prevented hepato-splenomegaly and cleared the parasite infection (85-89%) without renal and hepatic toxicity. Immucillins promoted 35% lower secretion of IFN-γ in uninfected controls than in infected mice. IA and IH increased the CD4+ T and CD19+ B cell frequencies. SMIH increased only the proportion of CD-19 B cells. IA and IH also cured infected hamsters with lower toxicity than Glucantime.. Immucillins IA, IH and SMIH were effective in treating leishmaniasis in mice. In hamsters, IA and IH were also effective. The highest therapeutic efficacy was obtained with IA, possibly due to its induction of a TH1 immune response. Low immucillin doses were required and showed no toxicity. Our results disclose the potential use of IA and IH in the therapy of visceral leishmaniasis.

Topics: Adenine; Adenosine; Animals; Antibodies, Protozoan; Antiprotozoal Agents; Blood Chemical Analysis; Disease Models, Animal; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Female; Gene Expression; Immunophenotyping; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-10; Leishmania; Leishmaniasis, Visceral; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Mesocricetus; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Parasite Load; Purine Nucleosides; Pyrimidinones; Pyrrolidines; Spleen; T-Lymphocyte Subsets; Treatment Outcome; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha