formocresol and 4-chlorophenol

Formocresol, paramonochlorophenol, or calcium hydroxide have been widely used in dental practice to eradicate bacteria and consequently to produce root canal disinfection. Taking into consideration strong evidence for a relationship between DNA damage and carcinogenesis, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the genotoxic effects of antimicrobial endodontic compounds in human peripheral lymphocytes by single-cell gel (comet) assay. This technique detects DNA strand breaks in individual cells.. A total of 10 microL of the tested substance solution (formocreso1, paramonochlorofeno1, and calcium hydroxide at 100-microg/mL concentration) was added to human peripheral lymphocytes from 10 volunteers for 1 hour at 37 degrees C. The negative control group was treated with vehicle control (PBS) for 1 hour at 37 degrees C, as well. For the positive control group, lymphocytes were exposed to hydrogen peroxide at 100 microM during 5 minutes on ice.. No DNA breakage was detected after a treatment of peripheral lymphocytes by formocresol, paramonochlorophenol, or calcium hydroxide at 100 microg/mL.. In summary, our results indicate that exposure to formocresol, paramonochlorophenol, or calcium hydroxide may not be a factor that increases the level of DNA lesions in human peripheral lymphocytes as detected by single-cell gel (comet) assay.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Calcium Hydroxide; Cells, Cultured; Chlorophenols; Comet Assay; DNA Damage; Female; Formocresols; Humans; Lymphocytes; Male; Root Canal Irrigants

To assess the genotoxicity of 14 chemical agents used as locally applied agents in dental practice, the ability of these agents to elicit chromosome aberrations was examined using Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells. Chromosome aberrations in SHE cells were induced by treatment with three of eight chemical agents used as endodontic medicaments, i.e. ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), formocresol (a mixture of formalin and tricresol), and sodium arsenite. The other five chemical agents, i.e. chloramphenicol, p-chlorophenol, p-phenolsulfonic acid, sodium hypochlorite, and tetracycline hydrochloride exhibited a negative response for chromosome aberrations. Assessment of three dyes used for disclosing dental plaque showed chromosome aberrations induced by basic fuchsin but not by acid fuchsin and erythrosine B. Three local anesthetics, lidocaine hydrochloride, prilocaine hydrochloride, and procaine hydrochloride, were negative for chromosome aberrations. Among the ten chemical agents that exhibited a negative response in the assay, p-chlorophenol, sodium hypochlorite, and erythrosine B induced chromosome aberrations in SHE cells when treated in the presence of exogenous metabolic activation. The percentages of cells with polyploidy or endoreduplication were enhanced by formocresol, sodium arsenite, p-chlorophenol, p-phenolsulfonic acid, sodium hypochlorite, erythrosine B, prilocaine hydrochloride, and procaine hydrochloride in the absence or presence of exogenous metabolic activation. Our results indicate that the chemical agents that had a positive response in the present study are potentially genotoxic to mammalian cells.

Topics: Anesthetics; Animals; Arsenites; Benzenesulfonates; Chloramphenicol; Chlorophenols; Chromosome Aberrations; Colony-Forming Units Assay; Cricetinae; Dental Disinfectants; Dental Materials; Edetic Acid; Embryo, Mammalian; Formocresols; Gene Duplication; Mesocricetus; Mutagens; Polyploidy; Root Canal Irrigants; Sodium Compounds; Sodium Hypochlorite; Tetracycline

To investigate if formocresol, paramonochlorophenol, or calcium hydroxide modulate the genotoxic effects induced by the oxidatively damaging agent hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or the alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) in vitro by using single cell gel (comet) assay.. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in culture were exposed directly to formocresol, paramonochlorophenol, or calcium hydroxide (adjusted to 100 microg/mL) for 1 hour at 37 degrees C. Subsequently the cultures were incubated with increasing concentrations (0-10 micromol/L) of MMS in phosphate-buffered solution (PBS) for 15 minutes at 37 degrees C or of H2O2 at increasing concentrations (0-100 micromol/L) in distilled water for 5 minutes on ice. The negative control cells were treated with PBS for 1 hour at 37 degrees C. The parameter from the comet assay (tail moment) was assessed by the Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test followed by a post hoc analysis (Dunn test).. Clear concentration-related effects were observed for the genotoxin-exposed CHO cells. Increase of MMS-induced DNA damage was not significantly altered by the presence of the compounds tested. Similarly, no significant changes were observed when hydrogen peroxide was used with the endodontic compounds evaluated.. Formocresol, paramonochlorophenol, and calcium hydroxide are not able to modulate alkylation-induced genotoxicity or oxidative DNA damage as depicted by the single cell gel (comet) assay.

Topics: Alkylating Agents; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Calcium Hydroxide; Chlorophenols; CHO Cells; Comet Assay; Cricetinae; Cricetulus; DNA Damage; Formocresols; Hydrogen Peroxide; Methyl Methanesulfonate; Mutagenesis; Oxidants; Oxidative Stress; Root Canal Filling Materials; Statistics, Nonparametric

In the current study, the potential DNA damage associated with exposure to a number of antimicrobial endodontic compounds was assessed by the single cell gel (comet) assay in vitro.. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were exposed to formocresol, paramonochlorophenol, calcium hydroxide, or chlorhexidine at final concentration ranging from 0.01% to 1%.. Formocresol, paramonochlorophenol, and calcium hydroxide, as well as chlorhexidine in all concentrations tested did not contribute to the DNA damage.. These findings are clinically relevant since they represent an important contribution to the correct evaluation of the potential health risk associated with exposure to dental agents.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Calcium Hydroxide; Chlorhexidine; Chlorophenols; CHO Cells; Comet Assay; Cricetinae; Cricetulus; DNA Damage; Formocresols; Root Canal Irrigants

Formocresol, paramonochlorophenol, and calcium hydroxide are widely used in dentistry because of their antibacterial activities in root canal disinfection. However, the results of genotoxicity studies using these materials are inconsistent in literature. The goal of this study was to examine the genotoxic potential of formocresol, paramonochlorophenol, and calcium hydroxide using mouse lymphoma cells and human fibroblasts cells in vitro by the comet assay. Data were assessed by Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test. The results showed that all compounds tested did not cause DNA damage for the tail moment or tail intensity parameters. These findings suggest that formocresol, paramonochlorophenol, and calcium hydroxide do not promote DNA damage in mammalian cells and that the comet assay is a suitable tool to investigate genotoxicity.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Calcium Hydroxide; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Chlorophenols; Comet Assay; DNA Damage; Fibroblasts; Formocresols; Humans; Lymphoma; Mice; Mutagens; Root Canal Irrigants; Statistics, Nonparametric; Tumor Cells, Cultured

This study was undertaken to determine the antibacterial effects of various endodontic medicaments against six selected anaerobic bacteria. The experiment involved the testing of the vapors of six medicaments using agar plates streaked with the bacteria. A zone of inhibition was recorded for each plate and the results were analyzed statistically. Formocresol produced significantly larger zones of inhibition than any of the other medicaments.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Bacteria, Anaerobic; Chlorophenols; Cresols; Eugenol; Formocresols; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Glutaral; Lactobacillus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Peptococcus; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Potassium Iodide; Propionibacterium acnes; Root Canal Irrigants; Veillonella