Page last updated: 2024-08-23

fluorides and sodium bicarbonate

fluorides has been researched along with sodium bicarbonate in 39 studies

Research

Studies (39)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-19905 (12.82)18.7374
1990's10 (25.64)18.2507
2000's18 (46.15)29.6817
2010's6 (15.38)24.3611
2020's0 (0.00)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Apap, M; Goldberg, M; Le Denmat, D1
Clarkson, BH; Hansen, SE; Wefel, JS1
Guggenheim, B; Holzer, C1
Ellis, KJ; Turner, AD; Wheeler, SM1
Pashley, DH; Whitford, GM1
Bobowicz, Z; Borysewicz-Lewicka, M; Chmielnik, M; Kurhańska-Flisykowska, A; Magas, A; Młochowski, J; Rydzewska, A; Surdacka, A1
Featherstone, JD; Gwinner, LM; Legier-Vargas, K; Mundorff-Shrestha, SA1
Landry, RG; Simard, F1
Messer, HH; Ophaug, RH1
Guggenheim, B; Lutz, F; Schmid, R1
Dass, S; Gupta, MK; Prakash, S; Rajwanshi, P; Shrivastav, R; Singh, V; Subramanian, V1
Awadia, AK; Birkeland, JM; Bjorvatn, K; Haugejorden, O2
Chaknis, P; DeVizio, W; Emling, RC; Petrone, ME; Proskin, HM; Rustogi, K; Volpe, AR; Yankell, SL1
Walsh, LJ1
Boj, JR; Canalda, C; Espasa, E; Sol, E1
Gerlach, R; Ramsey, LL; White, DJ1
Baig, A; Cox, ER; Kozak, K; Mahony, L; White, D; Zoladz, J1
Baig, A; Busscher, H; Kozak, K; van der Mei, H; White, D1
Busscher, H; Cox, E; Geertsema-Doornbusch, G; van der Mei, HC; White, D1
Kashket, S; Yaskell, T1
Drake, D1
Newbrun, E1
Jonski, G; Rösing, CK; Rølla, G1
Arweiler, NB; Auschill, TM; Netuschil, L; Reich, E1
Charig, A; Flickinger, M; Ghassemi, A; Litkowski, LJ; Quinlan, KB; Ross, DR; Vorwerk, L; Winston, A1
Ghassemi, A; Muñoz, CA; Proskin, HM; Stephens, JA1
Ghassemi, A; Milleman, JL; Milleman, KR; Putt, MS1
Bots, CP; Brand, HS; Ligtenberg, AJ; Nieuw Amerongen, AV1
Dzakovich, JJ; Oslak, RR1
Iijima, Y1
Ghassemi, A; Hooper, WJ; Milleman, KR; Proskin, HM; Putt, MS; Soparkar, PM; Vorwerk, LM; Winston, AE1
Ghassemi, A; Hooper, WJ; Milleman, KR; Putt, MS; Vorwerk, LM1
Barros, RN; de Gouvêa, CV1
Attin, T; Günthart, N; Sener, B; Wegehaupt, F1
Eversole, SL; Faller, RV; Tzeghai, GE1
Eversole, SL; Faller, RV; Saunders-Burkhardt, K1
Amornchat, C; Dibart, S; Kraivaphan, P; Mateo, LR; Morrison, BM; Triratana, T; Zhang, YP1
Doshi, Y; Horowitz, RA; Kevadia-Shah, V; Rikame, V; Shah, M1

Reviews

2 review(s) available for fluorides and sodium bicarbonate

ArticleYear
Mouthrinses as an antibacterial adjunct in periodontal treatment.
    Journal (Canadian Dental Association), 1994, Volume: 60, Issue:10

    Topics: Alkaloids; Benzoates; Benzophenanthridines; Benzydamine; Cetylpyridinium; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Drug Combinations; Fluorides; Gingivitis; Isoquinolines; Mouthwashes; Peroxides; Salicylates; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Terpenes; Triclosan

1994
Preventive dentistry for the general dental practitioner.
    Australian dental journal, 2000, Volume: 45, Issue:2

    Topics: Alkalies; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Australia; Bacteria; Cariostatic Agents; Chewing Gum; Chlorhexidine; Dental Caries; Fluorides; General Practice, Dental; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Mouthwashes; Phosphopeptides; Prevalence; Saliva; Sodium Bicarbonate

2000

Trials

12 trial(s) available for fluorides and sodium bicarbonate

ArticleYear
Effects of sodium bicarbonate dentifrices on the levels of cariogenic bacteria in human saliva.
    Caries research, 1995, Volume: 29, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Colony Count, Microbial; Cross-Over Studies; Dental Caries; Dentifrices; Double-Blind Method; Fluorides; Humans; Lactobacillus; Placebos; Saliva; Sodium Bicarbonate; Streptococcus mutans

1995
A six-week clinical efficacy study of four commercially available dentifrices for the removal of extrinsic tooth stain.
    The Journal of clinical dentistry, 1999, Volume: 10, Issue:3 Spec No

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Aluminum Oxide; Analysis of Variance; Complex Mixtures; Dentifrices; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fluorides; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Male; Middle Aged; Peroxides; Polyphosphates; Polyvinyls; Silicic Acid; Silicon Dioxide; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration; Toothpastes; Treatment Outcome

1999
Extrinsic stain removal with a sodium hexametaphosphate-containing dentifrice: comparisons to marketed controls.
    The Journal of clinical dentistry, 2002, Volume: 13, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Aluminum Oxide; Analysis of Variance; Dentifrices; Female; Fluorides; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Male; Phosphates; Single-Blind Method; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration; Toothpastes

2002
Comparative analysis of some mouthrinses on the production of volatile sulfur-containing compounds.
    Acta odontologica Scandinavica, 2002, Volume: 60, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Chromatography, Gas; Cross-Over Studies; Cysteine; Drug Combinations; Fluorides; Halitosis; Humans; Middle Aged; Mouthwashes; Plant Extracts; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sulfur Compounds; Treatment Outcome; Triclosan; Zinc Acetate

2002
Substantivity of toothpaste slurries and their effect on reestablishment of the dental biofilm.
    Journal of clinical periodontology, 2002, Volume: 29, Issue:7

    Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Biofilms; Chlorhexidine; Coloring Agents; Complex Mixtures; Cross-Over Studies; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Dental Prophylaxis; Dentifrices; Female; Fluorides; Humans; Male; Matched-Pair Analysis; Placebos; Plant Extracts; Silicic Acid; Single-Blind Method; Sodium Bicarbonate; Statistics as Topic; Statistics, Nonparametric; Toothpastes; Triclosan; Water

2002
Intraoral evaluation of mineralization of cosmetic defects by a toothpaste containing calcium, fluoride, and sodium bicarbonate.
    Compendium of continuing education in dentistry (Jamesburg, N.J. : 1995), 2004, Volume: 25, Issue:9 Suppl 1

    Topics: Calcium; Dental Enamel; Fluorides; Hardness; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Phosphates; Saliva; Silicic Acid; Silicon Dioxide; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride; Surface Properties; Tooth Abrasion; Tooth Remineralization; Toothpastes

2004
Clinical efficacy evaluation of calcium, phosphate, and sodium bicarbonate on surface-enamel smoothness and gloss.
    Compendium of continuing education in dentistry (Jamesburg, N.J. : 1995), 2004, Volume: 25, Issue:9 Suppl 1

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Calcium Sulfate; Carbonated Beverages; Double-Blind Method; Fluorides; Fruit; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Middle Aged; Phosphates; Potassium Compounds; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride; Surface Properties; Tooth Erosion; Tooth Remineralization; Toothpastes

2004
Comparison of a dual-phase fluoride toothpaste containing calcium, phosphate, and sodium bicarbonate with a regular fluoride toothpaste on calculus formation.
    Compendium of continuing education in dentistry (Jamesburg, N.J. : 1995), 2004, Volume: 25, Issue:9 Suppl 1

    Topics: Adult; Calcium; Dental Calculus; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fluorides; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Male; Middle Aged; Observer Variation; Phosphates; Silicic Acid; Silicon Dioxide; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride; Toothpastes

2004
Enhancement of plaque removal efficacy by tooth brushing with baking soda dentifrices: results of five clinical studies.
    The Journal of clinical dentistry, 2008, Volume: 19, Issue:4

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analysis of Variance; Complex Mixtures; Cross-Over Studies; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Dentifrices; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Fluorides; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Male; Middle Aged; Reference Values; Silicic Acid; Silicon Dioxide; Single-Blind Method; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride; Toothbrushing; Toothpastes; Treatment Outcome; Triclosan; Young Adult

2008
A four-week clinical study to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of a baking soda dentifrice and an antimicrobial dentifrice in reducing plaque.
    The Journal of clinical dentistry, 2008, Volume: 19, Issue:4

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Analysis of Variance; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Biofilms; Complex Mixtures; Cross-Over Studies; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Dentifrices; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Fluorides; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Male; Middle Aged; Reference Values; Silicic Acid; Single-Blind Method; Sodium Bicarbonate; Toothbrushing; Toothpastes; Treatment Outcome; Triclosan; Young Adult

2008
Protective benefits of a stabilised stannous-containing fluoride dentifrice against erosive acid damage.
    International dental journal, 2014, Volume: 64 Suppl 1

    Topics: Amines; Citric Acid; Dental Enamel; Dentifrices; Diamines; Drug Combinations; Fluorides; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Microradiography; Nitrates; Phosphates; Protective Agents; Saliva; Silicic Acid; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride; Time Factors; Tin Fluorides; Tooth Erosion; Toothpastes

2014
Comparing three toothpastes in controlling plaque and gingivitis: A 6-month clinical study.
    American journal of dentistry, 2015, Volume: 28, Issue:2

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Dentifrices; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fluorides; Follow-Up Studies; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Periodontal Index; Phosphates; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride; Toothbrushing; Toothpastes; Treatment Outcome; Triclosan; Young Adult

2015

Other Studies

25 other study(ies) available for fluorides and sodium bicarbonate

ArticleYear
Calcium and phosphate uptake of human dental enamel treated with sodium bicarbonate.
    Journal de biologie buccale, 1990, Volume: 18, Issue:1

    Topics: Bicarbonates; Calcium; Dental Caries; Dental Enamel; Fluorides; Humans; Phosphates; Sodium; Sodium Bicarbonate; Tooth Remineralization

1990
Effect of topical fluoride treatments on fluoride distribution during in vitro caries-like lesion formation.
    Caries research, 1988, Volume: 22, Issue:5

    Topics: Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride; Bicarbonates; Calcium Chloride; Dental Caries; Dental Enamel; Fluorides; Fluorides, Topical; Humans; Hydroxides; Phosphates; Potassium; Potassium Compounds; Sodium; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride

1988
Effect of topical application of dentifrices containing sodium hydrogen carbonate, MFP and sodium fluoride on caries incidence, plaque extent, molar surface dissolution rate and fluoride content in rats.
    The Journal of clinical dentistry, 1988,Summer, Volume: 1 Suppl A

    Topics: Animals; Bicarbonates; Dental Caries; Dental Plaque; Dentifrices; Fluorides; Phosphates; Rats; Sodium; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride; Tooth; Tooth Erosion

1988
The effects of sodium borate and sodium bicarbonate upon fluoride retention and serum calcium and phosphate in sheep.
    Journal of trace elements and electrolytes in health and disease, 1988, Volume: 2, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Bicarbonates; Borates; Calcium; Capsules; Delayed-Action Preparations; Fluorides; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Phosphates; Sheep; Sodium; Sodium Bicarbonate

1988
Fluoride absorption: the influence of gastric acidity.
    Calcified tissue international, 1984, Volume: 36, Issue:3

    Topics: Absorption; Animals; Atropine; Bicarbonates; Cimetidine; Female; Fluorides; Gastric Acid; Gastric Mucosa; Pentagastrin; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sodium Bicarbonate

1984
[Effect of mouthwash of the "antidote" type on the condition of the oral cavity in workers of the aluminum plant].
    Przeglad lekarski, 1982, Volume: 39, Issue:10

    Topics: Adult; Aluminum; Bicarbonates; Borates; Dental Enamel; Drug Combinations; Fluorides; Gingiva; Humans; Magnesium Sulfate; Middle Aged; Mouthwashes; Occupational Diseases; Sodium Bicarbonate

1982
Influence of gastric acidity on fluoride absorption in rats.
    Journal of dental research, 1993, Volume: 72, Issue:3

    Topics: Absorption; Animals; Bicarbonates; Cimetidine; Fluorides; Gastric Acid; Gastric Acidity Determination; Gastric Emptying; Gastric Mucosa; Hydrochloric Acid; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Intestinal Absorption; Intestine, Small; Male; Pentagastrin; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sodium; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride

1993
Caries and plaque inhibition in rats by five topically applied dentifrices.
    European journal of oral sciences, 1997, Volume: 105, Issue:3

    Topics: Actinomyces viscosus; Administration, Topical; Amines; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Cariostatic Agents; Chlorhexidine; Dental Caries; Dental Plaque; Dentifrices; Diet, Cariogenic; Dietary Sucrose; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Combinations; Drug Interactions; Fluorides; Hydrogen Peroxide; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Silicic Acid; Silicon Dioxide; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride; Streptococcus sobrinus; Tin Fluorides; Toothpastes; Water

1997
Aluminum leaching from surrogate aluminum food containers under different pH and fluoride concentration.
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology, 1999, Volume: 63, Issue:2

    Topics: Acids, Acyclic; Aluminum; Diffusion; Fluorides; Food Contamination; Food Packaging; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Sodium Bicarbonate; Spectrophotometry, Atomic; Water

1999
Weaning food and magadi associated with dental fluorosis in Northern Tanzania.
    Acta odontologica Scandinavica, 2000, Volume: 58, Issue:1

    Topics: Adolescent; Arachis; Carbonates; Chi-Square Distribution; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Fabaceae; Feeding Behavior; Female; Fish Products; Fluorides; Fluorosis, Dental; Food; Food Additives; Humans; Male; Odds Ratio; Plants, Medicinal; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Sodium Bicarbonate; Tanzania; Weaning; Zea mays; Zingiberales

2000
An attempt to explain why Tanzanian children drinking water containing 0.2 or 3.6 mg fluoride per liter exhibit a similar level of dental fluorosis.
    Clinical oral investigations, 2000, Volume: 4, Issue:4

    Topics: Adolescent; Analysis of Variance; Child; Fluoridation; Fluorides; Fluorosis, Dental; Food Additives; Humans; Infant; Infant Food; Linear Models; Prevalence; Severity of Illness Index; Sodium Bicarbonate; Tanzania

2000
Effect of different prophylaxis methods on sealant adhesion.
    The Journal of clinical pediatric dentistry, 2000,Spring, Volume: 24, Issue:3

    Topics: Acid Etching, Dental; Analysis of Variance; Cariostatic Agents; Dental Bonding; Dental Enamel; Dental Prophylaxis; Dental Stress Analysis; Detergents; Fluorides; Humans; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Molar, Third; Ointments; Pharmaceutical Solutions; Pit and Fissure Sealants; Powders; Silicates; Sodium Bicarbonate; Surface Properties; Tensile Strength; Time Factors

2000
Laboratory studies on the chemical whitening effects of a sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice.
    The Journal of clinical dentistry, 2002, Volume: 13, Issue:1

    Topics: Adsorption; Carbamide Peroxide; Chlorhexidine; Complex Mixtures; Dental Pellicle; Dentifrices; Diphosphates; Drug Combinations; Durapatite; Fluorides; Hydrogen Peroxide; Peroxides; Phosphates; Polyphosphates; Silicic Acid; Silicon Dioxide; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride; Tea; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration; Toothpastes; Triclosan; Urea

2002
Hexametaphosphate effects on tooth surface conditioning film chemistry--in vitro and in vivo studies.
    The Journal of clinical dentistry, 2002, Volume: 13, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Cattle; Complex Mixtures; Dental Deposits; Dental Enamel; Dental Pellicle; Dentifrices; Diphosphates; Drug Combinations; Electrochemistry; Fluorides; Hydrogen Peroxide; Phosphates; Saliva; Silicic Acid; Silicon Dioxide; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride; Surface Properties; Surface-Active Agents; Tin Fluorides; Toothpastes; Triclosan; Wettability; Xylitol

2002
Bacterial detachment from salivary conditioning films by dentifrice supernates.
    The Journal of clinical dentistry, 2002, Volume: 13, Issue:1

    Topics: Actinomyces; Animals; Bacterial Adhesion; Cattle; Complex Mixtures; Dental Deposits; Dental Pellicle; Dentifrices; Detergents; Diphosphates; Drug Combinations; Electrochemistry; Fluorides; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Phosphates; Saliva; Silicic Acid; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride; Streptococcus mutans; Streptococcus oralis; Surface Properties; Tin Fluorides; Toothpastes; Triclosan; Xylitol

2002
Effects of a high-bicarbonate dentifrice on intraoral demineralization.
    Compendium of continuing education in dentistry. (Jamesburg, N.J. : 1995). Supplement, 1996, Volume: 17, Issue:19

    Topics: Animals; Cariogenic Agents; Cariostatic Agents; Cattle; Dental Enamel; Dental Plaque; Dentifrices; Fluorides; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Microelectrodes; Sodium Bicarbonate; Streptococcus mutans; Sucrose; Time Factors; Tooth Demineralization

1996
Antibacterial activity of baking soda.
    Compendium of continuing education in dentistry. (Jamesburg, N.J. : 1995). Supplement, 1996, Volume: 17, Issue:19

    Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Cariostatic Agents; Colony Count, Microbial; Culture Media; Dental Caries; Dental Plaque; Detergents; Fluorides; Humans; Osmolar Concentration; Saliva; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Streptococcus mutans; Sucrose; Surface-Active Agents; Time Factors

1996
The use of sodium bicarbonate in oral hygiene products and practice.
    Compendium of continuing education in dentistry. (Jamesburg, N.J. : 1995). Supplement, 1996, Volume: 17, Issue:19

    Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Cariostatic Agents; Dental Plaque; Dentifrices; Detergents; Flavoring Agents; Fluorides; Hardness; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Periodontitis; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Chloride; Solubility; Sweetening Agents; Taste; Tooth Abrasion

1996
The effect of toothbrushing on secretion rate, pH and buffering capacity of saliva.
    International journal of dental hygiene, 2006, Volume: 4, Issue:2

    Topics: Amines; Buffers; Dentifrices; Diamines; Fluorides; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Saliva; Secretory Rate; Sodium Bicarbonate; Stimulation, Chemical; Toothbrushing

2006
In vitro reproduction of noncarious cervical lesions.
    The Journal of prosthetic dentistry, 2008, Volume: 100, Issue:1

    Topics: Diphosphates; Drug Combinations; Fluorides; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Nitrates; Phosphates; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride; Tooth Abrasion; Tooth Cervix; Toothbrushing; Toothpastes; Xylitol

2008
Early detection of white spot lesions with digital camera and remineralization therapy.
    Australian dental journal, 2008, Volume: 53, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Cariostatic Agents; Cattle; Dental Caries; Dental Caries Activity Tests; Early Diagnosis; Fluorescence; Fluorides; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Light; Photography, Dental; Sodium Bicarbonate; Tooth Remineralization

2008
Prophylactic agents and bacterial adherence to titanium.
    Clinical oral implants research, 2011, Volume: 22, Issue:11

    Topics: Alloys; Bacterial Adhesion; Cariostatic Agents; Dental Alloys; Dental Etching; Dental Materials; Fluorides; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Materials Testing; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Mouthwashes; Saliva, Artificial; Sodium Bicarbonate; Streptococcus mutans; Surface Properties; Titanium; Toothpastes

2011
Prevention of erosive/abrasive enamel wear due to orange juice modified with dietary supplements.
    Oral diseases, 2011, Volume: 17, Issue:5

    Topics: Animals; Beverages; Bicarbonates; Calcium Carbonate; Calcium Fluoride; Calcium Phosphates; Calcium, Dietary; Cariostatic Agents; Cattle; Citrus sinensis; Dental Enamel; Diamines; Dietary Supplements; Durapatite; Fluorides; Fruit; Hardness; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Magnesium; Materials Testing; Potassium Compounds; Sodium Bicarbonate; Tooth Abrasion; Tooth Erosion; Toothbrushing; Toothpastes; Water

2011
Enamel protection: a comparison of marketed dentifrice performance against dental erosion.
    American journal of dentistry, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:4

    Topics: Citric Acid; Dental Enamel; Dental Pellicle; Dentifrices; Disease Progression; Drug Combinations; Fluorides; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Materials Testing; Minerals; Nitrates; Phosphates; Phosphoric Acids; Protective Agents; Saliva; Silicic Acid; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride; Time Factors; Tin Fluorides; Tooth Demineralization; Tooth Erosion; Toothpastes

2011
Comparative Evaluation of Fluoridated Mouthwash and Sodium Bicarbonate in Management of Dentin Hypersensitivity: An In Vitro SEM Study.
    Compendium of continuing education in dentistry (Jamesburg, N.J. : 1995), 2018, Volume: 39, Issue:1

    Topics: Dentin Sensitivity; Fluorides; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Mouthwashes; Sodium Bicarbonate

2018