flexirubins and menaquinone-6

A novel Gram-staining-negative, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterial strain containing flexirubin-type pigments, designated S31(T), was isolated from bank-side soil of the Xixi wetland in Zhejiang province, China. Growth occurred at 10-37 °C (optimum, 32 °C), pH 6-8 (optimum, pH 7) and with 0-2 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 1 %). Strain S31(T) shared highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with Epilithonimonas lactis H1(T) (96.2 %) and Chryseobacterium molle DW3(T) (96.4 %). Phylogenetic analysis suggested that strain S31(T) was a member of the genus Epilithonimonas. The dominant respiratory quinone was MK-6 and the DNA G+C content was 33.3 mol%. The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (iso-C15 : 0 2-OH and/or C16 : 1ω7c) and anteiso-C15 : 0. The major polar lipids of strain S31(T) were phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified aminolipids and four unidentified polar lipids. Based on its phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics and phylogenetic data, strain S31(T) represents a novel species of the genus Epilithonimonas, for which the name Epilithonimonas xixisoli sp. nov. (type strain S31(T) = CGMCC 1.12802(T) = NBRC 110387(T)) is proposed.

Topics: Bacterial Typing Techniques; Base Composition; China; DNA, Bacterial; Fatty Acids; Flavobacteriaceae; Molecular Sequence Data; Phosphatidylethanolamines; Phylogeny; Polyenes; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Soil Microbiology; Vitamin K 2; Wetlands

Two yellow-pigmented, rod-shaped, non-motile, Gram-reaction-negative and aerobic bacterial strains, designated KYW560(T) and KYW563(T), were isolated from seawater collected from Gwangyang Bay, Republic of Korea. The isolates required sea salts for growth. Flexirubin-type pigments were absent. The common major cellular fatty acids (>5% of total) of the two strains were C(16:0), C(18:0), iso-C(15:0), anteiso-C(15:0), iso-C(15:1) G, iso-C(17:0) 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C(16:1)ω6c and/or C(16:1)ω7c). Strain KYW560(T) also contained iso-C(15:0) 3-OH and C(20:1)ω9c as major fatty acids. The main polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified aminolipid and two unidentified lipids. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was MK-6. The DNA G+C contents of strains KYW560(T) and KYW563(T) were 41.0 ± 0.7 and 38.3 ± 0.4 mol% (mean ± sd of three determinations), respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the isolates belonged to the family Flavobacteriaceae, and were related to the genus Algibacter. Based on data from this taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach, it is proposed that the isolates represent novel species of the genus Algibacter, for which the names Algibacter agarivorans sp. nov. (type strain, KYW560(T) =KCTC 23855(T) =JCM 18285(T)) and Algibacter agarilyticus sp. nov. (type strain, KYW563(T) =KCTC 23857(T) =JCM 18275(T)) are proposed. Reclassification of Marinivirga aestuarii as Algibacter aestuarii comb. nov. and emended description of the genus Algibacter are also proposed.

Topics: Bacterial Typing Techniques; Base Composition; DNA, Bacterial; Fatty Acids; Flavobacteriaceae; Molecular Sequence Data; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Phosphatidylethanolamines; Phylogeny; Polyenes; Republic of Korea; Seawater; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Vitamin K 2; Water Microbiology

A Gram-staining-negative, strictly aerobic, non-gliding, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated SW105(T), was isolated from a seawater sample collected from the Indian Ocean. The strain produced flexirubin-type pigments and grew at 15-45 °C (optimum, 35 °C), at pH 5.5-8.5 (optimum, pH 7.0-7.5) and in the presence of 0-5.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 1.0-1.5 %). The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), iso-C17 : 1ω9c and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH. The major menaquinone was menaquinone 6 (MK-6) and the major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and two unidentified aminophospholipids. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain SW105(T) was 36.2 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the novel isolate was related to members of the genus Flavobacterium, showing the highest similarity to Flavobacterium ummariense DS-12(T) and Flavobacterium ceti CCUG 52969(T) (94.3 and 93.0 % sequence similarity, respectively). On the basis of phylogenetic inference and phenotypic characteristics, it is proposed that strain SW105(T) represents a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium marinum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SW105(T) ( = CGMCC 1.10825(T) = JCM 18132(T)).

Topics: Bacterial Typing Techniques; Base Composition; DNA, Bacterial; Fatty Acids; Flavobacterium; Indian Ocean; Molecular Sequence Data; Phosphatidylethanolamines; Phylogeny; Polyenes; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Seawater; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Vitamin K 2

As part of an undergraduate microbiology course, a yellow-orange-pigmented, Gram-staining negative, rod-shaped, non-motile bacterial strain was isolated from a glass tank housing several red-spotted newts (Notophthalmus viridescens). The sequence of the 16S rRNA gene of this strain, designated KM(T), was 97.4-98.0 % similar to those of the type strains of Chryseobacterium luteum, C. shigense and C. vrystaatense, while the similarity levels for protein-coding genes were less than 94.7 % for rpoB, less than 92.1 % for groEL and less than 87.1 % for gyrB. These values are lower than for many other established distinct species. Polyphasic characterization and comparison to these relatives revealed that strain KM(T) was similar to other Chryseobacterium strains in that it contained MK-6 as its major respiratory quinone and phosphatidylethanolamine as the most abundant polar lipid, produced flexirubin-type pigments, oxidase and catalase and primarily contained the fatty acids iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 1ω9c, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c). Based on the results of this study, strain KM(T) represents a novel species, for which the name Chryseobacterium angstadtii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KM(T) ( = ATCC BAA-2160(T) = NRRL B-59516(T) = KCTC 23297(T)).

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Base Composition; Chaperonin 60; Chryseobacterium; DNA Gyrase; DNA, Bacterial; Fatty Acids; Molecular Sequence Data; Phosphatidylethanolamines; Phylogeny; Polyenes; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Salamandridae; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Vitamin K 2

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile and yellow-pigmented bacterial strain, designated strain JJ013(T), was isolated from an artificial lake in Jeollabuk-do, South Korea, and characterized using a polyphasic approach. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain JJ013(T) indicated that the isolate belonged to the family Flavobacteriaceae and exhibited similarity levels of 96.6 % to the type strains of Flavobacterium cheonanense and Flavobacterium koreense and 96.5 % to the type strain of Flavobacterium chungnamense. Growth was observed at 20-30 °C and pH 5.0-7.0. The major cellular fatty acids of the novel strain were iso-C15 : 0 (27.5 %), iso-C15 : 1 G (17.8 %), iso-C17 : 0 3-OH (9.4 %) and iso-C15 : 0 3-OH (9.2 %). Flexirubin-type pigments were present. The DNA G+C content of strain JJ013(T) was 33.9 mol%, the major respiratory quinone was menaquinone-6 (MK-6) and the major polyamine was sym-homospermidine. The polar lipid profile of the strain JJ013(T) consisted of a phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), two unknown aminolipids (AL1-2), three unidentified lipid (L1-3) and an unknown glycolipid (GL). On the basis of the morphological and physiological properties and biochemical evidence presented, it is concluded that strain JJ013(T) represents a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium aciduliphilum sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is JJ013(T) ( = KACC 16594(T) = JCM 18211(T)). Since C15 : 0, which is known as a predominant fatty acid of the genus Flavobacterium was not detected in the novel strain and other reference strains, we propose an emended description of the genus Flavobacterium.

Topics: Bacterial Typing Techniques; Base Composition; DNA, Bacterial; Fatty Acids; Flavobacterium; Fresh Water; Glycolipids; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; Polyenes; Republic of Korea; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Spermidine; Vitamin K 2

Three Gram-negative, non-motile, strictly aerobic strains, designated LNM-20(T), LCM-1 and LAM-13, were isolated from thalli of the marine red alga Porphyra yezoensis. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the isolates were associated with the genus Polaribacter in the family Flavobacteriaceae and were most closely related to Polaribacter dokdonensis DSW-5(T) (96.2 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and Polaribacter gangjinensis K17-16(T) (95.0 %). The DNA G+C content of the isolates was 28.6-29.2 mol%. DNA-DNA hybridization analysis showed that the isolates belonged to a single species distinct from both of their closest relatives. The only isoprenoid quinone detected was menaquinone-6. The main polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids and two unidentified lipids. The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 1ω10c and iso-C15 : 0 3-OH. The phenotypic features of strain LNM-20(T) differed from those of their closest relatives in several regards (colony colour, growth with 1 % NaCl and on TSA plus 2.5 % NaCl, hydrolysis of Tweens 40 and 80, and oxidization of five carbon compounds). On the basis of phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic analysis, the isolates represent a novel species in the genus Polaribacter, for which the name Polaribacter porphyrae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LNM-20(T) ( = LMG 26671(T)  = NBRC 108759(T)). Emended descriptions of the genus Polaribacter and P. dokdonensis and P. gangjinensis are also proposed.

Topics: Bacterial Typing Techniques; Base Composition; DNA, Bacterial; Fatty Acids; Flavobacteriaceae; Japan; Molecular Sequence Data; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Phosphatidylethanolamines; Phylogeny; Polyenes; Porphyra; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Seawater; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Vitamin K 2

A Gram-reaction-negative bacterial strain, designated GIMN1.005T, was isolated from a forest soil sample in Vietnam. The isolate was yellow-pigmented, strictly aerobic, and unable to grow below 5 °C or above 37 °C and in the presence of more than 2.0 % NaCl. Cells were non-motile, non-gliding and non-spore-forming. The yellow pigment was of the flexirubin type, non-diffusible and non-fluorescent. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain GIMN1.005T occupied a distinct lineage within the genus Chryseobacterium, with sequence similarity values of 98.6, 98.5 and 98.3 % to Chryseobacterium aquifrigidense KCTC 12894T, Chryseobacterium jejuense KACC 12501T and Chryseobacterium indologenes GIFU 1347T, respectively. The level of DNA-DNA relatedness between strain GIMN1.005T and C. jejuense KACC 12501T was <30 %. The DNA G+C content of strain GIMN1.005T was 42.1 mol%. The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C15:0, iso-C17:0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c and/or C16:1ω6c); menaquinone 6 (MK-6) was the sole respiratory quinone. On the basis of phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain GIMN1.005T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Chryseobacterium, for which the name Chryseobacterium vietnamense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GIMN1.005T (=CCTCC M 209230T=NRRL B-59550T).

Topics: Bacterial Typing Techniques; Base Composition; Chryseobacterium; DNA, Bacterial; Fatty Acids; Molecular Sequence Data; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Phylogeny; Pigmentation; Polyenes; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Soil Microbiology; Trees; Vietnam; Vitamin K 2