flavin-adenine-dinucleotide and 2-(1-hydroxyethyl)thiamine-pyrophosphate

The thiamin diphosphate (ThDP)- and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent pyruvate oxidase from Lactobacillus plantarum catalyses the conversion of pyruvate, inorganic phosphate, and oxygen to acetyl-phosphate, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen peroxide. Central to the catalytic sequence, two reducing equivalents are transferred from the resonant carbanion/enamine forms of alpha-hydroxyethyl-ThDP to the adjacent flavin cofactor over a distance of approximately 7 A, followed by the phosphorolysis of the thereby formed acetyl-ThDP. Pre-steady-state and steady-state kinetics using time-resolved spectroscopy and a 1H NMR-based intermediate analysis indicate that both processes are kinetically coupled. In the presence of phosphate, intercofactor electron-transfer (ET) proceeds with an apparent first-order rate constant of 78 s(-1) and is kinetically gated by the preceding formation of the tetrahedral substrate-ThDP adduct 2-lactyl-ThDP and its decarboxylation. No transient flavin radicals are detectable in the reductive half-reaction. In contrast, when phosphate is absent, ET occurs in two discrete steps with apparent rate constants of 81 and 3 s(-1) and transient formation of a flavin semiquinone/hydroxyethyl-ThDP radical pair. Temperature dependence analysis according to the Marcus theory identifies the second step, the slow radical decay to be a true ET reaction. The redox potentials of the FAD(ox)/FAD(sq) (E1 = -37 mV) and FAD(sq)/FAD(red) (E2 = -87 mV) redox couples in the absence and presence of phosphate are identical. Both the Marcus analysis and fluorescence resonance energy-transfer studies using the fluorescent N3'-pyridyl-ThDP indicate the same cofactor distance in the presence or absence of phosphate. We deduce that the exclusive 10(2)-10(3)-fold rate enhancement of the second ET step is rather due to the nucleophilic attack of phosphate on the kinetically stabilized hydroxyethyl-ThDP radical resulting in a low-potential anion radical adduct than phosphate in a docking site being part of a through-bonded ET pathway in a stepwise mechanism of ET and phosphorolysis. Thus, LpPOX would constitute the first example of a radical-based phosphorolysis mechanism in biochemistry.

Topics: Catalysis; Electrons; Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide; Flavins; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer; Free Radicals; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kinetics; Lactobacillus plantarum; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Models, Chemical; Models, Statistical; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxygen; Phosphates; Pyruvate Oxidase; Pyruvic Acid; Solvents; Spectrophotometry; Temperature; Thermodynamics; Thiamine Pyrophosphate; Time Factors

Acetohydroxy acid synthases (AHAS) are thiamin diphosphate- (ThDP-) and FAD-dependent enzymes that catalyze the first common step of branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis in plants, bacteria, and fungi. Although the flavin cofactor is not chemically involved in the physiological reaction of AHAS, it has been shown to be essential for the structural integrity and activity of the enzyme. Here, we report that the enzyme-bound FAD in AHAS is reduced in the course of catalysis in a side reaction. The reduction of the enzyme-bound flavin during turnover of different substrates under aerobic and anaerobic conditions was characterized by stopped-flow kinetics using the intrinsic FAD absorbance. Reduction of enzyme-bound FAD proceeds with a net rate constant of k' = 0.2 s(-1) in the presence of oxygen and approximately 1 s(-1) under anaerobic conditions. No transient flavin radicals are detectable during the reduction process while time-resolved absorbance spectra are recorded. Reconstitution of the binary enzyme-FAD complex with the chemically synthesized intermediate 2-(hydroxyethyl)-ThDP also results in a reduction of the flavin. These data provide evidence for the first time that the key catalytic intermediate 2-(hydroxyethyl)-ThDP in the carbanionic/enamine form is not only subject to covalent addition of 2-keto acids and an oxygenase side reaction but also transfers electrons to the adjacent FAD in an intramolecular redox reaction yielding 2-acetyl-ThDP and reduced FAD. The detection of the electron transfer supports the idea of a common ancestor of acetohydroxy acid synthase and pyruvate oxidase, a homologous ThDP- and FAD-dependent enzyme that, in contrast to AHASs, catalyzes a reaction that relies on intercofactor electron transfer.

Topics: Acetolactate Synthase; Catalysis; Electron Transport; Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide; Kinetics; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Models, Molecular; Molecular Structure; Oxygen; Pyruvic Acid; Spectrum Analysis; Thiamine Pyrophosphate