fg-9041 and methamidophos

A single nicotine exposure increases dopamine levels in the mesolimbic reward system for hours, but nicotine concentrations experienced by smokers desensitize nAChRs on dopamine neurons in seconds to minutes. Here, we show that persistent modulation of both GABAergic and glutamatergic synaptic transmission by nicotine can contribute to the sustained increase in dopamine neuron excitability. Nicotine enhances GABAergic transmission transiently, which is followed by a persistent depression of these inhibitory inputs due to nAChR desensitization. Simultaneously, nicotine enhances glutamatergic transmission through nAChRs that desensitize less than those on GABA neurons. The net effect is a shift toward excitation of the dopamine reward system. These results suggest that spatial and temporal differences in nicotinic receptor activity on both excitatory and inhibitory neurons in reward areas coordinate to reinforce nicotine self-administration.

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Action Potentials; Adolescent; Animals; Atropine; Cholinergic Antagonists; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Dopamine; Electrophysiology; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Ganglionic Stimulants; Glutamic Acid; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Insecticides; Mice; Muscarinic Antagonists; Neurons; Nicotine; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Quinoxalines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Nicotinic; Reward; Smoking; Synaptic Transmission; Ventral Tegmental Area