fertaric-acid and caftaric-acid

Previously we demonstrated the anti-tumorigenic, anti-mutagenic and anti-inflammatory effects of the juice of Vitis coignetiae (yamabudo), and identified caftaric acid as an anti-mutagenic component from the juice. In the present study, we investigated the isolation of anti-inflammatory components in yamabudo juice supposing that the anti-inflammatory components in yamabudo are also responsible for the anti-tumorigenic activity. The suppressing effect on nitric oxide production in mouse leukemic monocyte with LPS was used as a separation marker. Three components comprising 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (DBQ), fertaric acid and caftaric acid were isolated and identified from the juice of V. coignetiae as anti-inflammatory ingredients. Inhibitory effects were found of DBQ on the mutagenicity of dimethylbenzo[a]anthracene, aflatoxin B1, 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-2) and amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) in the Ames test. Topical application of DBA significantly inhibited TPA-induced edema of mouse ears. The anti-tumorigenic effect of DBQ on the promotion and initiation stages of mouse skin tumorigenesis was investigated, and topical administration of DBQ on the promotion stage significantly decreased tumor development in mice skin. DBQ is a potential candidate for the chemopreventive effect of V. coignetiae.

Topics: Aflatoxin B1; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Anticarcinogenic Agents; Antimutagenic Agents; Benzoquinones; Edema; Female; Male; Mice; Monocytes; Mutagens; Nitric Oxide; Phenols; Skin Neoplasms; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; Vitis

An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of hydroxycinnamoyltartaric esters, such as caftaric acid, p-coutaric acid and fertaric acid in grape juice, peel and seed. The target analytes were separated on a Waters UPLC HSS T3 column (150 mm x 2.1 mm, 1.7 microm) at 35 degrees C with gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The grape juice was freeze-centrifuged, the supernatant was diluted with 20% methanol. The grape peel and grape seed samples were extracted with 80% ethanol. The extract was cleaned-up on-line with the analytical column by valve switching technology. The mobile phases were water-acetonitrile (both containing 0.1% formic acid). The identification and quantification were achieved by MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode via negative electrospray ionization. As lack of commercial standards, p-coutaric acid and fertaric acid were quantified by caftaric acid equivalent. The developed method showed a good linearity over the range of 25-2 000 microg/L with good correlation coefficient (r2 = 0.998 9). The limit of detection was 0.25 microg/L, and the limit of quantification was 25 microg/L. The average recoveries of caftaric acid were between 97.7%-99.5% and the precisions were within 2.5% at the spiked levels of 250, 750 and 1 200 microg/L. The working solutions were stable for 74 h at room temperature. The results showed that there are significant differences of hydroxycinnamoyltartaric esters distribution in grape juice, peel and seeds. Therefore, this method, owing to its simplicity, rapidity, good recovery, high sensitivity and accuracy, can be used for the analysis of caftaric acid, p-coutaric acid and fertaric acid in grape juice, peel and seeds.

Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Phenols; Seeds; Stereoisomerism; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Vitis

trans-Caftaric acid is the most abundant nonflavonoid phenolic compound in grapes and wines. It occurs in chicory and is one of the bioactive components of Echinacea purpurea. In order to fill the gap of knowledge about its bioavailability in mammals, we investigated its absorption, tissue distribution, and metabolism in rats. Assuming that the stomach is a relevant site of absorption of dietary polyphenols, a solution of trans-caftaric acid was maintained in the ligated stomach of anaesthetized rats for 20 min. Intact trans-caftaric acid was detected in rat plasma at both 10 and 20 min (293 +/- 45 and 334 +/- 49 ng/mL, respectively), along with its O-methylated derivative trans-fertaric acid, whose concentration rose over time (from 92 +/- 12 to 185 +/- 24 ng/mL). At 20 min, both trans-caftaric acid and trans-fertaric acid were detected in the kidney (443 +/- 78 and 2506 +/- 514 ng/g, respectively) but not in the liver. Only trans-fertaric acid was found in the urine (33.3 +/- 12.8 microg/mL). In some rats, trans-caftaric acid was detected in the brain (180 +/- 20 ng/g).

Topics: Absorption; Animals; Biological Availability; Brain Chemistry; Fruit; Gastric Mucosa; Kidney; Kinetics; Male; Phenols; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tissue Distribution; Vitis

A method for the isolation of caftaric, coutaric and fertaric acids from grape pomace by high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) was developed. Using a system of hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water 3:7:3:7 (v/v/v/v) and 0.5% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in the head-to-tail elution mode, the target compounds were separated from co-extracted polyphenolics and subsequently isolated in a second run (tert-butyl-methyl ether/acetonitrile/n-butanol/water, 2:2:1:5 (v/v/v/v) and 0.5% TFA; tail-to-head elution mode). The concomitant flavonoid quercetin 3-glucuronide was also isolated with the present method. The compounds were characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy, by LC/electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS/MS in the negative ionization mode, and by UV spectroscopy. A purity of 97.0% (2.0% Z-isomer) for caftaric acid, 97.2% (4.8% Z-isomer) for coutaric acid, and 90.4% (13% Z-isomer) for fertaric acid was obtained from 10 g of grape pomace with yields of 62, 48 and 23%, respectively. Caftaric and coutaric acids may be used for in vitro and in vivo studies and as reference substances for analytical purposes.

Topics: Countercurrent Distribution; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Mass Spectrometry; Phenols; Quercetin; Solvents; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Vitis