emamectin-benzoate and imidacloprid

Inadequate pesticide application practices have many implications on human and environmental health. This research aimed at assessing pesticide risks on bees, non-target arthropods (NTAs) and earthworms, using PRIMET (Pesticide Risks in the Tropics to Man, Environment and Trade), a pesticide risk model, in the western highlands agro-ecological zone of Cameroon. For this purpose, information on pesticide usage stratagem (dosage, application interval and number of applications) and ecotoxicological properties (median lethal doses, persistence and no observable effect concentration) were gathered and entered into PRIMET to acquire the Predicted Exposure Concentration (PEC), No Effect Concentration (NEC) and Exposure Toxicity Ratio, ETR = PEC / NEC). The risk assessment revealed that the riskiest pesticides for earthworms were acetamiprid, glyphosate and imidacloprid with ETR values of 2963, 1667 and 419 respectively. For bees, acetamiprid, cypermethrin, emamectin benzoate, imidacloprid, and lambda-cyhalothrin were highly risky, with respective ETR values of 3252, 487, 278, 1383 and 295. The model predicted NTAs to be predominantly defenceless against cypermethrin and imidacloprid, as these compounds exhibited the topmost values of ETR of, 4.3 × 10

Topics: Agriculture; Animals; Bees; Humans; Insecticides; Male; Pesticides

A modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe method combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was established to investigate the residues of emamectin benzoate (EB), imidacloprid (IMI) and five IMI metabolites (IMI-olefin, IMI-urea, IMI-guanidine, 5-OH and 6-CNA) in cabbage. The average recoveries of the seven compounds in cabbage were 80-102%, with relative standard deviations < 8.0%. The limit of quantification for each compound was 0.01 mg kg

Topics: Brassica; China; Pesticide Residues; Risk Assessment

Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to study the effect of simple decontamination methods and processing on imidacloprid, dimethoate, and emamectin benzoate residues in grapes and their processed products by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Among the decontamination methods evaluated, washing with NaCl (2%) solution was effective for reducing imidacloprid (77.55%), dimethoate (83.27%), and emamectin benzoate (77.28%) residues in mature grapes. No metabolites (omethoate and 6-chloronicotinic acid) were detected in both decontamination and processing studies. The grapes were processed into various products, including fresh juice, squash, and raisin, following the standard effective steps for each product. Washing with NaCl (2%) solution for decontamination was included as an additional step in the standard protocol and resulted in substantial removal of surface residues of the selected insecticides. The processing factor calculated was less than one for all the products.

Topics: Decontamination; Dimethoate; Insecticides; Ivermectin; Neonicotinoids; Nitro Compounds; Pesticide Residues; Sodium Chloride; Vitis

Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is a beneficial predatory arthropod in the agricultural ecosystem. For the success and development of integrated pest management strategies, it is essential to assess the toxicity risks of commonly used pesticides to nontarget arthropods.. The glass tube residue method was used to determine the risk of nine pesticides to H. axyridis after second-instar exposure. To assess the potential risk of the selected pesticides, the pre-adult LR. The four neonicotinoid insecticides (imidacloprid, dinotefuran, thiamethoxam, and acetamiprid), pyrethroid bifenthrin, and organophosphorus dimethoate showed a high risk to H. axyridis. Emamectin benzoate, tebuconazole, and myclobutanil showed a low risk to H. axyridis under both exposure scenarios. The results provide critical scientific evidence to guide future regulation of pesticide management practices and protection of nontarget arthropods like H. axyridis. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Topics: Animals; Coleoptera; Dimethoate; Ecosystem; Pesticides; Risk Assessment; Thiamethoxam

We assessed density of emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) larvae over a 6-yr period by felling and sampling a total of 315 green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) trees that were left untreated or treated with imidacloprid, dinotefuran, or emamectin benzoate products at 1-yr, 2-yr, or 3-yr intervals. Our study, conducted across a 32-ha forested area, began soon after emerald ash borer became established and continued through the peak and eventual decline of the emerald ash borer population. Less than half of the 96 trees in the pretreatment sample were infested and larval densities were very low. Densities of emerald ash borer remained low for 3 yr, then increased exponentially, eventually resulting in mortality of most untreated overstory ash. Trees treated with either low or moderate rates of emamectin benzoate applied via trunk injection had few or no emerald ash borer galleries, even 3 yr post-treatment. Basal trunk sprays of dinotefuran applied annually were also effective at preventing larval densities from reaching damaging levels. Average larval densities on trees treated with a trunk injection of imidacloprid were lower but did not differ from untreated trees, regardless of treatment frequency. Larval parasitism was rare, while woodpecker predation was common and accounted for nearly all natural larval mortality, even on trees with very low densities of larvae.

Topics: Animals; Coleoptera; Food Chain; Forests; Fraxinus; Guanidines; Insecticides; Ivermectin; Larva; Michigan; Neonicotinoids; Nitro Compounds; Population Density

The present study was conducted to determine pesticide (emamectin-benzoate, penconazole and imidacloprid) residues over tomatoes by using QuEChERS method. The method was validated by spiking tomato matrix at 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 MRL levels of the pesticides. Tomatoes were harvested from two conventional and two Integrated Pest Management-grown fields. Laboratory samples were taken from the bulk samples. Analyses of spiked and real-field tomatoes were performed with QuEChERS procedure. Experimental samples were subjected to LC-MS/MS analysis. As indicated in "CAC/GL 40-1993," representative sample matrix (apple) calibration was used for quantification. The overall recovery was 107.12% with a relative standard deviation of 17.96% (n = 162). Present values were within the specified recovery ranges (60-140%) and repeatability value of (RSD ≤20%) of SANCO. Analysis of field experiment samples showed that both conventional tomato plots had trace levels (less than MRL) of emamectin-benzoate and imidacloprid, whereas there were not any pesticide residues in both IPM tomato plots.

Topics: Agriculture; Calibration; Chromatography, Liquid; Food Analysis; Food Contamination; Ivermectin; Neonicotinoids; Nitro Compounds; Pest Control; Pesticide Residues; Reproducibility of Results; Solanum lycopersicum; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Triazoles; Turkey

Black oak, Quercus velutina Lamarck, is the dominant deciduous tree on Cape Cod, Nantucket, and Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, and in recent years it has experienced widespread mortality and severe canopy loss due to infestations of a stem gall wasp, Zapatella davisae Buffington and Melika (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). A single application of systemic insecticides emamectin benzoate and imidacloprid was found to reduce or prevent further accumulation of Z. davisae damage on infested black oak during a 1-yr trial.

Topics: Animals; Hymenoptera; Insect Control; Insecticides; Ivermectin; Massachusetts; Neonicotinoids; Nitro Compounds; Plant Stems; Quercus

Emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis (Fairmaire; Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is decimating ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) in North America. Combatting EAB includes the use of insecticides; however, reported insecticide efficacy varies among published studies. This study assessed the effects of season of application, insecticide active ingredient, and insecticide application rate on green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) (Lamiales: Oleaceae) canopy decline caused by EAB over a 5- to 7-yr interval. Data suggested that spring treatments were generally more effective in reducing canopy decline than fall treatments, but this difference was not statistically significant. Lowest rates of decline (<5% over 5 yr) were observed in trees treated with imidacloprid injected annually in the soil during spring (at the higher of two tested application rates; 1.12 g/cm diameter at 1.3 m height) and emamectin benzoate injected biennially into the stem. All tested insecticides (dinotefuran, emamectin benzoate, and imidacloprid) under all tested conditions significantly reduced the rate of increase of dieback.

Topics: Animals; Coleoptera; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fraxinus; Guanidines; Illinois; Insect Control; Insecticides; Ivermectin; Neonicotinoids; Nitro Compounds; Seasons; Soil

Excessive use of pesticides can adversely affect the growth of non-target host plants in different ways. Pesticide-induced stress can affect non-target plants through elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsible for detrimental effects on cell metabolism, biochemical and other physiological activities. In response to oxidative stress, plant activates antioxidant defense system consisting of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic components. In the present investigation, three commonly used pesticides, emamectin benzoate, alpha-cypermethrin and imidacloprid, were assessed for causing oxidative stress in tomato. The oxidative damage induced by these pesticides at five different concentrations i.e. 1/4X, 1/2X, recommended application dose (X), 2X and 4X in the root and shoot tissues of tomato plant/seedlings were evaluated. Following pesticide exposure for 35 days, cell viability, cell injury, total soluble sugar (TSS) and total soluble proteins (TSP) were measured. Antioxidant activities were estimated by measuring activity levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and proline. Hydrogen peroxide (H

Topics: Antioxidants; Cell Survival; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Insecticides; Ivermectin; Lipid Peroxidation; Neonicotinoids; Nitro Compounds; Oxidative Stress; Pyrethrins; Reactive Oxygen Species; Seedlings; Solanum lycopersicum

The aim of this study was to determine the insecticide residue processing factor (PF) from plums to prunes and the effect of the industrial processing of prunes residue concentrations. Our results show an increase of insecticide concentrations during plum dehydration that is explained by fruit water loss; however, the normalized insecticide residue concentration, based on plum dry weights to compensate dehydration, was reduced. The water washing and tenderizing of prunes produced insecticide residue reductions of 22.9 ± 4.5% and 21.9 ± 4.2%, respectively. PF were: 1.157, 1.872, 1.316, 0.192, 2.198, 0.775 and 0.156 for buprofezin, l-cyhalothrin, spirodiclofen, indoxacarb, acetamiprid, imidacloprid and emamectin benzoate, respectively, being directly related to water solubility, aqueous hydrolysis and degradation point and inversely related to molecular mass and melting point. In plums for the dehydrated agroindustry the final product is prunes, therefore, it is crucial to consider the PF to determine the specific preharvest interval for this important agroindustry.

Topics: Fruit; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Ivermectin; Neonicotinoids; Nitriles; Nitro Compounds; Oxazines; Oxidation-Reduction; Pesticide Residues; Prunus domestica; Pyrethrins; Solid Phase Extraction

Pesticides are highly toxic substances. Their toxicity may not be absolutely specific to the target organisms but can adversely affect different processes in the non-target host plants. In the present study, the effect of over application of four commonly used pesticides (emamectin benzoate, alpha-cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and imidacloprid) was evaluated on the germination, seedling vigor and photosynthetic pigments in tomato. The obtained results revealed that seed germination was decreased by the pesticides and this effect was more prominent at early stages of exposure. All the tested pesticides reduced the growth of tomato when applied in higher concentration than the recommended dose, but at lower doses the pesticides had some stimulatory effects on growth as compared to the control. A similar effect of pesticides was observed on the photosynthetic pigments, i.e. a decrease in pigments concentrations was caused at higher doses but an increase was observed at lower doses of pesticides. The calculation of EC50 values for different parameters revealed the lowest EC50 values for emamectin (ranged as 51-181 mg/L) followed by alpha-cypermethrin (191.74-374.39), lambda-cyhalothrin (102.43-354.28) and imidacloprid (430.29-1979.66 mg/L). A comparison of the obtained EC50 values for different parameters of tomato with the recommended doses revealed that over application of these pesticides can be harmful to tomato crop. In a few cases these pesticides were found toxic even at the recommended doses. However, a field based study in this regard should be conducted to further verify these results.

Topics: Disaccharides; Germination; Imidazoles; Insecticides; Ivermectin; Neonicotinoids; Nitriles; Nitro Compounds; Pakistan; Photosynthesis; Pyrethrins; Seedlings; Solanum lycopersicum

The invasive goldspotted oak borer, Agrilus auroguttatus, is threatening the health and survival of oak trees in San Diego County, California. From two sites in the core area of the infestation, we report a 2.5 year investigation of the impact of A. auroguttatus on coast live oak, Quercus agrifolia, before and after treatment with two systemic insecticides, emamectin benzoate (EB) and imidacloprid (IC).. None of the 446 survey trees died during the study. The crown dieback rating of most trees at both study sites remained unchanged, regardless of insecticide treatment. A higher cumulative increase in the number of A. auroguttatus emergence holes was observed on trees that were previously infested and on trees with larger diameters. Over the 2.5 year period, the new infestation rates of initially uninfested trees across the untreated and treated groups were 50% (EB) and 32% (IC), and neither EB nor IC treatment affected cumulative increases in the number of emergence holes. EB-injected trees did not have significant annual increases in the number of A. auroguttatus emergence holes at either 1.5 or 2.5 years compared with that at 0.5 years, whereas untreated trees had significant annual increases. Although IC-injected trees had a significantly greater annual increment in the number of emergence holes than untreated trees during the last year of the study, treated trees had significant reductions in annual increases in emergence holes at both 1.5 and 2.5 years compared with that at 0.5 years. Untreated trees had no significant reduction in the annual increase in emergence holes at 1.5 and 2.5 years.. A. auroguttatus preferentially attacked previously infested and larger (diameter at breast height > 15-30 cm) oak trees, but the attacks led to very gradual changes in the health of the trees. Both EB and IC provided minor suppressive effects on A. auroguttatus emergence. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

Topics: Animals; California; Coleoptera; Imidazoles; Insect Control; Insecticides; Introduced Species; Ivermectin; Neonicotinoids; Nitro Compounds; Quercus

The house fly, Musca domestica L., is one of the major pests in dairy operations that has developed resistance to a number of insecticides with different modes of action. Adult house fly populations from six dairies in Punjab, Pakistan were evaluated for resistance to insecticides with novel modes of action (abamectin, emamectin benzoate, fipronil, imidacloprid, indoxacarb, and spinosad). Significant levels of resistance to most of the insecticides tested were observed in the present study. For avermectins at LC50 level, the resistance ratios were in the range of 38.40 to 94.44-fold for abamectin and 13.16 to 36.30-fold for emamectin benzoate. Fipronil LC50 resistance ratios exceeded 10-fold in three house fly populations, while all the populations had >10-fold resistance ratios for imidacloprid. Indoxacarb and spinosad had the lowest resistance ratios that ranged from 3.02 to 7.12-fold for indoxacarb and 2.91 to 9.0-fold for spinosad. As the resistance to fipronil, indoxacarb, and spinosad are emerging, therefore these chemicals should be used cautiously in management programs to retain the efficacy for longer times.

Topics: Animals; Biological Assay; Dairying; Drug Combinations; Houseflies; Imidazoles; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticides; Ivermectin; Macrolides; Neonicotinoids; Nitro Compounds; Oxazines; Pakistan; Pyrazoles

In order to effectively control the damage of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), Phaseolus vuglaris was dipped with imidacloprid, phoxim, and emamectin benzoate, respectively to select the resistance populations of F. occidentalis from its susceptible population, and the resistance inheritance and resistance risk were analyzed with the resistance reality heredity. After 32, 32, and 24 generations' selection, the F. occidentalis populations obtained 13.8-fold, 29.4-fold and 39.0-fold resistance to imidacloprid, phoxim, and emamectin benzoate, respectively. The resistance reality heritability to imidacloprid, phoxim, and emamectin benzoate was 0.112, 0.166, and 0.259, respectively. The resistance development rate to emamectin benzoate was the fastest, followed by to phoxim, and to imidacloprid. The higher the resistance levels of the selected populations, the lower the differences between the larva and adult susceptibility to imidacloprid, phoxim, and emamectin benzoate. Stopping selection for 12 continuous generations, the resistance level of the selected resistance populations to imidacloprid, phoxim, and emamectin benzoate had definite decline, but it was difficult to regain the original susceptibility. F. occidentalis had a greater potential to gain high level resistance to imidacloprid, phoxim, and emamectin benzoate. Compared with the resistance of F. occidentalis to phoxim and emamectin benzoate, the resistance to imidacloprid increased slower and decreased faster, and thus, imidacloprid was more appropriate to control F. occidentalis in practice.

Topics: Animals; Imidazoles; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticides; Ivermectin; Neonicotinoids; Nitro Compounds; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Thysanoptera

Effective methods are needed to protect ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) from emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), an invasive buprestid that has killed millions of North American ash (Fraxinus spp.) trees. We randomly assigned 175 ash trees (11.5-48.1 cm in diameter) in 25 blocks located in three study sites in Michigan to one of seven insecticide treatments in May 2007. Treatments included 1) trunk-injected emamectin benzoate; 2) trunk-injected imidacloprid; 3) basal trunk spray of dinotefuran with or 4) without Pentra-Bark, an agricultural surfactant; 5) basal trunk spray of imidacloprid with or 6) without Pentra-Bark; or (7) control. Foliar insecticide residues (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and toxicity of leaves to adult A. planipennis (4-d bioassays) were quantified at 3-4-wk intervals posttreatment. Seven blocks of trees were felled and sampled in fall 2007 to quantify A. planipennis larval density. Half of the remaining blocks were retreated in spring 2008. Bioassays and residue analyses were repeated in summer 2008, and then all trees were sampled to assess larval density in winter. Foliage from emamectin benzoate-treated trees was highly toxic to adult A. planipennis, and larval density was < 1% of that in comparable control trees, even two seasons posttreatment. Larval densities in trees treated with trunk-injected imidacloprid in 2007 + 2008 were similar to control trees. Dinotefuran and imidacloprid were effectively translocated within trees treated with the noninvasive basal trunk sprays; the surfactant did not appreciably enhance A. planipennis control. In 2008, larval densities were 57-68% lower in trees treated with dinotefuran or imidacloprid trunk sprays in 2007 + 2008 than on controls, but densities in trees treated only in 2007 were similar to controls. Highly effective control provided by emamectin benzoate for > or = 2 yr may reduce costs or logistical issues associated with treatment.

Topics: Animals; Coleoptera; Female; Fraxinus; Guanidines; Imidazoles; Insect Control; Insecticides; Ivermectin; Larva; Male; Michigan; Neonicotinoids; Nitro Compounds; Pesticide Residues; Plant Leaves; Population Density; Random Allocation; Seasons

We evaluated the efficacy of the systemic insecticides dinotefuran, emamectin benzoate, fipronil, and imidacloprid for preventing attacks and brood production of southern pine engraver beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) and wood borers (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on standing, stressed trees and bolt sections of loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., in eastern Texas. Emamectin benzoate significantly reduced the colonization success of engraver beetles and associated wood borers in both stressed trees and pine bolt sections. Fipronil was nearly as effective as emamectin benzoate in reducing insect colonization of bolts 3 and 5 mo after injection but only moderately effective 1 mo after injection. Fipronil also significantly reduced bark beetle-caused mortality of stressed trees. Imidacloprid and dinotefuran were ineffective in preventing bark beetle and wood borer colonization of bolts or standing, stressed trees. The injected formulation of emamectin benzoate was found to cause long vertical lesions in the sapwood-phloem interface at each injection point.

Topics: Animals; Coleoptera; Guanidines; Imidazoles; Injections; Insect Control; Insecticides; Ivermectin; Neonicotinoids; Nitro Compounds; Pinus taeda; Plant Diseases; Pyrazoles; Reproduction; Time Factors; Weevils