emamectin-benzoate and cypermethrin

Inadequate pesticide application practices have many implications on human and environmental health. This research aimed at assessing pesticide risks on bees, non-target arthropods (NTAs) and earthworms, using PRIMET (Pesticide Risks in the Tropics to Man, Environment and Trade), a pesticide risk model, in the western highlands agro-ecological zone of Cameroon. For this purpose, information on pesticide usage stratagem (dosage, application interval and number of applications) and ecotoxicological properties (median lethal doses, persistence and no observable effect concentration) were gathered and entered into PRIMET to acquire the Predicted Exposure Concentration (PEC), No Effect Concentration (NEC) and Exposure Toxicity Ratio, ETR = PEC / NEC). The risk assessment revealed that the riskiest pesticides for earthworms were acetamiprid, glyphosate and imidacloprid with ETR values of 2963, 1667 and 419 respectively. For bees, acetamiprid, cypermethrin, emamectin benzoate, imidacloprid, and lambda-cyhalothrin were highly risky, with respective ETR values of 3252, 487, 278, 1383 and 295. The model predicted NTAs to be predominantly defenceless against cypermethrin and imidacloprid, as these compounds exhibited the topmost values of ETR of, 4.3 × 10

Topics: Agriculture; Animals; Bees; Humans; Insecticides; Male; Pesticides

With the widespread use of pesticides, the resistance to pesticides of pests has gradually increased, caused mixed pesticides to become even more widely used for practical applications. To investigate the effects of mixed pesticides on reproductive health in an occupational greenhouse environment, the greenhouse environment and the characteristics of the actual application were constructed, and then the male mice were comprehensively exposed to a mixture of the beta-cypermethrin and emamectin benzoate environmental. Additionally, the effect of the beta-cypermethrin and emamectin benzoate mixture on the reproductive health of male mice was known. The results showed that with the prolongation of exposure duration, the activities of Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px), Total Superoxide Dismutase (T-SOD), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Acid phosphatase (ACP) in the testes of mice gradually decreased and the activity of Malondialdehyde (MDA) gradually increased. It was also found that the apoptosis rate of murine testicular cells increased and that DNA damage occurred with prolonged exposure duration. Therefore, it can be inferred that exposure to a mixture of the pesticides beta-cypermethrin and emamectin benzoate in the greenhouse environment may have adverse effects on the reproductive health of male mice.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; DNA Damage; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Synergism; Ivermectin; Male; Mice; Organ Size; Oxidative Stress; Pesticides; Pyrethrins; Reproduction; Sperm Count; Spermatozoa; Testis

Excessive use of pesticides can adversely affect the growth of non-target host plants in different ways. Pesticide-induced stress can affect non-target plants through elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsible for detrimental effects on cell metabolism, biochemical and other physiological activities. In response to oxidative stress, plant activates antioxidant defense system consisting of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic components. In the present investigation, three commonly used pesticides, emamectin benzoate, alpha-cypermethrin and imidacloprid, were assessed for causing oxidative stress in tomato. The oxidative damage induced by these pesticides at five different concentrations i.e. 1/4X, 1/2X, recommended application dose (X), 2X and 4X in the root and shoot tissues of tomato plant/seedlings were evaluated. Following pesticide exposure for 35 days, cell viability, cell injury, total soluble sugar (TSS) and total soluble proteins (TSP) were measured. Antioxidant activities were estimated by measuring activity levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and proline. Hydrogen peroxide (H

Topics: Antioxidants; Cell Survival; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Insecticides; Ivermectin; Lipid Peroxidation; Neonicotinoids; Nitro Compounds; Oxidative Stress; Pyrethrins; Reactive Oxygen Species; Seedlings; Solanum lycopersicum

Growth of the aquaculture industry has triggered the need for research into the potential environmental impact of chemicals used by salmon farms to control diseases. In this study, the antiparasitic pesticides emamectin benzoate (EB), diflubenzuron (DI), teflubenzuron (TE), and cypermethrin (CP) were measured in sediments near salmon cages in southern Chile. Concentrations for EB were between 2.2 and 14.6ngg

Topics: Animals; Antiparasitic Agents; Aquaculture; Benzamides; Chile; Diflubenzuron; Geologic Sediments; Ivermectin; Pesticides; Pyrethrins; Salmon

The sea louse is the most economically and environmentally serious ectoparasite of marine salmonids. Sea lice have been largely controlled by treatment with a variety of medicines. In order to understand the sustainability of medicine usage, an analysis of sea louse treatment data has been carried out for all Scottish salmon farms from 2005 to 2011.. Overall, there was an increase from 0.156 to 0.282 treatments month(-1) ; treatments could involve one or multiple agents. This increase was mostly in bath treatments (cypermethrin in 2007, largely replaced by deltamethrin and azamethiphos in 2008). Treatments using in-feed treatments (emamectin benzoate and teflubenzuron) increased only slowly. Treatments involving more than one medicine in a single month also increased, as did the probability of follow-up treatments. Treatments were seasonal, with peaks of in-feed treatments in March and August and bath treatments more frequent between August and December.. Frequency of sea louse treatment increased substantially, with an increase in multiagent and follow-up treatments. This increase in treatment activity is expensive to the industry and increases exposure of the neighbouring environment. This indicates that earlier louse control practices were not sustainable and so adapted.

Topics: Animals; Antiparasitic Agents; Aquaculture; Benzamides; Copepoda; Fish Diseases; Ivermectin; Nitriles; Pyrethrins; Salmon; Seasons

Pesticides are highly toxic substances. Their toxicity may not be absolutely specific to the target organisms but can adversely affect different processes in the non-target host plants. In the present study, the effect of over application of four commonly used pesticides (emamectin benzoate, alpha-cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and imidacloprid) was evaluated on the germination, seedling vigor and photosynthetic pigments in tomato. The obtained results revealed that seed germination was decreased by the pesticides and this effect was more prominent at early stages of exposure. All the tested pesticides reduced the growth of tomato when applied in higher concentration than the recommended dose, but at lower doses the pesticides had some stimulatory effects on growth as compared to the control. A similar effect of pesticides was observed on the photosynthetic pigments, i.e. a decrease in pigments concentrations was caused at higher doses but an increase was observed at lower doses of pesticides. The calculation of EC50 values for different parameters revealed the lowest EC50 values for emamectin (ranged as 51-181 mg/L) followed by alpha-cypermethrin (191.74-374.39), lambda-cyhalothrin (102.43-354.28) and imidacloprid (430.29-1979.66 mg/L). A comparison of the obtained EC50 values for different parameters of tomato with the recommended doses revealed that over application of these pesticides can be harmful to tomato crop. In a few cases these pesticides were found toxic even at the recommended doses. However, a field based study in this regard should be conducted to further verify these results.

Topics: Disaccharides; Germination; Imidazoles; Insecticides; Ivermectin; Neonicotinoids; Nitriles; Nitro Compounds; Pakistan; Photosynthesis; Pyrethrins; Seedlings; Solanum lycopersicum

Spodoptera exigua, which feeds on various crops worldwide, has natural enemies that are susceptible to the insecticides used against S. exigua. We investigate the toxicity and residue risk of 9 insecticides on the development of H. axyridis, C. sinica, S. manilae and T. remus. S. manilae and T. remus adults were sensitive to all 9 insecticides (LC

Topics: Animals; Coleoptera; Drug Combinations; Holometabola; Hymenoptera; Insecticides; Ivermectin; Larva; Lethal Dose 50; Macrolides; ortho-Aminobenzoates; Oxazines; Pyrethrins; Spodoptera

At present, chemical-based tick control strategies are still the most efficient and widely used methods in control of ticks and tick-borne diseases. In this study, the efficacies of lambda-cyhalothrin, beta-cypermethrin, emamectin benzoate, spirotetramat and hexaflumuron in vitro were evaluated against Hyalomma asiaticum, Haemaphysalis longicornis and Rhipicephalus sanguineus that are widespread and able to transmit a variety of human and animal diseases in China. The results showed that the LC (lethal concentration) 50 of lambda-cyhalothrin, beta-cypermethrin, emamectin benzoate, spirotetramat and hexaflumuron were 22.05, 107.35, 287.62, 432.25 and over 6250 mg/L to Hy. asiaticum engorged nymphs, respectively. The LC50 of lambda-cyhalothrin and beta-cypermethrin were each to 100.69 mg/L and 340.05 mg/L against Hy. asiaticum unfed adults. In addition, 50 mg/L of lambda-cyhalothrin could completely inhibit engorged females of the 3 tick species to lay eggs. These results indicate that lambda-cyhalothrin has the highest efficacy and broadest spectrum for against the 3 tick species. The present study provides some information for selecting chemical acaricides in control ticks and tick-borne-diseases, as well for preparing acaricide mixtures to improve killing efficacy, and retard the advent of tick-resistance of acaricides in China.

Topics: Acaricides; Animals; Aza Compounds; Benzamides; Female; Ivermectin; Ixodidae; Lethal Dose 50; Nitriles; Phenylurea Compounds; Pyrethrins; Rabbits; Random Allocation; Rhipicephalus sanguineus; Sheep; Spiro Compounds

Aquaculture production is an important industry in many countries and there has been a growth in the use of medicines to ensure the health and cost effectiveness of the industry. This study focused on the inputs of sea lice medication to the marine environment. Diflubenzuron, teflubenzuron, emamectin benzoate, cypermethrin, and deltamethrin were measured in water, sediment, and biota samples in the vicinity of five aquaculture locations along the Norwegian coast. Deltamethrin and cypermethrin were not detected above the limits of detection in any samples. Diflubenzuron, teflubenzuron, and emamectin benzoate were detected, and the data was compared the UK Environmental Quality Standards. The concentrations of emamectin benzoate detected in sediments exceed the environmental quality standard (EQS) on 5 occasions in this study. The EQS for teflubenzuron in sediment was exceeded in 67% of the samples and exceeded for diflubenzuron in 40% of the water samples collected. A crude assessment of the concentrations detected in the shrimp collected from one location and the levels at which chronic effects are seen in shrimp would suggest that there is a potential risk to shrimp. It would also be reasonable to extrapolate this to any species that undergoes moulting during its life cycle.

Topics: Animals; Antiparasitic Agents; Aquaculture; Aquatic Organisms; Benzamides; Biota; Crustacea; Diflubenzuron; Environmental Monitoring; Ivermectin; Nitriles; Norway; Pyrethrins; Reference Standards; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Water; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Supply

House flies, Musca domestica L., are important pests of dairy operations worldwide, with the ability to adapt wide range of environmental conditions. There are a number of insecticides used for their management, but development of resistance is a serious problem. Insecticide mixtures could enhance the toxicity of insecticides in resistant insect pests, thus resulting as a potential resistance management tool. The toxicity of bifenthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, chlorpyrifos, profenofos, emamectin benzoate and fipronil were assessed separately, and in mixtures against house flies. A field-collected population was significantly resistant to all the insecticides under investigation when compared with a laboratory susceptible strain. Most of the insecticide mixtures like one pyrethroid with other compounds evaluated under two conditions (1∶1-"A" and LC50: LC50-"B") significantly increased the toxicity of pyrethroids in the field population. Under both conditions, the combination indices of pyrethroids with other compounds, in most of the cases, were significantly below 1, suggesting synergism. The enzyme inhibitors, PBO and DEF, when used in combination with insecticides against the resistant population, toxicities of bifenthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin and emamectin were significantly increased, suggesting esterase and monooxygenase based resistance mechanism. The toxicities of bifenthrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin in the resistant population of house flies could be enhanced by the combination with chlorpyrifos, profenofos, emamectin and fipronil. The findings of the present study might have practical significance for resistance management in house flies.

Topics: Animals; Chlorpyrifos; Disaccharides; Drug Combinations; Houseflies; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticides; Ivermectin; Nitriles; Pyrazoles; Pyrethrins

The long-term effects of the sea lice treatment products Excis and Slice on zooplankton communities in a Scottish sea loch were investigated at a commercially operating salmon farm over 31 months. Cypermethrin and emamectin benzoate are the active ingredients in Excis and Slice respectively, which are widely used to control ectoparasitic sea lice on farmed salmon. Excis and Slice treatments did not cause basin-wide effects on the zooplankton community. For both formulations, no adverse affects on zooplankton were detected, instead observed changes in zooplankton abundance and community composition displayed natural seasonal cycles of abundance. Water column concentrations of cypermethrin and emamectin benzoate following sea lice treatments at the fish farm were predicted using models. Cypermethrin concentrations of 3000 ng/l were predicted for short periods immediately after each cage treatment assuming no particle adhesion. The 3-h and 24-h Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) were exceeded for 10 h and 32 h respectively on the second day when five cages were treated. However, cypermethrin concentrations higher than 0.5 ng/l (24-h EQS) were predicted to occur over <2% of the total basin area on each treatment day. The 3-h EQS (16 ng/l) was exceeded in <0.3% of the basin on each treatment day. The concentration of soluble emamectin benzoate present in the water column was predicted from modelled deposition footprints and sediment concentrations to be of order 10(-3) ng/l. Predicted concentrations of both chemicals were generally lower than those causing toxicity to copepods in previous laboratory studies and further support the results of this field study that environmental concentrations of Excis and Slice do not adversely impact zooplankton communities.

Topics: Animals; Aquaculture; Copepoda; Ectoparasitic Infestations; Fish Diseases; Geologic Sediments; Ivermectin; Models, Theoretical; Population Dynamics; Pyrethrins; Salmonidae; Scotland; Zooplankton