dizocilpine-maleate and valyl-glycyl-valyl-alanyl-prolyl-glycine

Elastin-derived peptides (EDPs) contain replications of the Val-Gly-Val-Ala-Pro-Gly (VGVAPG) hexapeptide. It has been described that the VGVAPG peptide induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in murine monocytes and astrocytes, human fibroblasts, and the human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cell line. To date, there is growing evidence that calcium channel blockers (CCBs) reduce oxidative stress and development of inflammation in the nervous system. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of such CCBs as Nifedipine, Verapamil, and MK-801 on the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (Pparγ), i.e. ROS-related and inflammation-related proteins, in mouse astrocytes exposed in vitro to the VGVAPG peptide. The experiments showed that Nifedipine or MK-801 used in co-treatment with the VGVAPG peptide potentiated the effect of this peptide on the Pparγ level after the 24-h and 48-h treatment. Moreover, all studied compounds decreased the VGVAPG-induced caspase-1 activity in both time intervals. The data also showed that the VGVAPG peptide decreased the interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) level in both studied time intervals. Upon a short-time exposure, the use of CCBs intensified the decrease in IL-1β stimulated by the VGVAPG peptide, opposite to the longer treatment. Moreover, the VGVAPG peptide decreased the IL-1βR1 level in both studied time intervals. After 24 h, Nifedipine and Verapamil potentiated the effect of the VGVAPG peptide. The VGVAPG peptide decreased the catalase (Cat) protein expression only after 24 h, whereas CCBs did not affect the expression of Cat induced by the VGVAPG peptide. The VGVAPG peptide increased the expression of the superoxide dismutase 1 (Sod1) protein. After 24 h of exposure, Nifedipine and Verapamil potentiated the increase in the Sod1 protein expression. Finally, our data showed that VGVAPG did not change the level of estradiol (E

Topics: Animals; Astrocytes; Calcium Channel Blockers; Dizocilpine Maleate; Elastin; Humans; Inflammation; Mice; Neuroblastoma; Nifedipine; Oligopeptides; Peptides; PPAR gamma; Reactive Oxygen Species; Superoxide Dismutase-1; Verapamil