dipyridamole and zaprinast

dipyridamole has been researched along with zaprinast in 34 studies

Research

Studies (34)

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	2 (5.88)	18.7374
1990's	13 (38.24)	18.2507
2000's	16 (47.06)	29.6817
2010's	3 (8.82)	24.3611
2020's	0 (0.00)	2.80

Authors

Authors	Studies
Bristol, JA; Cain, MH; Weishaar, RE	1
Fujimoto, M; Saeki, T; Saito, I; Takase, Y	1
Adachi, H; Ishibashi, K; Ishihara, H; Kabasawa, Y; Kakiki, M; Kodama, K; Matsukura, M; Miyazaki, K; Nishino, M; Ozaki, H; Takase, Y; Watanabe, N	1
Balzarini, J; Borst, P; De Haas, M; Reid, G; Van Deemter, L; Wielinga, P; Wijnholds, J; Zelcer, N	1
Hughes, RA; Manallack, DT; Thompson, PE	1
Bellows, DS; Clarke, ID; Diamandis, P; Dirks, PB; Graham, J; Jamieson, LG; Ling, EK; Sacher, AG; Tyers, M; Ward, RJ; Wildenhain, J	1
Austin, CP; Fidock, DA; Hayton, K; Huang, R; Inglese, J; Jiang, H; Johnson, RL; Su, XZ; Wellems, TE; Wichterman, J; Yuan, J	1
Beghyn, TB; Bourin, A; Charton, J; Cos, P; Deprez, B; Laconde, G; Leroux, F; Maes, L	1
Abagyan, R; Kufareva, I; Lysaa, RA; Ravna, AW; Sager, G; Ørvoll, EØ	1
Gauthier, C; Le Bec, A; Lugnier, C; Soustre, H	1
Robichon, A	1
Abdel-Aleem, S; Badr, M; Frangakis, C	1
Diocee, BK; Martin, W; Moodie, SA; Souness, JE	1
Beavo, JA; Gillespie, PG	1
Abman, SH; Clarke, WR; Fox, JJ; Ivy, DD; Kinsella, JP; Ziegler, JW	1
Chambers, A; Clarke, WR; Doepfner, P; Uezono, S	1
Saeki, T; Saito, I	1
Hartell, NA	1
Bode, DC; Buchholz, RA; De Garavilla, L; Dundore, R; Jackson, KN; Pagani, ED; Pratt, P; Silver, PJ; Volberg, ML	1
Cheng, JB; Cohan, VL; Eskra, JD; Griffiths, RJ; Pazoles, CJ; Pettipher, ER; Showell, HJ; Turner, CR; Watson, JW	1
Abman, SH; Clarke, WR; Hanson, KA; Miller, JW; Rybalkin, SD; Ziegler, JW	1
Fyhrquist, F; Saijonmaa, O	1
Aigrain, Y; de Lagausie, P; Dinh-Xuan, AT; Forgues, D; Mercier, JC; Thébaud, B	1
Berzetei-Gurske, I; Bivalacqua, TJ; Champion, HC; Doherty, PC; Greenwood-Van Meerveld, B; Hellstrom, WJ; Kadowitz, PJ	1
Billah, MM; Egan, RW; Myers, JG; Stamford, A; Wang, P; Wu, P	1
Bloch, KD; DiSalvo, TG; Gold, HK; Guerrero, JL; Han, RO; Schmidt, U; Semigran, MJ; Zapol, WM	1
Edvinsson, L; Jansen-Olesen, I; Khurana, TS; Kruuse, C; Olesen, J; Rybalkin, SD	1
Baba, A; Enomoto, R; Lee, E; Matsuda, T; Mori, K; Takuma, K	1
Brading, AF; Jones, OM; McC Mortensen, NJ	1
Azegami, Y; Kaneda, T; Nakajyo, S; Shimizu, K; Urakawa, N; Yamamoto, H	1
Patole, SK; Travadi, JN	1
Cogolludo, Al; Lodi, F; Losada, B; Lugnier, C; Moreno, L; Moro, M; Pérez-Vizcaíno, F; Tamargo, J; Villamor, E	1
Barile, L; Giacomello, A; Lupi, F; Messina, E	1
Aronsen, L; Lysaa, R; Orvoll, E; Ravna, AW; Sager, G	1

Reviews

3 review(s) available for dipyridamole and zaprinast

Article	Year
A new generation of phosphodiesterase inhibitors: multiple molecular forms of phosphodiesterase and the potential for drug selectivity. Journal of medicinal chemistry, 1985, Volume: 28, Issue:5 Topics: 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases; 3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases; Animals; Blood Platelets; Calmodulin; Cardiotonic Agents; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Hypersensitivity; In Vitro Techniques; Lung Diseases; Myocardium; Platelet Aggregation; Substrate Specificity	1985
The next generation of phosphodiesterase inhibitors: structural clues to ligand and substrate selectivity of phosphodiesterases. Journal of medicinal chemistry, 2005, May-19, Volume: 48, Issue:10 Topics: Animals; Binding Sites; Crystallography, X-Ray; Cyclic AMP; Cyclic GMP; Drug Design; Humans; Models, Molecular; Molecular Structure; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship; Xanthines	2005
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: a review. Pediatric pulmonology, 2003, Volume: 36, Issue:6 Topics: Dipyridamole; Endothelium-Dependent Relaxing Factors; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Nitric Oxide; Pentoxifylline; Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; Piperazines; Purines; Purinones; Sildenafil Citrate; Sulfones	2003

Other Studies

31 other study(ies) available for dipyridamole and zaprinast

Article	Year
Cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase inhibitors. 1. The discovery of a novel potent inhibitor, 4-((3,4-(methylenedioxy)benzyl)amino)-6,7,8-trimethoxyquinazoline. Journal of medicinal chemistry, 1993, Nov-26, Volume: 36, Issue:24 Topics: 3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases; Animals; Aorta; Chromones; Coronary Vessels; Cyclic GMP; Dinoprost; Isoenzymes; Molecular Structure; Muscle Relaxation; Purinones; Quinazolines; Structure-Activity Relationship; Swine	1993
4-(3-Chloro-4-methoxybenzyl)aminophthalazines: synthesis and inhibitory activity toward phosphodiesterase 5. Journal of medicinal chemistry, 2000, Jun-29, Volume: 43, Issue:13 Topics: 3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases; Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Biological Availability; Blood Pressure; Coronary Vessels; Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 5; Dinoprost; Hypertension, Pulmonary; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Muscle Relaxation; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; Phthalazines; Piperidines; Quinazolines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Structure-Activity Relationship; Swine; Vasodilator Agents	2000
Characterization of the transport of nucleoside analog drugs by the human multidrug resistance proteins MRP4 and MRP5. Molecular pharmacology, 2003, Volume: 63, Issue:5 Topics: Acrylates; Biological Transport; Cell Division; Cells, Cultured; Humans; Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins; Nucleosides; Polymers	2003
Chemical genetics reveals a complex functional ground state of neural stem cells. Nature chemical biology, 2007, Volume: 3, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Mice; Molecular Structure; Neoplasms; Neurons; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Sensitivity and Specificity; Stem Cells	2007
Genetic mapping of targets mediating differential chemical phenotypes in Plasmodium falciparum. Nature chemical biology, 2009, Volume: 5, Issue:10 Topics: Animals; Antimalarials; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; Chromosome Mapping; Crosses, Genetic; Dihydroergotamine; Drug Design; Drug Resistance; Humans; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Mutation; Plasmodium falciparum; Quantitative Trait Loci; Transfection	2009
Drug to genome to drug: discovery of new antiplasmodial compounds. Journal of medicinal chemistry, 2011, May-12, Volume: 54, Issue:9 Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Antimalarials; Carbolines; Catalytic Domain; Cyclic AMP; Cyclic GMP; Diketopiperazines; Drug Design; Drug Discovery; Genome, Human; Genome, Protozoan; Humans; Hydrolysis; Models, Molecular; Molecular Sequence Data; Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors; Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; Plasmodium falciparum; Stereoisomerism; Structure-Activity Relationship; Tadalafil	2011
Novel cGMP efflux inhibitors identified by virtual ligand screening (VLS) and confirmed by experimental studies. Journal of medicinal chemistry, 2012, Apr-12, Volume: 55, Issue:7 Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Cyclic GMP; Databases, Factual; Erythrocyte Membrane; Humans; Ligands; Mice; Models, Molecular; Molecular Sequence Data; Molecular Structure; Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins; Piperazines; Protein Binding; Purines; Sequence Alignment; Sildenafil Citrate; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfones	2012
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases from frog atrial fibers: isolation and drug sensitivities. The American journal of physiology, 1992, Volume: 262, Issue:3 Pt 2 Topics: 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine; 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases; 3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases; Animals; Calcium Chloride; Calmodulin; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Cyclic GMP; Cytosol; Dipyridamole; Heart Atria; Heart Ventricles; Kinetics; Myocardium; Papaverine; Purinones; Pyrrolidinones; Rana esculenta; Rana ridibunda; Rolipram; Substrate Specificity; Theophylline	1992
A new cGMP phosphodiesterase isolated from bovine platelets is substrate for cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinases: evidence for a key role in the process of platelet activation. Journal of cellular biochemistry, 1991, Volume: 47, Issue:2 Topics: 3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases; Animals; Blood Platelets; Catalysis; Cattle; Chromatography, Affinity; Cyclic AMP; Cyclic GMP; Dipyridamole; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Kinetics; Phosphorylation; Platelet Activation; Protein Kinases; Purinones; Substrate Specificity	1991
Stimulation of fatty acid oxidation in myocytes by phosphodiesterase inhibitors and adenosine analogues. Life sciences, 1991, Volume: 48, Issue:18 Topics: 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine; Adenosine; Amrinone; Animals; Cells, Cultured; Dipyridamole; Enoximone; Heart; Imidazoles; Milrinone; Myocardium; Oxidation-Reduction; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; Purinones; Pyridazines; Pyridones; Rats	1991
Pig aortic endothelial-cell cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases. Use of phosphodiesterase inhibitors to evaluate their roles in regulating cyclic nucleotide levels in intact cells. The Biochemical journal, 1990, Feb-15, Volume: 266, Issue:1 Topics: 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases; 3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases; Animals; Aorta; Calcium; Cells, Cultured; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Colforsin; Cyclic AMP; Cyclic GMP; Dipyridamole; Endothelium, Vascular; Isoquinolines; Kinetics; Purinones; Pyrazines; Pyrrolidinones; Rolipram; Swine; Tetrahydroisoquinolines	1990
Inhibition and stimulation of photoreceptor phosphodiesterases by dipyridamole and M&B 22,948. Molecular pharmacology, 1989, Volume: 36, Issue:5 Topics: 3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases; Animals; Binding Sites; Cattle; Cyclic GMP; Dipyridamole; Enzyme Activation; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; In Vitro Techniques; Kinetics; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; Photoreceptor Cells; Purinones; Rats; Rod Cell Outer Segment; Trypsin	1989
Dipyridamole, a cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor, causes pulmonary vasodilation in the ovine fetus. The American journal of physiology, 1995, Volume: 269, Issue:2 Pt 2 Topics: 3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases; Animals; Arterioles; Dipyridamole; Fetus; Hemodynamics; Pulmonary Artery; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Purinones; Receptors, Purinergic P1; Sheep; Theophylline; Time Factors; Vascular Resistance; Vasodilation	1995
The type III phosphodiesterase inhibitor milrinone and type V PDE inhibitor dipyridamole individually and synergistically reduce elevated pulmonary vascular resistance. Pulmonary pharmacology, 1994, Volume: 7, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Dipyridamole; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Synergism; Female; Infusion Pumps; Lung; Male; Milrinone; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; Purinones; Pyridones; Rabbits; Vascular Resistance	1994
Isolation of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase isozymes from pig aorta. Biochemical pharmacology, 1993, Sep-01, Volume: 46, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Aorta; Calmodulin; Chromatography, Affinity; Cyclic AMP; Cyclic GMP; Dipyridamole; Isoenzymes; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; Purinones; Swine; Vinca Alkaloids	1993
Inhibition of cGMP breakdown promotes the induction of cerebellar long-term depression. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 1996, May-01, Volume: 16, Issue:9 Topics: 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine; Animals; Cerebellum; Cyclic GMP; Dipyridamole; Long-Term Potentiation; Male; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; Purinones; Purkinje Cells; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Synaptic Transmission	1996
Zaprinast, but not dipyridamole, reverses hemodynamic tolerance to nitroglycerin in vivo. European journal of pharmacology, 1996, Oct-10, Volume: 313, Issue:1-2 Topics: 3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Aorta, Abdominal; Blood Pressure; Cyclic GMP; Dipyridamole; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Tolerance; Male; Muscle Relaxation; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Nitroglycerin; Purinones; Rats; Rats, Inbred SHR; Vasodilator Agents	1996
The phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) inhibitor CP-80,633 elevates plasma cyclic AMP levels and decreases tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) production in mice: effect of adrenalectomy. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 1997, Volume: 280, Issue:2 Topics: 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases; Adrenalectomy; Animals; Cyclic AMP; Cyclic GMP; Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4; Dipyridamole; Epinephrine; Humans; Kinetics; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Monocytes; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; Piroxicam; Propranolol; Purinones; Pyrimidinones; Thromboxane B2; Time Factors; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Vinca Alkaloids	1997
Chronic pulmonary hypertension increases fetal lung cGMP phosphodiesterase activity. The American journal of physiology, 1998, Volume: 275, Issue:5 Topics: 3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Blood Pressure; Chronic Disease; Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 5; Dipyridamole; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Gestational Age; Hypertension, Pulmonary; Lung; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; Pregnancy; Pulmonary Circulation; Purinones; Sheep; Vascular Resistance	1998
Upregulation of angiotensin converting enzyme by atrial natriuretic peptide and cyclic GMP in human endothelial cells. Cardiovascular research, 1998, Volume: 40, Issue:1 Topics: 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine; Atrial Natriuretic Factor; Cells, Cultured; Cyclic GMP; Dipyridamole; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Endothelium, Vascular; Enzyme Inhibitors; Humans; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; Protein Kinase Inhibitors; Purinones; Stimulation, Chemical; Thionucleotides; Umbilical Veins; Vasodilator Agents	1998
ET(A)-receptor blockade and ET(B)-receptor stimulation in experimental congenital diaphragmatic hernia. American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology, 2000, Volume: 278, Issue:5 Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Cyclic GMP; Dipyridamole; Disease Models, Animal; Endothelin Receptor Antagonists; Endothelin-1; Endothelium, Vascular; Female; Hernia, Diaphragmatic; Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; Hypertension, Pulmonary; Nitric Oxide; Nitroprusside; Peptides, Cyclic; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; Pregnancy; Pulmonary Circulation; Purinones; Receptor, Endothelin A; Receptor, Endothelin B; Receptors, Endothelin; Sheep; Vasoconstrictor Agents; Vasodilator Agents; Viper Venoms	2000
Direct effects of selective type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitors alone or with other vasodilators on the erectile response in cats. The Journal of urology, 2001, Volume: 165, Issue:3 Topics: Alprostadil; Animals; Cats; Dipyridamole; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Male; Nitroprusside; Penile Erection; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; Piperazines; Purines; Purinones; Sildenafil Citrate; Sulfones; Vasodilator Agents	2001
Characterization of human, dog and rabbit corpus cavernosum type 5 phosphodiesterases. Life sciences, 2001, Mar-16, Volume: 68, Issue:17 Topics: 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine; 3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases; Animals; Blood Platelets; Chromatography; Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 5; Dipyridamole; Dogs; Humans; Isoenzymes; Kinetics; Male; Muscle, Smooth; Penis; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; Piperazines; Purines; Purinones; Rabbits; Sildenafil Citrate; Species Specificity; Sulfones	2001
Cessation of platelet-mediated cyclic canine coronary occlusion after thrombolysis by combining nitric oxide inhalation with phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2001, Jun-01, Volume: 37, Issue:7 Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Animals; Blood Platelets; Coronary Thrombosis; Dipyridamole; Dogs; Drug Therapy, Combination; Nitric Oxide; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; Purinones; Thrombolytic Therapy	2001
The role of cGMP hydrolysing phosphodiesterases 1 and 5 in cerebral artery dilatation. European journal of pharmacology, 2001, May-18, Volume: 420, Issue:1 Topics: 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine; 3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases; Animals; Basilar Artery; Cerebral Arteries; Cyclic AMP; Cyclic GMP; Dipyridamole; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Endothelium, Vascular; Enzyme Inhibitors; Guanylate Cyclase; Guinea Pigs; In Vitro Techniques; Isoenzymes; Male; Milrinone; Nitroprusside; Oxadiazoles; Pentoxifylline; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; Purinones; Quinoxalines; Vasodilation; Vasodilator Agents	2001
Ibudilast attenuates astrocyte apoptosis via cyclic GMP signalling pathway in an in vitro reperfusion model. British journal of pharmacology, 2001, Volume: 133, Issue:6 Topics: Alkaloids; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Apoptosis; Astrocytes; Carbazoles; Cell Survival; Cyclic GMP; Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; Cytochrome c Group; Dipyridamole; DNA; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enzyme Inhibitors; Hydrogen Peroxide; Indoles; Mitochondria; Pentoxifylline; Peptide Hydrolases; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; Purinones; Pyridines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reperfusion Injury; Signal Transduction; Theophylline; Vinca Alkaloids	2001
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors cause relaxation of the internal anal sphincter in vitro. Diseases of the colon and rectum, 2002, Volume: 45, Issue:4 Topics: Adenine; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anal Canal; Dipyridamole; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Isoquinolines; Male; Middle Aged; Muscle Relaxation; Muscle, Smooth; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; Purinones; Rectum; Rolipram; Tetrahydroisoquinolines; Vinca Alkaloids	2002
Lack of cyclic nucleotide regulation of MBCQ-induced relaxation of rat ileal smooth muscle. Journal of smooth muscle research = Nihon Heikatsukin Gakkai kikanshi, 2003, Volume: 39, Issue:3 Topics: 3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases; Animals; Carbachol; Cholinergic Agonists; Cyclic AMP; Cyclic GMP; Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 5; Dipyridamole; Ileum; Male; Muscle Relaxation; Muscle, Smooth; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; Potassium; Purinones; Quinazolines; Rats; Rats, Wistar	2003
Postnatal maturation of phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) in piglet pulmonary arteries: activity, expression, effects of PDE5 inhibitors, and role of the nitric oxide/cyclic GMP pathway. Pediatric research, 2004, Volume: 56, Issue:4 Topics: 3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Blotting, Western; Cyclic GMP; Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 5; Dipyridamole; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Nitric Oxide; Nitroprusside; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; Piperazines; Pulmonary Artery; Purines; Purinones; Sildenafil Citrate; Sulfones; Swine; Vasodilation; Vasodilator Agents	2004
Cyclic nucleotides and neuroblastoma differentiation. Nucleosides, nucleotides & nucleic acids, 2004, Volume: 23, Issue:8-9 Topics: Cell Differentiation; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Cyclic AMP; Cyclic GMP; Dipyridamole; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enzyme Inhibitors; Humans; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Neuroblastoma; Nucleotides, Cyclic; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; Phthalazines; Purinones; Time Factors	2004
Modulation of high affinity ATP-dependent cyclic nucleotide transporters by specific and non-specific cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitors. European journal of pharmacology, 2014, Dec-15, Volume: 745 Topics: ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Caffeine; Carbolines; Cyclic AMP; Cyclic GMP; Dipyridamole; Humans; Imidazoles; Kinetics; Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins; Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; Piperazines; Purinones; Sulfones; Tadalafil; Theophylline; Triazines; Vardenafil Dihydrochloride	2014