dinoprost and naltrindole

Delta-opioid receptor (DOR) is an oxygen-sensitive protein whose function in the rat retina is unknown. We examined whether DOR is involved in hypoxic preconditioning (HPC)-mediated retinoprotection following intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation. Rats were exposed to intermittent hypoxia (10% oxygen) to induce HPC. Unilateral retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury was induced by elevating IOP to 100 mmHg for 1 h. HPC attenuated the loss of neuronal marker expression and increased pro-apoptotic caspase 3 activity in the IOP retina. Excess superoxide production and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha accumulation caused by enhanced oxidant protein expression and reduced antioxidant enzyme level after IOP elevation were largely abrogated by HPC. HPC markedly increased the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and DOR, but intravitreal administration of HIF-1alpha-specific small interfering RNA abrogated the up-regulation of DOR. This suggested that DOR functions downstream of HIF-1alpha. However, the endogenous content of leucine enkephalin in retinas was not affected by HPC or IOP. Treatment of retinas with the DOR antagonist naltrindole attenuated the HPC-induced protection and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase. These results suggest a novel mechanism of HPC-mediated retinoprotection whereby HIF-1alpha induces the expression of DOR, and DOR-mediated activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase triggers cellular events that correct the redox imbalance in the post-ischemic retina.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Blotting, Western; Dinoprost; Enkephalin, Leucine; Hypoxia; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; Immunohistochemistry; Intraocular Pressure; Ischemic Preconditioning; Lipid Peroxidation; Male; Naltrexone; Narcotic Antagonists; Oxidative Stress; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Opioid, delta; Retina; Retinal Vessels; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Small Interfering; Signal Transduction; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Superoxides