dinoprost and 15-hydroxy-5-8-11-13-eicosatetraenoic-acid

Although the mechanism of aspirin-induced asthma and rhinitis is unknown, it has been suggested that adverse nasal and bronchial reactions are caused by an increased production of lipoxygenase products. In examining this hypothesis we have measured the release of peptide leukotrienes (PeptLTs), 15-HETE, and prostaglandins in nasal fluids obtained by nasal lavages after instillation of acetylsalycilic acid (ASA) and placebo (saline). Ten ASA-sensitive asthmatics, 10 ASA-insensitive asthmatics, and seven healthy subjects were challenged in a double-blind study with normal saline and 12 mg of ASA. Twelve mg were administered based on the results of a previous study that showed that this dose caused minor to moderate symptoms in ASA-sensitive patients. PeptLTs, LTB4, 15-HETE, PGE2, PGF2 alpha, and PGD2 were measured by radioimmunoassay methods. Significant levels of PeptLTs were detected in sensitive asthmatic patients 60 min after nasal challenge. This change was associated with a significant increase in symptoms. No increase in PeptLTs levels were found, however, in either insensitive patients or healthy subjects. Inhibition of PGE2 and PGF2 alpha release was detected in the three groups after ASA administration. ASA also inhibited PGD2 release in insensitive asthmatic patients but not in both sensitive patients and healthy subjects. These results suggest that an abnormal release of PeptLTs in ASA-sensitive asthmatic patients contributes to nasal and bronchial adverse reactions. The lack of effects on PGD2 release suggests that mast cells from ASA-insensitive patients are more sensitive to ASA than those from sensitive asthmatic patients and healthy subjects.

Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Adult; Albumins; Aspirin; Asthma; Dinoprost; Dinoprostone; Drug Hypersensitivity; Female; Humans; Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids; Leukotriene B4; Leukotrienes; Male; Middle Aged; Nasal Mucosa; Prostaglandin D2

In healthy gut enteric glial cells (EGC) are essential to intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) functions. In Crohn's Disease (CD), both EGC phenotype and IEB functions are altered, but putative involvement of EGC in CD pathogenesis remains unknown and study of human EGC are lacking. EGC isolated from CD and control patients showed similar expression of glial markers and EGC-derived soluble factors (IL6, TGF-β, proEGF, GSH) but CD EGC failed to increase IEB resistance and healing. Lipid profiling showed that CD EGC produced decreased amounts of 15-HETE, 18-HEPE, 15dPGJ2 and 11βPGF2α as compared to healthy EGC. They also had reduced expression of the L-PGDS and AKR1C3 enzymes. Produced by healthy EGC, the 11βPGF2 activated PPARγ receptor of intestinal epithelial cells to induce cell spreading and IEB wound repair. In addition to this novel healing mechanism our data show that CD EGC presented impaired ability to promote IEB functions through defect in L-PGDS-AKR1C3-11βPGF2α dependent pathway.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 Member C3; Caco-2 Cells; Cells, Cultured; Coculture Techniques; Crohn Disease; Dinoprost; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Epithelial Cells; Female; Humans; Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; Male; Middle Aged; Prostaglandin D2; Wound Healing; Young Adult

Dipetalodipin (DPTL) is an 18 kDa protein cloned from salivary glands of the triatomine Dipetalogaster maxima. DPTL belongs to the lipocalin superfamily and has strong sequence similarity to pallidipin, a salivary inhibitor of collagen-induced platelet aggregation. DPTL expressed in Escherichia coli was found to inhibit platelet aggregation by collagen, U-46619, or arachidonic acid without affecting aggregation induced by ADP, convulxin, PMA, and ristocetin. An assay based on incubation of DPTL with small molecules (e.g. prostanoids, leukotrienes, lipids, biogenic amines) followed by chromatography, mass spectrometry, and isothermal titration calorimetry showed that DPTL binds with high affinity to carbocyclic TXA(2), TXA(2) mimetic (U-46619), TXB(2), PGH(2) mimetic (U-51605), PGD(2,) PGJ(2), and PGF(2α). It also interacts with 15(S)-HETE, being the first lipocalin described to date to bind to a derivative of 15-lipoxygenase. Binding was not observed to other prostaglandins (e.g. PGE(1), PGE(2), 8-iso-PGF(2α), prostacyclin), leukotrienes (e.g. LTB(4), LTC(4), LTD(4), LTE(4)), HETEs (e.g. 5(S)-HETE, 12(S)-HETE, 20-HETE), lipids (e.g. arachidonic acid, PAF), and biogenic amines (e.g. ADP, serotonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, histamine). Consistent with its binding specificity, DPTL prevents contraction of rat uterus stimulated by PGF(2α) and induces relaxation of aorta previously contracted with U-46619. Moreover, it inhibits angiogenesis mediated by 15(S)-HETE and did not enhance inhibition of collagen-induced platelet aggregation by SQ29548 (TXA(2) antagonist) and indomethacin. A 3-D model for DPTL and pallidipin is presented that indicates the presence of a conserved Arg(39) and Gln(135) in the binding pocket of both lipocalins. Results suggest that DPTL blocks platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction, and angiogenesis through binding to distinct eicosanoids involved in inflammation.

Topics: Animals; Aorta; Dinoprost; Female; Horses; Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids; Insect Proteins; Lipocalins; Neovascularization, Pathologic; Platelet Aggregation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Saliva; Salivary Glands; Thromboxane A2; Triatominae; Uterus; Vasoconstriction

Arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism in the non-pregnant sheep uterus was studied in vitro using conventional chromatographic and HPLC techniques. High expression of both lipoxygenase (LOX) as well as cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes and their activities was found in the uterine tissues. On incubation of uterine enymes with AA, the LOX products formed were identified as 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HPETE), 12- and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (12- and 15-HETEs), based on their separation on TLC and HPLC. By employing differential salt precipitation techniques, the LOXs generating products 5-HPETE (5-LOX), 12-HETE and 15-HETE (12- and 15-dual LOX) were isolated. Based on their analysis on TLC, the COX products formed were identified as prostaglandins - PGF2alpha and prostacyclin derivative 6-keto PGF1alpha. The study forms the first report on the comprehensive analysis on the metabolism of AA in sheep uterus in vitro via the LOX and COX pathways.

Topics: 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid; 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha; Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Dinoprost; Female; Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids; Leukotrienes; Lipoxygenase; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; Sheep; Uterus

Prostaglandins, products of arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenase pathway, are essential to the porcine ovulatory process in that inhibition of their synthesis results in ovulation failure. Studies in the rat have shown that ovulation is also preceded by a rise in three ovarian hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, products of the lipoxygenase pathway, and inhibition of this pathway also inhibits ovulation. Experiments were designed, using a pregnant mare serum gonadotropin/human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-treated prepuberal gilt model, to measure pre-ovulatory changes in follicular fluid concentrations of 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE), and to compare the effects of indomethacin and nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) on ovulation in the pig and on 15-HETE and prostaglandin F2 alpha synthesis both in vivo and in vitro. Follicular fluid concentrations of 15-HETE were elevated significantly just prior to the expected time of ovulation (40 h after hCG). When indomethacin (10 mg) was injected into the ovarian stalk at 24 h after hCG, follicular fluid concentrations of both 15-HETE and prostaglandin F2 alpha were lower (P < 0.01) than controls at 40 h and ovulation rate was suppressed (P < 0.01). When NDGA (5 mg) was administered in the same manner, ovulation rate was suppressed (P < 0.01), but the levels of 15-HETE and prostaglandin F2 alpha were not altered. Synthesis of 15-HETE by cultured granulosa and theca interna cells was reduced by the presence of NDGA (1 mg/ml), whereas indomethacin (100 ng/ml) lowered 15-HETE production in theca interna cells only. These results clearly demonstrate that indomethacin can block the lipoxygenase as well as the cyclooxygenase pathways, depending on the dose used, and suggest that lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid are involved in the ovulatory process in the pig.

Topics: Animals; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Cohort Studies; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Dinoprost; Female; Follicular Fluid; Gonadotropins, Equine; Granulosa Cells; Humans; Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids; Indomethacin; Lipoxygenase Inhibitors; Masoprocol; Ovarian Follicle; Ovulation; Ovulation Induction; Random Allocation; Swine; Theca Cells; Time Factors

The ubiquitous hydroxylated fatty acids derived from arachidonic acid (HETEs) or linoleic acid (HODEs) exhibit diverse biological effects including chemotaxis, cell proliferation, and modulation of several enzymatic pathways, including the 5-lipoxygenase leading to the inflammatory leukotrienes. It was observed that 12(S)- and 15(S)-HETE and 13(S)-HODE (12- and 15-lipoxygenase-derived metabolites, respectively) inhibited the 5-lipoxygenase present in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-1) cell homogenates whereas the 15(R) chiral enantiomer and the nonhydroxylated linoleic, oleic, and stearic acids were either less potent or ineffective. In examining the mechanism of this inhibition, the relative effectiveness of several fatty acids in displacing [3H]15-HETE bound to cytosol preparations were compared and the results indicated that these (S) hydroxy fatty acids and 5(S)-HETE were significantly more potent than either the 15(R) enantiomer, 15(S)-HETE methyl ester, arachidonic acid, or prostaglandin F2alpha. In order to identify the protein(s) that specifically binds HETEs, 15(S)-HETE biotin hydrazide was used as a probe to detect any HETE-protein complexes as this compound both inhibited the 5-lipoxygenase and interfered with the binding of [3H]15-HETE to cytosol preparations. SDS-PAGE analysis and chemiluminescent detection revealed that the major cytosolic proteins that bound this biotinylated probe had molecular masses of 43 and 51 kD. Fatty acid competition experiments indicated that the order of effectiveness in displacing this probe from these proteins was 13(S)-HODE > 5(S)-HETE approximately equal to 15(S)-HETE > > stearic acid approximately equal to arachidonic acid approximately equal to 15(R)-HETE. Amino acid sequence analysis showed that the 43 kD protein was actin. These findings suggest the possibility that actin may play a major role in the biological effects of monohydroxylated metabolites derived from cellular 5-, 12-, and 15-lipoxygenases.

Topics: 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid; Actins; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase; Biotinylation; Carrier Proteins; Cytosol; Dinoprost; Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 7; Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins; Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids; Kinetics; Leukemia, Basophilic, Acute; Ligands; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Molecular Sequence Data; Myelin P2 Protein; Neoplasm Proteins; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Oleic Acid; Rats; Stearic Acids; Stereoisomerism; Structure-Activity Relationship; Tumor Cells, Cultured

The lipoxygenase product 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) was shown to be the most important eicosanoid formed in the atherosclerotic rabbit aorta. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of 15-HETE and its hydroperoxy precursor 15-HpETE with those of other vasoconstrictor and vasodilator agents in arteries from rabbits fed either a control or a cholesterol-rich diet for 16 and 30 weeks. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) aggregated platelets and thrombin caused contractions of isolated rabbit aortas. The contractile responses elicited by platelets from control animals were similar to those evoked by platelets from atherosclerotic rabbits. After 16 weeks of hypercholesterolemia, the contractile responses were either augmented (5-HT), unchanged (platelets) or reduced (thrombin). After 30 weeks of hypercholesterolemia, the responses to all contractile agents used had decreased. In both aortas and pulmonary arteries the endothelium-dependent relaxations to the calcium ionophore, A23167, and to acetylcholine were progressively lost and the endothelium-independent relaxations to nitroglycerin were reduced by the progressing hypercholesterolemia. The 15-lipoxygenase metabolites contracted the isolated thoracic aorta and pulmonary artery from control rabbits and to a lesser extent those of the cholesterol-fed rabbits. After raising the tone in these vessels with prostaglandin F2 alpha PGF2 alpha) or noradrenaline, 15-HpETE induced relaxations which were not significantly influenced by the development of fatty streaks. Our data illustrate that the contractions of the blood vessel wall to 15-HETE, like those to other vasoconstrictors, are markedly reduced by developing atherosclerosis. In contrast, the relaxations to 15-HpETE in the rabbit arteries remain unaltered after 16 to 30 weeks of hypercholesterolemia. This is unlike the reactions to other vasodilators, which are markedly reduced.

Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase; Arteriosclerosis; Calcimycin; Dinoprost; Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids; Hypercholesterolemia; In Vitro Techniques; Leukotrienes; Lipid Peroxides; Male; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Nitroglycerin; Platelet Aggregation; Rabbits; Thrombin; Vasoconstrictor Agents; Vasodilator Agents

15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid [15-(S)-HETE], a major arachidonic acid metabolite produced from the 15-lipoxygenase pathway, has been characterized as an antiinflammatory cellular mediator since it can inhibit the in vivo and in vitro formation of the proinflammatory leukotrienes via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway in various cells. 15-HETE has been confirmed to inhibit the 5-lipoxygenase in rat basophilic leukemia cell (RBL-1) homogenates with an I50 = 7.7 microM. The I50 of the 12-HETE isomer was 6 microM whereas prostaglandin F2 alpha was ineffective. In order to examine the mechanistic basis underlying the inhibitory action of 15-HETE, association assays of [3H]-15-HETE with RBL-1 subcellular fractions were carried out. The presence of the zwitterionic detergent CHAPS enhanced specific [3H]-15-HETE binding in the membrane fractions three-fold and specific 15-HETE binding was distributed among the nuclear (32%)-, granule (19%)-, plasma membrane (35%)-, and cytosol (14%)-enriched fractions. Studies using combined granule and plasma membrane enriched-, CHAPS treated-fractions showed that [3H]-15-HETE binding was time-dependent, specific and reversible, sensitive to pertussis toxin treatment, and indicated a single class of binding sites with a Kd = 460 +/- 160 nM and Bmax = 5.0 +/- 1.1 nM. Competition experiments showed that the order of 15-HETE or analogs in inhibiting the binding of [3H]-15-HETE was: 15(S)-HETE > or = 12-(S)-HETE = 5-(S)-HETE > 15-(R)-HETE > arachidonic acid. Prostaglandin F2 alpha and lipoxin B4 were ineffective as competitors. The similar profiles of the binding assays and inhibition of the 5-lipoxygenase suggest that 15-HETE binding sites may mediate this inhibitory action of 15-HETE.

Topics: 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid; Animals; Binding Sites; Binding, Competitive; Calcimycin; Cell Line; Cholic Acids; Dinoprost; Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids; Leukemia, Basophilic, Acute; Lipoxygenase Inhibitors; Rats; Subcellular Fractions; Tumor Cells, Cultured

Previous studies from this laboratory and others suggest that arachidonic acid and its metabolites play important roles in a variety of biological processes such as signal transduction, contraction, chemotaxis, and cell growth and differentiation. Here we studied the effect of arachidonic acid on mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Arachidonic acid activated MAP kinases in VSMC in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), a potent inhibitor of the lipoxygenase system, significantly blocked the arachidonic acid-induced activation of MAP kinases, whereas indomethacin, an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase, had no effect. In VSMC, arachidonic acid was converted to 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE); NDGA inhibited the formation of this HETE. Exogenous addition of 15-HETE to VSMC caused stimulation of MAP kinases. Depletion of protein kinase C attenuated both the arachidonic acid- and 15-HETE-induced activation of MAP kinases in VSMC. Together these results suggest that 1) arachidonic acid activates MAP kinases in VSMC; 2) 15-HETE, a 15-lipoxygenase product of arachidonic acid, at least in part, mediates the arachidonic acid effect on MAP kinases; and 3) protein kinase C appears to be important in arachidonic acid activation of MAP kinases. Therefore, MAP kinases may play an important role in arachidonic acid signaling of VSMC growth and function.

Topics: Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Cells, Cultured; Dinoprost; Dinoprostone; Enzyme Activation; Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids; Male; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Signal Transduction

Cells were incubated in the presence of the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 (10 microM) and arachidonic acid (AA, 80 microM). The release of eicosanoids from subcultivated cardiac endothelial and fibroblast-like cells amounted to 23.3 +/- 4.5 and 2.0 +/- 0.4 nmol/mg cellular protein per 30 min, respectively. The release from isolated cardiomyocytes remained below the detection limit of the high-performance liquid chromatography assay (< 0.00015 nmol/assay). When a very sensitive radioimmunoassay was applied, cardiomyocytes released 0.002 +/- 0.0001 nmol prostacyclin per milligram cellular protein per 30 min. Prostaglandin (PG) E2 and PGF2 alpha, 12-hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid, 11- and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, and thromboxane B2 were the main eicosanoids released by endothelial cells. The stable product of prostacyclin, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, contributed relatively little to the total amount of eicosanoids formed by endothelial cells. Fibroblast-like cells released predominantly PGE2 and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and, to a lesser extent, 12-hydroxyheptadecatrienoic and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids. Neither endothelial cells nor fibroblast-like cells released leukotrienes. A23187 stimulated eicosanoid release from endothelial cells when exogenous AA was below 40 microM. Addition of albumin reduced the amount of eicosanoids produced. Histamine and bradykinin did not influence 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and PGE2 production in cardiomyocytes. Histamine only gave rise to a slight but significantly higher release of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha in endothelial cells.

Topics: 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha; Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Calcimycin; Cells, Cultured; Dinoprost; Dinoprostone; Endothelium; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Fibroblasts; Heart; Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids; Indomethacin; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Myocardium; Rats; Rats, Inbred Lew; Rats, Wistar

Uncovered fetal rabbit excisional wounds do not exhibit any classic signs of healing; wounds covered with an impermeable cover do contract, reepithelialize, and exhibit inflammation. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is elevated in amniotic fluid, acting as an immunosuppressant at the maternal-fetal interface. Full-thickness excisional wounds were made on 25-day gestational age rabbit fetuses. Half the wounds were covered with an impermeable cover. Tissue from covered, uncovered, and nonwounded fetuses was examined 72 h after wounding for arachidonic acid metabolites. Uncovered wounds had significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) elevated levels of PGE2, PGF2 alpha, and 12-HETE versus covered wounds and control tissue. Covered wounds had significantly elevated levels of 15-HETE compared to uncovered and control tissue. The elevated PGE2 in uncovered wounds may act as a fetal immunosuppressant; covered wounds (lower PGE2) developed cellular inflammation. Further investigations of these interactions may permit modulation of adult inflammation.

Topics: 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid; Amniotic Fluid; Animals; Arachidonic Acids; Dinoprost; Dinoprostone; Female; Fetus; Gestational Age; Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids; Inflammation; Leukotrienes; Occlusive Dressings; Pregnancy; Prenatal Injuries; Rabbits; Silicones; Sutures; Wound Healing; Wounds, Penetrating

The purpose of this study is to examine the "in vivo" release of 15-HETE and other arachidonic acid metabolites in nasal secretions following a challenge with "Dermatophagoides Pteronyssinus" in patients with allergic rhinitis and non-allergic controls. In addition, we examine the effects of a membrane stabilizer, such as sodium cromoglycate, on these metabolites. Thirteen allergic subjects and seven healthy controls are studied. 15-HETE, peptide leukotrienes, LTB4, PGD2, PGE2 and PGF2 alpha levels are evaluated before and after nasal challenge in sodium cromoglycate treated and untreated subjects. This study provides "in vivo" evidence that the pathophysiological responses to nasal antigen challenge could be related to the release of 15-HETE as well as other arachidonic acid metabolites, mainly arising from the lipoxygenase pathway.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Analysis of Variance; Arachidonic Acid; Cromolyn Sodium; Dinoprost; Dinoprostone; Female; Humans; Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids; Leukotriene B4; Lipoxygenase; Male; Middle Aged; Nasal Mucosa; Nasal Provocation Tests; Prostaglandin D2; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial

The 15-hydroperoxy metabolite of arachidonic acid (15-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid; 15-HPETE) and its hydroxyderivative 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) are known to evoke contractions in a variety of isolated blood vessels. In this study, segments of isolated canine coronary, splenic, femoral and renal arteries were exposed to 15-HETE and 15-HPETE; both metabolites induced small basal relaxations followed by contractions at higher concentrations. The contractions were augmented by indomethacin and could be blocked by the thromboxane A2 receptor antagonists BM13177 and BM13505. In vessels in which the tone was raised with prostaglandin F2 alpha, both 15-lipoxygenase metabolites evoked marked relaxations, which were in part dependent on the presence of the endothelium. When the segments were contracted with norepinephrine or increased KCl concentration, 15-HETE and 15-HPETE induced relaxations followed by additional contractions. The relaxations to the fatty acid derivatives were not inhibited by BM13505. In tissues without endothelium, the relaxations to 15-HETE and 15-HPETE were completely blocked by indomethacin; in tissues with endothelium, indomethacin only partly inhibited the relaxations to 15-HETE, whereas the drug did not interfere with the relaxing effects of 15-HPETE. Our experiments indicate that in isolated canine arteries 15-lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid can 1) induce contractions, most likely by direct activation of thromboxane A2 receptors on smooth muscle cells, and 2) evoke relaxations that are in part endothelium dependent; the endothelium-independent part of the relaxations was inhibited by indomethacin. Thus, the relaxations to these metabolites seem to occur via the release of an endothelium-derived relaxing factor and via production of a cyclooxygenase metabolite.

Topics: Animals; Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase; Arachidonic Acid; Arachidonic Acids; Arteries; Coronary Vessels; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Dinoprost; Dogs; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Endothelium; Femoral Artery; Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids; Indomethacin; Leukotrienes; Lipid Peroxides; Muscle Contraction; Muscle Relaxation; Receptors, Prostaglandin; Receptors, Thromboxane; Renal Artery; Splenic Artery

Epithelial injury and inflammation are involved in airway hyperresponsiveness and asthma induced by toluene diisocyanate. In that isocyanates are insoluble and highly reactive compounds, bronchial epithelial cells may represent the most important target cells of their toxic effect. We hypothesized that damage to airway epithelium by toluene diisocyanate may result in the release of metabolites of arachidonic acid, which are known to promote inflammation and to alter epithelial cell function and airway smooth muscle responsiveness. To test this hypothesis we examined eicosanoid products in the culture media of bronchial epithelial cells exposed in vitro to 8 and 18 ppb toluene diisocyanate. Epithelial cells derived from human bronchi obtained at surgery were cultured to confluency on collagen-coated microporous membranes. Those cells, which expressed differentiated characteristics of epithelial cells (they showed keratin-containing filaments and had a cobblestone appearance), were alternatively exposed to toluene diisocyanate or air for 30 min in a specially designed in vitro chamber. The production of metabolites of arachidonic acid was assessed by measuring the release of immunoreactive products into the cell medium at the end of the exposure and during a 2 hr period after exposure. This method revealed a predominant isocyanate-induced release of immunoreactive 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid. Release rate of this compound tended to be dose-related and was associated with cell damage as assessed by the release of lactate dehydrogenase in the medium.

Topics: Arachidonic Acid; Arachidonic Acids; Bronchi; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Cyanates; Dinoprost; Dinoprostone; Eicosanoids; Epithelium; Humans; Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Leukotriene B4; Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate

A differentiation-defective mouse myoblast subclone (DD-1), cells of which do not fuse into myotubes nor synthesize muscle-specific proteins, was employed to help define the role of eicosanoids in mouse myoblast differentiation. We observed by hplc, tlc, and radioimmunoassay that the DD-1 cells release strikingly higher levels of cyclooxygenase pathway products prostaglandin E2 and F2 alpha into the culture medium than the parental non-differentiation-defective cells (DZ). In contrast, the levels of 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE), a lipoxygenase product, and a putatively identified second lipoxygenase product (LLP) did not differ greatly in the two cell types. The DD-1 cells also have strikingly higher levels of cyclooxygenase activity than the parental cells as determined by intact and broken cell assays. Additional fusion-defective clones were isolated on the basis of their flattened appearance and ability to grow in "mitogen-poor" medium and these cells also released strikingly higher levels of prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha into the growth medium. The "turn on" of the cyclooxygenase pathway in the DD-1 cells and other fusion-defective cells is consistent with the hypothesis that the products of this pathway contribute to the inability of myoblasts to fuse with one another. This hypothesis is supported by the observation that there is a dose-dependent decrease in fusion of DZ cells when PGE2 is added to commitment medium.

Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Fusion; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Clone Cells; Dinoprost; Dinoprostone; Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids; Lipoxygenase; Mice; Muscles; Mutation; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; Prostaglandins

Specific receptors for [3H]-15 HETE have been identified on GH3 cells, a cloned strain of rat pituitary cells. With incremental inputs of radioligand and a constant cell number, specific [3H]-15 HETE binding reached a plateau indicative of saturable binding sites. Ligand analysis of the Scatchard plot demonstrated a single class of high affinity binding sites with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 0.75 nM. 12 HETE competed with radiolabeled 15 HETE (IC50 = 1 x 10(-6) +/- 0.8 M). In contrast, arachidonic acid, leukotriene B4, prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha did not compete with [3H]-15 HETE.

Topics: 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid; Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Arachidonic Acids; Binding Sites; Dinoprost; Dinoprostone; Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids; Kinetics; Leukotriene B4; Pituitary Gland; Prostaglandins E; Prostaglandins F; Rats

Topics: Arachidonic Acids; Blood Platelets; Collagen; Dinoprost; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Humans; Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids; Platelet Aggregation; Prostaglandins F; Thrombin; Thromboxane B2

The profile of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase products in normal rat colonic epithelium and subepithelium was examined. Colons were thoroughly perfused to eliminate contamination with blood. Two preparations of colonic epithelium were employed. The first consisted of intact colonic crypts and epithelial sheets. The second yielded single cell suspensions of superficial versus proliferative epithelial cells. Lipoxygenase product formation by colonic epithelium as measured by hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) production (5-HETE greater than 12-HETE greater than 15-HETE greater than LTB4) accounted for 58% of the total colonic production of these moieties, whereas epithelium accounted for only 20% of total colonic protein. By contrast, prostaglandin (PG) E2 and PGF2 alpha production occurred predominantly (greater than 97%) in the subepithelial layers. The present studies also demonstrate markedly higher levels of accumulation of lipoxygenase products in proliferative versus superficial epithelial cells, whereas prostaglandin accumulation was greater in superficial cells. Previous studies have supported a role for lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase products in the control of colonic secretion, inflammatory cell infiltration and proliferative activity. The present results raise the possibility that the striking differences in the sites of production of these products within the colon has functional implications.

Topics: 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid; Animals; Colon; Dinoprost; Dinoprostone; Eicosanoic Acids; Epithelium; Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids; Leukotriene B4; Lipoxygenase; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; Prostaglandins E; Prostaglandins F; Radioimmunoassay; Rats

There is evidence suggesting a role of eicosanoids in the growth of certain tumors. In this study, tissue samples were collected from basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of the skin. Both BCCs and SCCs contained more prostaglandin E2 and F2 alpha (PGE2 and PGF2 alpha) than normal epidermis. In vitro incubation of tumor samples with arachidonic acid also resulted in PGE2 and PGF2 alpha formation. Basal cell carcinomas exhibiting a histologically aggressive growth pattern contained higher levels of prostaglandins than those with a nonaggressive growth pattern, both in vivo and after in vitro incubation. Lipoxygenase products (12- and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid) were present in smaller amounts than cyclo-oxygenase products (PGE2 and PGF2 alpha) in vivo. Compared with normal epidermis, SCCs and, particularly, BCCs produced smaller amounts of 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid during in vitro incubation with arachidonic acid. The levels of lipoxygenase products were not related to the tumor growth pattern. These results indicate that excessive prostaglandin levels in BCCs may be associated with an aggressive growth pattern.

Topics: 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid; Animals; Arachidonic Acids; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dinoprost; Dinoprostone; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids; In Vitro Techniques; Mice; Prostaglandins; Prostaglandins E; Prostaglandins F; Rabbits; Radioimmunoassay; Skin Neoplasms

Within 5 min, resting macrophages metabolize microM quantities of exogenous arachidonic acid (20:4) to cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase products. Mono-HETEs represent a major class of metabolites recovered from the medium. However, the quantity of mono-Hetes progressively decreases over a 60-min incubation period, with a concomitant increase in more polar lipoxygenase products, suggesting additional metabolic fates for these hydroxy acids. This was directly confirmed by exposing resident macrophage cultures to radiolabeled 15-, 12-, and 5-HETEs (1 microM). 12-30% of the recovered HETEs were cell-associated and predominantly esterified into phospholipid. High pressure liquid chromatography analyses of medium extracts indicated that 50% of each HETE was also converted to 10 or more metabolites over a 60-min time-course, a rate slower than for 20:4. The major metabolite generated from each mono-HETE had the elution characteristics of a di-HETE. The 5-HETE product has a triene spectrum similar to that of 5(S), 12(S)-di-HETE, whereas the 15- and 12-HETE products exhibited single ultraviolet absorption maxima, indicating a metabolic pathway for 5-HETE distinct from the other mono-HETEs. None of the stable cyclooxygenase products of 20:4 (6-keto PGF1 alpha, PGF2 alpha, PGE2, TXB2) nor polar metabolites of mono-HETEs are either incorporated or metabolized. The results indicate that macrophages have the capacity to specifically metabolize 20:4 and mono-HETEs to polar oxygenated products in the absence of a discernible trigger.

Topics: 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid; Animals; Arachidonic Acids; Dinoprost; Dinoprostone; Female; Humans; Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids; Macrophage Activation; Macrophages; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Phosphatidylcholines; Phospholipids; Prostaglandins E; Prostaglandins F; Thromboxane B2; Time Factors