dimethylacetamide has been researched along with dimethyl sulfoxide in 49 studies
Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
---|---|---|
pre-1990 | 11 (22.45) | 18.7374 |
1990's | 5 (10.20) | 18.2507 |
2000's | 13 (26.53) | 29.6817 |
2010's | 18 (36.73) | 24.3611 |
2020's | 2 (4.08) | 2.80 |
Authors | Studies |
---|---|
Sugawara, K; Yanase, S | 1 |
Azovskaia, SA; Konoplina, LA; Sukhanov, IuS; Zhukovskaia, NL | 1 |
Andrews, PW; Dignazio, M; Gönczöl, E; Oosterhuis, JW; Plotkin, SA | 1 |
Kennedy, AR; Symons, MC | 1 |
Burnette, RR; Sharata, HH | 1 |
Cusato, LM; Filosa, MF | 1 |
Davis, CS; Miller, PH; Richardson, RJ; Schwab, BW | 1 |
Boisseau, M; Desgranges, G; Ducassou, D; Moulinier, J; Piquet, Y; Reiffers, J; Roudaut, MF; Vezon, G; Vuillemin, L | 1 |
Lake, PE; Ravie, O | 1 |
Novogrodsky, A; Rubin, AL; Stenzel, KH | 1 |
Menger, H; Neubert, L | 1 |
Singh, J; Singh, S | 1 |
Boon, GD; Christian, JA; Low, PS; Rebar, AH | 1 |
Gasser, K; Hahin, R; Larsen, J | 1 |
Blesbois, E; Seigneurin, F; Tselutin, K | 1 |
Labbé, C; Maisse, G; Ogier de Baulny, B | 1 |
Chen, JC; Tai, C; Tai, JJ; Wang, SD; Wu, KC | 1 |
Balushkin, AO; Berezkin, VG; Litvin, EF; Tyaglov, BV | 1 |
Lebioda, S; Lehnen, R; Ringena, O; Saake, B | 1 |
Shen, Q; Xu, Y | 1 |
Barlow, NJ; Cosmatos, D; Fossceco, SL; Giardino, OZ; Knapp, RJ; Ruble, GR | 1 |
Heinze, T; Meister, F; Pohl, M; Schaller, J | 1 |
Blanco, JM; Donoghue, AM; Gee, G; Long, JA; Wildt, DE | 1 |
Lahnsteiner, F | 1 |
Adams, E; D'Autry, W; Hoogmartens, J; Riadi, A; Sitaramaraju, Y; Van Schepdael, A; Wolfs, K | 1 |
Castignolles, P; Gaborieau, M; Gilbert, RG; Girard, E; Guillaneuf, Y; Hernandez, JM; Hoang, NL; Kravchuk, A; Kravchuk, O; Landolfi, A; Peate, J | 1 |
Holt, WV; Johnston, SD; McClean, R; Zee, YP | 1 |
Asahina, D; Kuse, Y; Nishio, Y | 1 |
Gonzalez, PM; Polli, JE; Rais, R; Wring, SA; Zheng, X | 1 |
Norris, M; Tiersch, TR; Winn, R; Yang, H | 1 |
Emmett, MR; Marshall, AG; Tipton, JD; Valeja, SG | 1 |
Eriksson, L; Lundberg, D; Lyczko, K; Persson, I; Płaczek, A | 1 |
Ji, DB; Kim, S; Kim, YJ; Lee, YJ | 1 |
Amaral, MG; Campos, VF; Cavalcanti, PV; Collares, T; De Leon, PM; Dellagostin, OA; Deschamps, JC; Seixas, FK | 1 |
Edgar, KJ; Pawar, SN | 1 |
Di Iorio, M; Iaffaldano, N; Rosato, MP | 1 |
Arêas, EP; El Seoud, OA; Nawaz, H | 1 |
Danilenko, DM; Gokarn, YR; Kamerzell, TJ; Li, M; McDowell, M; Pace, AL; Wang, YJ | 1 |
Khan, M; Peraka, KS; Rao, NS; Reddy, KV; Tatini, LK | 1 |
Christensen, BE; Kes, M; Qin, F | 1 |
Bowman, T; Dean, B; Messick, K; Sambrone, A; Schweiger, M; Thackaberry, EA; Valle, N; Wang, X; Xie, M | 1 |
Chen, B; Li, Z; Liu, H; Weng, J; Zhang, D | 1 |
Fardim, P; Gericke, M; Heinze, T; Liebert, T; Meister, F; Schaller, J | 1 |
Cosson, J; Dzyuba, B; Gazo, I; Lebeda, I; Linhart, O; Shaliutina, O; Shaliutina-Kolešová, A | 1 |
Cerolini, S; Di Iorio, M; Iaffaldano, N; Manchisi, A; Miranda, M; Zaniboni, L | 1 |
Evangelista-Vargas, S; Gallo, S; Orozco, V; Rosemberg, M; Ruiz, L; Santiani, A; Vargas, S | 1 |
Alves, JP; Caldas, JS; Cardoso, TF; Corcini, CD; Jardim, RD; Piedras, SRN; Silva, EF; Varela, AS | 1 |
Borodi, G; Macavei, S; Muresan-Pop, M; Turza, A | 1 |
Castaño, C; López-Goya, A; Marti-Colombas, M; Martínez-Nevado, E; Sánchez-Calabuig, MJ; Santiago-Moreno, J; Toledano-Díaz, A | 1 |
1 review(s) available for dimethylacetamide and dimethyl sulfoxide
Article | Year |
---|---|
Chemistry and applications of polysaccharide solutions in strong electrolytes/dipolar aprotic solvents: an overview.
Topics: Acetamides; Biopolymers; Carbohydrate Conformation; Carbohydrate Sequence; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Electrolytes; Green Chemistry Technology; Hydrogen Bonding; Molecular Sequence Data; Polysaccharides; Solutions; Solvents | 2013 |
48 other study(ies) available for dimethylacetamide and dimethyl sulfoxide
Article | Year |
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Inhibition of chemical Epstein-Barr virus induction by dimethyl sulfoxide and related polar compounds.
Topics: Acetamides; Antigens, Viral; Butyrates; Butyric Acid; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Idoxuridine; Leukemia, Experimental; Methylurea Compounds; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; Virus Activation | 1989 |
[A comparative study of the cryoprotective properties of dimethylacetamide and dimethyl sulfoxide in preserving thrombocytes at moderately low temperatures].
Topics: Acetamides; Blood Platelets; Blood Preservation; Cell Survival; Cryopreservation; Cryoprotective Agents; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Humans; Platelet Aggregation; Solutions; Temperature | 1989 |
Differentiation of TERA-2 human embryonal carcinoma cells into neurons and HCMV permissive cells. Induction by agents other than retinoic acid.
Topics: Acetamides; Bromodeoxyuridine; Butyrates; Butyric Acid; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line; Cisplatin; Clone Cells; Cyclic AMP; Cytarabine; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Humans; Idoxuridine; Kinetics; Neurons; Teratoma; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; Tretinoin | 1986 |
'Water structure' versus 'radical scavenger' theories as explanations for the suppressive effects of DMSO and related compounds on radiation-induced transformation in vitro.
Topics: Acetamides; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cells, Cultured; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Dimethylformamide; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Hydroxides; Hydroxyl Radical; Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; Water | 1987 |
Effect of dipolar aprotic permeability enhancers on the basal stratum corneum.
Topics: Acetamides; Animals; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry, Physical; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Dimethylformamide; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Mice; Mice, Nude; Permeability; Skin; Skin Absorption; X-Ray Diffraction | 1988 |
The effects of three polar organic solvents on capping of surface immunoglobulin of mouse lymphocytes.
Topics: Acetamides; Animals; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Dimethylformamide; Immunologic Capping; Lymphocytes; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell; Solvents | 1986 |
Solubilization of hen brain neurotoxic esterase in dimethylsulfoxide.
Topics: 1-Propanol; Acetamides; Animals; Brain; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Chickens; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Female; Kinetics; Microsomes; Solubility | 1985 |
[Comparison of platelets frozen with different cryoprotective agents].
Topics: Acetamides; Blood Platelets; Blood Transfusion; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Freezing; Glucuronidase; Glycerol; Humans; Platelet Aggregation | 1982 |
An exploration of cryoprotective compounds for fowl spermatozoa.
Topics: Acetamides; Animals; Chickens; Cryoprotective Agents; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Fertilization; Male; Propylene Glycol; Propylene Glycols; Semen Preservation; Spermatozoa | 1984 |
A new class of inhibitors of lymphocyte mitogenesis: agents that induce erythroid differentiation in Friend leukemia cells.
Topics: Acetamides; Animals; Butyrates; Cell Differentiation; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Dimethylformamide; DNA; Erythrocytes; Friend murine leukemia virus; Humans; Leukemia, Experimental; Lymphocyte Activation; Mitogens; Propionates; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate | 1980 |
[Problems relating to low temperature preservation of ram semen. 1. Effects of various cryoprotective agents on sperm].
Topics: Acetamides; Animals; Cryoprotective Agents; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Ethylene Glycols; Glycerol; Male; Polyethylene Glycols; Povidone; Propylene Glycols; Semen Preservation; Sheep; Sperm Motility; Spermatozoa | 1981 |
Transdermal iontophoresis: effect of penetration enhancer and iontophoresis on drug transport and surface characteristics of human epidermis.
Topics: Acetamides; Administration, Cutaneous; Adult; Azepines; Biological Transport; Dermatologic Agents; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Dimethylformamide; Epidermis; Female; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Iontophoresis; Male; Methotrexate; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Middle Aged; Permeability; Skin Absorption | 1995 |
Methodologic considerations for the use of canine in vivo aged biotinylated erythrocytes to study RBC senescence.
Topics: Acetamides; Animals; Biotin; Carbon Radioisotopes; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Dogs; Erythrocyte Aging; Female; Flow Cytometry; Male; Models, Biological; Scintillation Counting; Time Factors | 1996 |
An analysis of dimethylsulfoxide-induced action potential block: a comparative study of DMSO and other aliphatic water soluble solutes.
Topics: Acetamides; Acetone; Action Potentials; Animals; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Dimethylformamide; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Hempa; Neuromuscular Junction; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Peripheral Nerves; Rana pipiens; Rats; Solubility | 1996 |
Comparison of cryoprotectants and methods of cryopreservation of fowl spermatozoa.
Topics: Acetamides; Animals; Chickens; Cryopreservation; Cryoprotective Agents; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Female; Fertility; Male; Semen; Semen Preservation; Spermatozoa | 1999 |
Membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity, ATP content, and motility of the European catfish (Silurus glanis) testicular spermatozoa after freezing with different cryoprotectants.
Topics: Acetamides; Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Catfishes; Cryopreservation; Cryoprotective Agents; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Freezing; Glycerol; Male; Mitochondria; Propylene Glycol; Sperm Motility; Spermatozoa | 1999 |
Cryopreservation of gander semen.
Topics: Acetamides; Animals; Cryopreservation; Cryoprotective Agents; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Female; Fertility; Freezing; Geese; Insemination, Artificial; Male; Semen; Semen Preservation; Solvents; Sperm Count; Sperm Motility | 2001 |
Use of low volatility mobile phases in electroosmotic thin-layer chromatography.
Topics: Acetamides; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Coloring Agents; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Dimethylformamide; Nitriles; Osmosis; Reproducibility of Results; Solvents; Volatilization | 2005 |
Size-exclusion chromatography of technical lignins in dimethyl sulfoxide/water and dimethylacetamide.
Topics: Acetamides; Calibration; Chromatography, Gel; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Lignin; Molecular Weight; Ultrafiltration; Water | 2006 |
Dynamic dissolution of persimmon leaves in DMSO and DMAc and the influence of acid-base interactions.
Topics: Acetamides; Acids; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Diospyros; Models, Theoretical; Plant Leaves; Solubility; Solvents; Surface Properties; Temperature | 2006 |
The effect of commonly used vehicles on canine hematology and clinical chemistry values.
Topics: 2-Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin; Acetamides; Alcohols; Animals; beta-Cyclodextrins; Blood Chemical Analysis; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Dogs; Hematologic Tests; Infusions, Intravenous; Male; Pharmaceutical Vehicles; Pyrrolidinones; Sodium Chloride | 2006 |
Novel bulky esters of cellulose.
Topics: Acetamides; Carbohydrate Conformation; Cellulose; Dendrimers; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Esters; Imidazoles; Lithium Chloride; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Models, Biological; Molecular Conformation; Molecular Structure; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Solvents; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Temperature; Time Factors; Water | 2007 |
Osmotic tolerance of avian spermatozoa: influence of time, temperature, cryoprotectant and membrane ion pump function on sperm viability.
Topics: Acetamides; Amiloride; Animals; Birds; Cell Survival; Cryopreservation; Cryoprotective Agents; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Hypertonic Solutions; Ion Pumps; Male; Osmolar Concentration; Ouabain; Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; Species Specificity; Spermatozoa; Temperature; Time Factors; Turkeys | 2008 |
The effect of internal and external cryoprotectants on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos.
Topics: Acetamides; Animals; Cryopreservation; Cryoprotective Agents; Desiccation; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Ethylene Glycol; Glucose; Glycerol; Methanol; Propylene Glycol; Sucrose; Zebrafish | 2008 |
Evaluation of the European Pharmacopoeia method for control of residual solvents in some antibiotics.
Topics: Acetamides; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Dimethylformamide; Drug Contamination; Electrons; Europe; Excipients; Guidelines as Topic; Humans; Imidazoles; Imidazolidines; Mass Spectrometry; Organic Chemicals; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Solubility; Solvents; Volatilization | 2008 |
Toward a full characterization of native starch: separation and detection by size-exclusion chromatography.
Topics: 2-Propanol; Acetamides; Bromides; Chromatography, Gel; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Lithium Compounds; Polyvinyl Alcohol; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Starch | 2008 |
Cryopreservation of kangaroo spermatozoa using alternative approaches that reduce cytotoxic exposure to glycerol.
Topics: Acetamides; Animals; Cell Membrane; Cell Survival; Cryopreservation; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Glycerol; Macropodidae; Male; Semen Preservation; Sperm Motility; Spermatozoa | 2008 |
Molecular structure and liquid-crystalline characteristics of chitosan phenylcarbamate.
Topics: Acetamides; Chitosan; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Dimethylformamide; Formamides; Liquid Crystals; Macromolecular Substances; Molecular Structure; Phenylcarbamates; Spectrophotometry; Temperature | 2009 |
Method to screen substrates of apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter.
Topics: Acetamides; Acetonitriles; Animals; Biological Transport; Biological Transport, Active; Carrier Proteins; Cell Line; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Dimethylformamide; Dogs; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Humans; Kidney; Kinetics; Membrane Glycoproteins; Polyethylene Glycols; Sodium Hydroxide; Substrate Specificity | 2008 |
Evaluation of cryoprotectant and cooling rate for sperm cryopreservation in the euryhaline fish medaka Oryzias latipes.
Topics: Acetamides; Animals; Cold Temperature; Cryopreservation; Cryoprotective Agents; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Dimethylformamide; Ethylene Glycols; Freezing; Male; Methanol; Oryzias; Semen Preservation; Sperm Motility; Spermatozoa; Temperature | 2010 |
New reagents for enhanced liquid chromatographic separation and charging of intact protein ions for electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.
Topics: Acetamides; Chromatography, Liquid; Chromatography, Reverse-Phase; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Dimethylformamide; Peptides; Proteins; Pyrrolidinones; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Sulfhydryl Compounds; Thiophenes | 2010 |
Coordination chemistry study of hydrated and solvated lead(II) ions in solution and solid state.
Topics: Acetamides; Crystallography, X-Ray; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Dimethylformamide; Formamides; Ions; Lead; Methylurea Compounds; Models, Molecular; Solutions; Solvents; Urea | 2011 |
Evaluation of different cryoprotectants (CPAs) in boar semen cryopreservation.
Topics: Acetamides; Animals; Cell Membrane; Cell Survival; Cryopreservation; Cryoprotective Agents; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Flow Cytometry; Male; Semen Preservation; Sperm Motility; Spermatozoa; Statistics, Nonparametric; Swine | 2011 |
Transgene transmission in chickens by sperm-mediated gene transfer after seminal plasma removal and exogenous DNA treated with dimethylsulfoxide or N,N-dimethylacetamide.
Topics: Acetamides; Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified; Centrifugation; Chickens; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; DNA; Female; Fertilization; Genetic Vectors; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Male; Semen; Sperm Motility; Spermatozoa; Transfection; Transgenes | 2011 |
Chemical modification of alginates in organic solvent systems.
Topics: Acetamides; Acylation; Alginates; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Dimethylformamide; Imidazolidines; Molecular Weight; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Solubility; Solvents | 2011 |
The cryoprotectant used, its concentration, and the equilibration time are critical for the successful cryopreservation of rabbit sperm: DIMETHylacetamide versus dimethylsulfoxide.
Topics: Acetamides; Animals; Cell Survival; Cryopreservation; Cryoprotective Agents; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Female; Fertility; Hot Temperature; Insemination, Artificial; Male; Rabbits; Semen Preservation; Spermatozoa; Time Factors | 2012 |
Polar solvents decrease the viscosity of high concentration IgG1 solutions through hydrophobic solvation and interaction: formulation and biocompatibility considerations.
Topics: Acetamides; Animals; CHO Cells; Cricetinae; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Excipients; Female; Hemolysis; Humans; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Immunoglobulin G; Protein Conformation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Solutions; Solvents; Thermodynamics; Viscosity | 2013 |
Concomitant pseudopolymorphs of 10-deacetyl baccatin III.
Topics: Acetamides; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Crystallization; Crystallography, X-Ray; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Dimethylformamide; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Models, Molecular; Molecular Conformation; Powder Diffraction; Solvents; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Taxoids; Technology, Pharmaceutical; Temperature; Thermogravimetry | 2013 |
A study of bioactive, branched (1→3)-β-d-glucans in dimethylacetamide/LiCl and dimethyl sulphoxide/LiCl using size-exclusion chromatography with multi-angle light scattering detection.
Topics: Acetamides; Chromatography, Gel; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Glucans; Light; Lithium Chloride; Scattering, Radiation; Solubility | 2013 |
Solvent-based formulations for intravenous mouse pharmacokinetic studies: tolerability and recommended solvent dose limits.
Topics: Acetamides; Administration, Intravenous; Animals; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ethanol; Female; High-Throughput Screening Assays; Maximum Tolerated Dose; Mice; No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; Pharmacokinetics; Polyethylene Glycols; Propylene Glycol; Pyrrolidinones; Solvents | 2014 |
Synthesis and characterization of photochromic azobenzene cellulose ethers.
Topics: Acetamides; Azo Compounds; Biocompatible Materials; Cellulose; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Ethers; Lithium Chloride; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Photochemical Processes; Solubility; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Stereoisomerism; Thermogravimetry; Ultraviolet Rays | 2014 |
Studies on the tosylation of cellulose in mixtures of ionic liquids and a co-solvent.
Topics: Acetamides; Allyl Compounds; Cellulose; Chromatography, Gel; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Ethylamines; Imidazoles; Ionic Liquids; Lithium Chloride; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Organophosphates; Pyridines; Solvents; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Tosyl Compounds | 2012 |
The influence of cryoprotectants on sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus) sperm quality, DNA integrity, antioxidant responses, and resistance to oxidative stress.
Topics: Acetamides; Animals; Cryopreservation; Cryoprotective Agents; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; DNA; DNA Fragmentation; Ethylene Glycol; Fishes; Male; Methanol; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Spermatozoa | 2015 |
Cryopreserving turkey semen in straws and nitrogen vapour using DMSO or DMA: effects of cryoprotectant concentration, freezing rate and thawing rate on post-thaw semen quality.
Topics: Acetamides; Animals; Cryopreservation; Cryoprotective Agents; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Freezing; Male; Nitrogen; Semen; Semen Analysis; Semen Preservation; Silage; Turkeys | 2016 |
Cryopreservation of Peruvian Paso horse spermatozoa: dimethylacetamide preserved an optimal sperm function compared to dimethyl sulfoxide, ethylene glycol and glycerol.
Topics: Acetamides; Animals; Cryopreservation; Cryoprotective Agents; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Ethylene Glycol; Glycerol; Horses; Male; Semen Preservation; Sperm Motility; Spermatozoa | 2017 |
The role of amides in seminal cryopreservation of wild silverside, Odontesthes bonariensis.
Topics: Acetamides; Animals; Cell Membrane; Cryopreservation; Cryoprotective Agents; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Dimethylformamide; Fishes; Formamides; Male; Semen; Semen Preservation; Sperm Motility; Spermatozoa | 2016 |
New solvates and a salt of the anti-HIV compound etravirine.
Topics: Acetamides; Anti-HIV Agents; Crystallography, X-Ray; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Dioxanes; Drug Stability; Molecular Structure; Nitriles; Oxalates; Pyrimidines; Salts; Solvents | 2021 |
Optimization of semen cryopreservation in black-footed (Spheniscus demersus) and gentoo (Pygoscelis papua) penguins using dimethylacetamide and dimethylsulfoxide.
Topics: Acetamides; Animals; Cryopreservation; Cryoprotective Agents; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Male; Semen; Semen Preservation; Sperm Motility; Spermatozoa; Spheniscidae | 2022 |