di-d-fructose-1-2--2-1--dianhydride and fructooligosaccharide

In the present study we describe the preparation and chemical characterization of a caramel with a high (70%) content of difructose dianhydrides (DFAs) and glycosylated derivatives (DFAs). This product was obtained by thermal activation (90 degrees C) of highly concentrated (90% w/v) aqueous D-fructose solutions using the sulfonic acid ion-exchange resin Lewatit S2328 as caramelization catalyst. DFAs represent a unique family of cyclic fructans with prebiotic properties already present in low proportions (<15%) in commercial caramel. We report the antiinflammatory activity of the new DFA-enriched caramel in the trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) model of rat colitis, an experimental model that resembles human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and compare its effects with those obtained with a commercial sucrose caramel and with linear fructooligosaccharides (FOS). For this purpose, the effects on colon tissue damage, gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs) production, and different inflammatory markers were evaluated. The administration of DFA-enriched caramel to colitic rats showed intestinal antiinflammatory effect, as evidenced macroscopically by a significant reduction in the extent of the colonic damage induced by TNBS. This effect was similar to that obtained with FOS in the same experimental settings, whereas commercial caramel was devoid of any significant antiinflammatory effect. The beneficial effect was associated with the inhibition of the colonic levels of the proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) and interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), and the reduction in colonic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. The DFA-enriched caramel also promoted a more favorable intestinal microbiota, increasing lactobacilli and bifidobacteria counts as well as inducing higher concentrations of SCFAs in the luminal colonic contents. These results reinforce the concept of DFAs and glycosyl-DFAs as dietary beneficial compounds with prebiotic properties and suggest that the novel DFA-enriched caramel here reported may be an interesting candidate to be explored for the dietary treatment of human IBD.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Candy; Colitis; Colon; Disaccharides; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Food Handling; Food, Fortified; Glycosylation; Hot Temperature; Oligosaccharides; Prebiotics; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stereoisomerism; Sucrose; Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid

This study examined the effects of a nondigestible saccharide, difructose anhydride (DFA) III, and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) on the intestinal absorption and metabolism of alpha G-rutin, a quercetin glycoside in rats during a 2 week feeding period with diets containing 1% alpha G-rutin with or without 1.5 or 3% DFAIII and FOS. Blood concentrations and urinary excretion of quercetin derivatives were largely and dose-dependently increased during the test period with feeding DFA III and FOS. The amounts of quercetin derivatives in the cecal contents and feces were also much higher in both saccharide groups than in the control group. The degradation rate of aglycone, estimated by differences between ingestion and sum of fecal and urinary excretion, were suppressed in the both saccharide groups. Cecal fermentation was dose-dependently modified by the oligosaccharides. It was concluded that suppression of degrading quercetin aglycone in the large intestine has a major role for increasing alpha G-rutin bioavailability by DFA III and FOS feedings.

Topics: Animals; Biological Availability; Cecum; Diet; Disaccharides; Feces; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Oligosaccharides; Organ Size; Quercetin; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rutin; Solubility; Trisaccharides; Water