dehydroandrographolide and andrographolide

A liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method for the determination of andrographolide in human plasma was established. Dehydroandrographolide was used as the internal standard (I.S.). The plasma samples were deproteinized with methanol and separated on a Hanbon C(18) column with a mobile phase of methanol-water (70:30, v/v). HPLC-ESI-MS/MS was performed in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode using target ions at [M-H(2)O-H](-), m/z 331.1 for andrographolide and [M-H](-), m/z 331.1 for the I.S. Calibration curve was linear over the range of 1.0-150.0ng/mL. The chromatographic separation was achieved in less than 6.5min. The lower limits of quantification (LLOQ) was 1.0ng/mL. The intra and inter-run precisions were less than 6.95 and 7.22%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to determine the plasma concentrations of andrographolide in Chinese volunteers.

Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Calibration; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Diterpenes; Drug Stability; Humans; Male; Reference Standards; Reproducibility of Results; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization

Infection by Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-transmitted arbovirus and a member of Flavivirus, could make pediatric microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome, which remains an ongoing global threat. The efficient antivirals to ZIKV infection are of great medical need. Andrographolide and its analogues were discovered to be active against flaviviral infection. In this study, we discovered some dehydroandrographolide derivatives of 3-oximido- or 3-alcohol-19-hindered ether to be potent anti-ZIKV agents with low cytotoxicities (CC

Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; Child; Ether; Humans; Molecular Docking Simulation; Virus Replication; Zika Virus; Zika Virus Infection

Andrographis paniculata is an important traditional Chinese herbal material widely used for treatment of fever and diarrhea. The three diterpenoids [andrographolide (AP), dehydroandrographolide (DP) and neoandrographolide (NP)] in A. paniculata were characterized as the key active components for its extractive and related medicinal preparations. A rapid and accurate quantitative analysis of these three diterpenoids in A. paniculata capsules was accomplished by means of a valid and reliable high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric (HPLC-MS/MS) analytical method. An optimized gradient elution method, which under the mobile phase consisting of methanol and water, was established successfully. An XDB C18 column (3.5 μm, 2.1 mm × 50 mm) was successfully applied to separate these three diterpenoids at the flow rate of 0.55 mL/min. A triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode using an electrospray ionization source was served for analytical detection. The linearity, specificity, accuracy, recovery, precision, stability and repeatability were demonstrated to fully confirm the validity of this study. Good linear regression relationships for the three analytes were obtained over the range of 0.50-1000 ng/mL. Intra-day and inter-day precisions were evaluated with relative standard deviation < 7.62%, and the extraction recovery varied from 93.8% to 102.0%. The rapid and accurate HPLC-MS/MS analytical method was developed for the quality evaluation of A. paniculata capsules successfully. The content of AP, DP and NP obtained were 3.90-4.08, 4.77-5.04, 4.32-4.48 mg/g in A. paniculata capsules, respectively. Moreover, it is expected that this analytical technique can be applied to detect three effective components rapidly and accurately in other different medicinal preparations of A. paniculata as a method for their quality control.

Topics: Andrographis; Capsules; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Diterpenes; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Glucosides; Quality Control; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Tetrahydronaphthalenes

In this work, high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection was applied for the simultaneous determination of andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide in Andrographis paniculata and its preparations. As a result of the incomplete baseline separation caused by complex backgrounds, the classical univariate calibration method failed to determine accurate contents of the analytes. On this occasion, chemometric second-order calibration based on the well-known alternating trilinear decomposition algorithm was then explored to serve as a post-experimental remedial tool to solve this problem. By using the intelligent "mathematical separation" of alternating trilinear decomposition, the peak areas of the analytes do not need to be directly measured and the predictive results become accurate. The contents of andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide were determined to be (7.95 ± 0.15) and (1.85 ± 0.02) μg/mL for Andrographis paniculata, (1.34 ± 0.01) and (5.53 ± 0.04) μg/mL for its preparations, which was in agreement with those obtained by a reference liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry method. This study showed the superiority of second-order calibration method over classical univariate calibration method for simultaneous determination of multi-analytes in complex samples. It also proved that second-order calibration may be a good choice for remedying incomplete baseline separation problem, with the accompanied reduction of experimental burden and toxic organic solvents as well as analysis time and cost.

Topics: Andrographis; Calibration; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Diterpenes; Molecular Conformation

Topics: Andrographis; Diagnostic Equipment; Diterpenes; Glucosides; Principal Component Analysis; Taste; Tetrahydronaphthalenes

Andrographolide (AND) and two of its derivatives, deoxyandrographolide (DEO) and dehydroandrographolide (DEH), are widely used in clinical practice as anti-inflammatory agents. However, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT)-mediated phase II metabolism of these compounds is not fully understood. In this study, glucuronidation of AND, DEO, and DEH was characterized using liver microsomes and recombinant UGT enzymes. We isolated six glucuronides and identified them using 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. We also systematically analyzed various kinetic parameters (K m, V max, and CLint) for glucuronidation of AND, DEO, and DEH. Among 12 commercially available UGT enzymes, UGT1A3, 1A4, 2B4, and 2B7 exhibited metabolic activities toward AND, DEO, and DEH. Further, UGT2B7 made the greatest contribution to glucuronidation of all three anti-inflammatory agents. Regioselective glucuronidation showed considerable species differences. 19-O-Glucuronides were present in liver microsomes from all species except rats. 3-O-Glucuronides were produced by pig and cynomolgus monkey liver microsomes for all compounds, and 3-O-glucuronide of DEH was detected in mouse and rat liver microsomes (RLM). Variations in K m values were 48.6-fold (1.93-93.6 μM) and 49.5-fold (2.01-99.1 μM) for 19-O-glucuronide and 3-O-glucuronide formation, respectively. Total intrinsic clearances (CLint) for 3-O- and 19-O-glucuronidation varied 4.8-fold (22.7-110 μL min(-1) mg(-1)), 10.6-fold (94.2-991 μL min(-1) mg(-1)), and 8.3-fold (122-1,010 μL min(-1) mg(-1)), for AND, DEH, and DEO, respectively. Our results indicate that UGT2B7 is the major UGT enzyme involved in the metabolism of AND, DEO, and DEH. Metabolic pathways in the glucuronidation of AND, DEO, and DEH showed considerable species differences.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Diterpenes; Dogs; Glucuronides; Glucuronosyltransferase; Isoenzymes; Macaca fascicularis; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Mice; Microsomes, Liver; Rats; Species Specificity; Swine

In this study, a sensitive and rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated to simultaneously determinate andrographolide (AP), dehydroandrographolide (DP), and neoandrographolide (NP) in plasma of beagle dogs after oral administration of Andrographis paniculata tablet (A. paniculata). The analytes and bilobalide (internal standard) were separated on an Agilent ZORBAX XDB-C18 column (50mm×2.1mm, 3.5μm) by using gradient elution consisting of methanol and water at a flow rate of 0.50mL/min in 7min. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was performed to quantify data under monitoring precursor-product ion transitions of m/z 348.8→286.9, 330.9→107.9, 479.1→160.8 and 325.0→163.0 for AP, DP, NP and internal standard (IS) at negative ion mode, respectively. This method was developed at linearity ranging from 0.50 to 250ng/mL for AP, 1.00 to 500ng/mL for DP and 0.20 to 100ng/mL for NP. The accuracy of each analyte ranged between 94.8% and 107.1% and the precision was within 14.6%. No significant matrix effect was observed. AP, DP and NP were stable during sample storage, preparation and analytic procedures. Furthermore, this method was successfully applied in the investigation of the pharmacokinetic profile of AP, DP and NP in beagle dogs after oral administration of A. paniculata tablet (49.5mg for AP, 7.0mg for DP, 22.0mg for NP). Biological half-life (t1/2) was 2.08±0.99, 3.13±1.19 and 1.07±0.38h for AP, DP and NP, respectively. The areas under curves (AUC0-t) of AP, DP and NP was 494.50±150.64, 26.01±8.72 and 78.78±18.29ngh/mL, respectively.

Topics: Andrographis; Animals; Chromatography, Liquid; Diterpenes; Dogs; Drug Stability; Glucosides; Linear Models; Male; Plant Extracts; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Tetrahydronaphthalenes

To establish the specific fingerprint of alcohol extract of Andrographis paniculata by HPLC.. The analysis was performed on Cosmosil 5C18 -MS-II (250 mm x 4. 6 mm, 5 µm) column, with gradient phase consisting of acetonitrile and water at the flow rate of 1. 0 mL/min. The UV detection wavelength was set at 225 nm, and column temperature was 30 °C.. The specific fingerprint chromatogram was established and seven common peaks were identified by comparison with the reference standards and LC-MS. The relative retention times were 1. 00 (No. 1, andrographolide), 1. 04 (No. 2, deoxyandrographoside), 1. 07 (No. 3, isoandrographolide), 1. 10 (No. 4, 14-deoxy-11, 12-didehydroandrographoside), 1. 50 (No. 5, neoandrographolide), 1. 75 ( No. 6, deoxyandrographolide) and 1. 79 (No. 7, dehydroandrographolide).. The method is simple and reproducible with high precision, which can provide the basis for the quality control and evaluation of alcohol extract of Andrographis paniculata and its preparations.

Topics: Andrographis; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Diterpenes; Ethanol; Glucosides; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Tetrahydronaphthalenes

Dehydroandrographolide and andrographolide, two natural diterpenoids isolated from Andrographis paniculata possessed activity against HBV DNA replication with IC50 values of 22.58 and 54.07μM and low SI values of 8.7 and 3.7 in our random assay. Consequently, 48 derivatives of dehydroandrographolide and andrographolide were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-HBV properties to yield a series of active derivatives with lower cytotoxicity, including 14 derivatives against HBsAg secretion, 19 derivatives against HBeAg secretion and 38 derivatives against HBV DNA replication. Interestingly, compound 4e could inhibit not only HBsAg and HBeAg secretions but also HBV DNA replication with SI values of 20.3, 125.0 and 104.9. Furthermore, the most active compound 2c with SI value higher than 165.1 inhibiting HBV DNA replication was revealed with the optimal logP value of 1.78 and logD values. Structure-activity relationships (SARs) of the derivatives were disclosed for guiding the future research toward the discovery of new anti-HBV drugs.

Topics: Antiviral Agents; Biological Products; Diterpenes; DNA Replication; DNA, Viral; Hepatitis B virus; Structure-Activity Relationship; Virus Replication

To establish the high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprint of andrographolides from Andrographis paniculata, and to valuate the fingerprint similarity of samples from different habitats, markets, used parts and so on.. Chromatographic conditions were as follows: stationary phase: precoated HPTLC GF254 silica-gel plate (20 cm x 10 cm); developing solvent system: chloroform-toluene-methanol (80:10:15); Relative humidity: 42%; Color development reagent: 5% H2SO4 ethanolic solution, heating at 105 degrees C and observing the fluorescent chromatogram in a UV cabinet at 366 nm. The common patterns of HPTLC fingerprint were obtained through CHROMAP 1.5 solution software.. The HPTLC fingerprint of andrographolides was consisted of 9 characteristic peaks (fluorescent bands) including andrographolide, neoandrographolide and dehydroandrographolide which were chemical reference substances. The investigation and analysis of 51 batches of Andrographis paniculata showed that there were remarkable differences among different samples, so was the content of andrographolide and total lactones.. This method is simple and rapid, which can serve as an effective identification and quality assessment method for Andrographis paniculata.

Topics: Andrographis; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Desiccation; Diterpenes; Drug Stability; Glucosides; Plant Components, Aerial; Plants, Medicinal; Tetrahydronaphthalenes

This paper describes the development of an HPLC-UV-MS method for quantitative determination of andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide in Andrographis Herba and establishment of its chromatographic fingerprint. The method was validated for linearity, limit of detection and quantification, inter- and intra-day precisions, repeatability, stability and recovery. All the validation results of quantitative determination and fingerprinting methods were satisfactory. The developed method was then applied to assay the contents of andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide and to acquire the fingerprints of all the collected Andrographis Herba samples. Furthermore, similarity analysis and principal component analysis were used to reveal the similarities and differences between the samples on the basis of the characteristic peaks. More importantly, the DPPH free radical-scavenging and ferric reducing capacities of the Andrographis Herba samples were assayed. By bivariate correlation analysis, we found that six compounds are positively correlated to DPPH free radical scavenging and ferric reducing capacities, and four compounds are negatively correlated to DPPH free radical scavenging and ferric reducing capacities.

Topics: Andrographis; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Diterpenes; Free Radical Scavengers; Mass Spectrometry

Andrographis paniculata from different parts and origins were analyzed by UPLC-PDA fingerprint to provide refererice for related preparation technology. Using the peak of andrographolide as reference, 27 common peaks were identified, and digitized UPLC-PDA fingerprints for 23 batches of andrographis paniculata were established in this research. Principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out after feature extraction. The contents of andrographolide, neoandrographolide, deoxyandrographolide, dehydroandrographolide were determined by external standard method. The Plackett-Burman design combined with pareto chart was used to analyze the factors influencing the robustness of the method. It was found that the medicinal part has a more remarkable influence on the quality of andrographis paniculata than the origin. The contents of the 4 lactones the differ greatly in the different parts of andrographis paniculata, and the pH of the mobile phase is an important factor that influenced the robustness of the method.

Topics: Andrographis; Chromatography, Liquid; Diterpenes; Drug Stability; Glucosides; Principal Component Analysis; Tetrahydronaphthalenes

A rapid resolution liquid chromatography/time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (RRLC-TOF/MS) method was developed for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the major chemical constituents in Andrographis paniculata. Fifteen compounds, including flavonoids and diterpenoid lactones, were unambiguously or tentatively identified in 10 min by comparing their retention times and accurate masses with standards or literature data. The characteristic fragmentation patterns of flavonoids and diterpenoid lactones were summarized, and the structures of the unknown compounds were predicted. Andrographolide, dehydroandrographolide and neoandrographolide were further quantified as marker substances. It was found that the calibration curves for all analytes showed good linearity (R² > 0.9995) within the test ranges. The overall limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) were 0.02 μg/mL to 0.06 μg/mL and 0.06 μg/mL to 0.2 μg/mL, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) for intra- and inter-day precisions were below 3.3% and 4.2%, respectively. The mean recovery rates ranged from 96.7% to 104.5% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 2.72%. It is concluded that RRLC-TOF/MS is powerful and practical in qualitative and quantitative analysis of complex plant samples due to time savings, sensitivity, precision, accuracy and lowering solvent consumption.

Topics: Andrographis; Calibration; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Diterpenes; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Ethanol; Flavones; Glucosides; Limit of Detection; Solid Phase Extraction; Solvents; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Tetrahydronaphthalenes

A method based on cloud point extraction (CPE) coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography separation and ultraviolet (UV) detection was developed to determine andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide in human plasma. The nonionic surfactant Triton X-114 was chosen as the extraction medium. Variable parameters affecting the CPE efficiency were evaluated and optimized, such as concentrations of Triton X-114 and NaCl, pH, equilibration temperature and equilibration time. A Zorbax SB C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 µm) was used for separation of the two analytes at 30°C. The UV detection was performed at 254 nm. Under the optimum conditions, the limits of detection of andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide are 0.032 and 0.019 µg/mL, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day precisions expressed as relative standard deviation ranged from 3.2 to 7.3% and from 2.9 and 8.6%. The recoveries of andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide were in the range of 76.8-98.6% at three fortified concentrations of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 µg/mL. This method was efficient, environmentally friendly, rapid and inexpensive for the extraction and determination of andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide in human plasma.

Topics: Chemical Fractionation; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Diterpenes; Drug Stability; Green Chemistry Technology; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Least-Squares Analysis; Limit of Detection; Micelles; Octoxynol; Polyethylene Glycols; Reproducibility of Results; Sodium Chloride; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Temperature

A quantitative proton nuclear magnetic resonance technique (qHNMR) has been successfully introduced to quantify andrographolide, dehydroandrographolide, deoxyandrographolide and neoandrographolide in Andrographis paniculata, a commonly used important traditional Chinese medicine. Creative use of trifluoroacetic acid-d, which satisfactorily resolved the overlapping signals of these compounds in crowded regions of δ 4.5-5.6 ppm in (1)H NMR spectrum, made their quantification possible. Optimization of other experimental conditions, including internal standard, NMR pulse sequence, and NMR relaxation delay time, finally established the (1)H NMR based quantification approach, which was validated with satisfactory accuracy, precision, repeatability, and recovery. Except for deoxyandrographolide and neoandrographolide in two compound recipes, this method was successfully applied to quantify the four major components in fourteen raw herb materials and five commercial preparations, providing quantification results in good agreement with those determined by HPLC. The inherent advantages of qHNMR, such as its rapidity and simplicity, make itself a feasible alternative to HPLC for the quality control of A. paniculata raw material and herbal preparations.

Topics: Andrographis; Calibration; Diterpenes; Feasibility Studies; Glucosides; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Plant Preparations; Quality Control; Reference Standards; Reproducibility of Results; Tetrahydronaphthalenes; Trifluoroacetic Acid

A method employing molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) as selective sorbent for solid-phase extraction (SPE) to pretreat samples was developed. The polymers were prepared by precipitation polymerization with andrographolide as template molecule. The structure of MIP was characterized and its static adsorption capacity was measured by the Scatchard equation. In comparison with C(18)-SPE and non-imprinted polymer (NIP) SPE column, MIP-SPE column displays high selectivity and good affinity for andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide for extract of herb Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees (APN). MIP-SPE column capacity was 11.9±0.6 μmol/g and 12.1±0.5 μmol/g for andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide, respectively and was 2-3 times higher than that of other two columns. The precision and accuracy of the method developed were satisfactory with recoveries between 96.4% and 103.8% (RSD 3.1-4.3%, n=5) and 96.0% and 104.2% (RSD 2.9-3.7%, n=5) for andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide, respectively. Various real samples were employed to confirm the feasibility of method. This developed method demonstrates the potential of molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction for rapid, selective, and effective sample pretreatment.

Topics: Acrylamide; Adsorption; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Diterpenes; Limit of Detection; Molecular Imprinting; Polymers; Regression Analysis; Reproducibility of Results; Solid Phase Extraction; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Temperature

In inflammation, the responses to noxious stimuli are controlled by the highly modulated interactions between various immune cells and chemical mediators. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare the anti-inflammatory effect of diterpenoids isolated from Andrographis paniculata, including dehydroandrographolide (AP1), andrographolide (AP2) and neoandrographolide (AP3), on the production of inflammatory cytokines and COX activities. Furthermore, the alteration of gene expression involved in this activity was investigated in the most potent compound to elucidate the other possible molecular mechanisms. AP1 (30.1 μM; 10 μg/ml) and AP2 (28.5 μM; 10 μg/ml) markedly inhibited COX-1 in ionophore A23187-induced human platelets. AP2 (28.5 μM) and AP3 (20.8 μM; 10 μg/ml) strongly suppressed the LPS-stimulated COX-2 activity in human blood. In addition, AP2 modulated the level of LPS-induced TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-10 secretion in human blood in a concentration-dependent manner. The results revealed that AP2 exhibited the highest efficacy. Therefore, changes in the levels of mRNA transcripts by AP2 were further measured using human cDNA microarrays. The molecular response to AP2 was complex and mediated by various processes. Among the altered gene expressions, the genes involved in immune and inflammation processes were selectively down-regulated, such as cytokines and cytokine receptors (TNFSF14, TNF, TNFRSF6, and IL1A), chemokines (CCL8 and CXCL11), JAK/STAT signaling (JAK3 and STAT5A), TLRs family (TLR4 and TLR8) and NF-κB (NFKB1). Expression of some genes was validated using RT-PCR. The results demonstrated that AP1, AP2 and AP3 exhibited the anti-inflammatory effect by interfering COX and inflammatory cytokines and the underlying mechanisms of AP2 may be related to down-expression of genes involved in inflammatory cascade.

Topics: Adult; Andrographis; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Blood Platelets; Calcimycin; Cyclooxygenase 1; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cytokines; Diterpenes; Down-Regulation; Gene Expression; Glucosides; Humans; Male; Receptors, Cytokine; Tetrahydronaphthalenes; Toll-Like Receptors; Young Adult

The powder X-ray diffraction Fourier fingerprint pattern technique was used to develop a new quantitation method for the analysis of andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide. And the high performance liquid chromatography method was used to evaluate the quantity of andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide. The relationship of diffraction peak intensity and content of andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide was investigated. The powder X-ray diffraction Fourier fingerprint pattern analysis technique can be used to evaluate the quantity of andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide in the herb simultaneously.

Topics: Andrographis; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Diterpenes; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Fourier Analysis; Plant Components, Aerial; Plants, Medicinal; Powders; X-Ray Diffraction

A novel technique based on dynamic microwave-assisted extraction (DMAE) coupled on-line with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) through a flow injection interface has been developed for determination of andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide in Andrographis paniculata Nees. A TM(010) microwave resonance cavity built in the laboratory was applied to concentrating the microwave energy. An extraction vessel was placed in microwave irradiation zone. The extraction was performed in a recirculating system. When a number of extraction cycles were completed, the fractional extract (20muL) was driven to the analytical column by 65% aqueous methanol and was measured by diode array detector (DAD) at 225nm. The optimized extraction conditions are follows: extraction solvent 60% aqueous methanol; microwave forward power 80W; extraction time 6min; extraction solvent flow-rate 1.0mLmin(-1). The detection and quantification limits obtained are 0.5 and 1.7microgmL(-1) for andrographolide and 0.6 and 1.9microgmL(-1) for dehydroandrographolide, respectively. The within-day and between-day precision (RSD) are 2.1% and 3.7% for andrographolide and 1.7% and 4.1% for dehydroandrographolide, respectively. Mean recoveries for andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide are 97.7% and 98.7%, respectively. Compared with ultrasonic extraction used in the Chinese pharmacopoeia, the proposed method was demonstrated to obtain higher extraction yield in a shorter time. In addition, only small quantities of solvent (5mL) and sample (10mg) were required.

Topics: Andrographis; Automation; Chemical Fractionation; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Diterpenes; Methanol; Microwaves; Reproducibility of Results; Solvents; Ultrasonics

The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with on-line solid phase extraction (SPE) and ultraviolet (UV) detection was developed for determining andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide in rabbit plasma. Plasma samples (100 microL) were injected directly into a C18 SPE column and the biological matrix was washed out for 6 min using 15% aqueous methanol. By rotation of the switching valve, andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide were eluted in the back-flush mode and transferred to the analytical column by the chromatographic mobile phase consisted of methanol:acetonitrile (ACN):water (50:10:40; v/v). The UV detection was performed at 225 nm. The calibration curves showed excellent linear relationship (R> or =0.9993) over the concentration range of 0.05-5.0 microg mL(-1). The within- and between-day precisions (R.S.D.) of two analytes were in the range of 1.2-6.5% and the accuracies were between 92.0% and 102.1%. Their recoveries were all greater than 94%. The limits of detection were 0.019 microg mL(-1) for andrographolide and 0.022 microg mL(-1) for dehydroandrographolide. This method was successfully applied to the plasma concentration-time curve study after oral administration of Andrographis paniculata Nees extract in rabbit.

Topics: Andrographis; Animals; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Diterpenes; Female; Male; Online Systems; Plant Extracts; Rabbits; Reproducibility of Results; Solid Phase Extraction

The present paper describes the development of a microemulsion electrokinetic chromatographic (MEEKC) method for simultaneous determination of andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide in traditional Chinese medicines and Chinese medicinal preparations. The MEEKC method involved the use of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as surfactant, heptane as organic solvent and butan-1-ol as co-solvent. The effect of temperature and pH of running buffers on separation were examined. The optimized conditions (heptane 0.81% (w/w), SDS 3.31% (w/w), butan-1-ol 6.61% (w/w) and 10mM sodium tetraborate buffer, pH 9.2) allowed a useful and good reproducible separation of the studied analytes to be achieved.

Topics: Andrographis; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Butanols; Calibration; Chemistry Techniques, Analytical; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Chromatography, Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary; Diterpenes; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Emulsions; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Models, Chemical; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Solvents; Temperature; Time Factors

A microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC) method for the determination of andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide in Xiaoyanlidan Tablets was established. The MEEKC method involved the use of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as surfactant, ethyl acetate as organic solvent and 1-butanol as co-surfactant. The effects of several factors such as the acidity and concentration of borate buffer, SDS and 1-butanol contents were investigated. The optimized composition (by mass) of microemulsion system are 0.5% ethyl acetate--0.6% SDS--6.0% 1-butanol--92.9% 30 mmol/L sodium tetraborate buffer (pH 9.5). This system allowed a useful and reproducible separation of the analytes to be achieved in less than 6 min. The proposed method is a simple, fast and sensitive method for the determination of andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide in Xiaoyanlidan Tablets.

Topics: Diterpenes; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Medicine, Chinese Traditional; Plant Extracts; Tablets

To investigate the effects of ultra-fine powder technique on dissolution rates of the components in Andrographis paniculata.. High performance liquid chromatography was employed to determine the concentration of andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide in common powdered or ultra-fine powdered Andrographis paniculata.. The dissolution rates of andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide in ultra-fine powdered Andrographis paniculata were higher than those of the general powder.. Ultra-fine powder technique promotes the dissolution rates of andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide.

Topics: Andrographis; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Diterpenes; Powders

To recognize changes in the contents of ingredients of Andrographis Tablet in the process of production.. Adopting TLCS, TLC, HPLC to detect effective contents of ingredients which are produced in every stage of process of Andrographis Table's production.. Handling with the fresh Herba Andrographis according to current pharmacopeoia's technology, it showed that only dehyandrographolide can be detected. It indicated that the main factor that leads to chemical change is the heating process in the process of production.. Avoiding heating treatment or reducing heating treatment time is the main factor to protect the effective ingredients.

Topics: Andrographis; Diterpenes; Drug Stability; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Hot Temperature; Plant Components, Aerial; Plants, Medicinal; Tablets; Technology, Pharmaceutical

A simple and accurate method for the determination of andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide in andrographis paniculata Nees materials and patent medicines with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been developed. The two components were extracted from powdered samples by shaking with methanol. The resultant extracts were separated within 15 min on a BECKMAN C18 column (4.6 mm i. d. x 250 mm, 5 microm) and with a gradient elution of acetonitrile-water at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The detection wavelength was 225 nm and the injection volume was 20 microL. In gradient elution program the volume fraction of acetonitrile in mobile phase was as follows: 0 min - 1 min, 40%; 1 min - 5 min, 40% - 50%; 5 min - 15 min, 50% - 70%. Both andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide have good linearity in the range of 10 mg/L to 100 mg/L with the correlation coefficients of 0.997 6 and 0.998 6 respectively. This method has been successfully applied for the analysis of andrographis paniculata Nees materials and related patent medicines.

Topics: Andrographis; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Diterpenes; Drugs, Chinese Herbal