cytochrome-c-t and ethylene-dimethacrylate

Since sequential injection chromatography (SIC) emerged in 2003, it has been used for separation of small molecules in diverse samples, but separations of high molar mass compounds such as proteins have not yet been described. In the present work a poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) (GMA-co-EDMA) monolithic column was prepared by free radical polymerization inside a 2.1-mm-i.d. activated fused silica-lined stainless steel tubing and modified with iminodiacetic acid (IDA). The column was prepared from a mixture of 24% GMA, 16% EDMA, 20% cyclohexanol, and 40% 1-dodecanol (all% as w/w) containing 1% of azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) (in relation to monomers). Polymerization was done at 60 °C for 24 h. The polymer was modified with 1.0 M IDA (in 2 M Na2CO3, pH 10.5) at 80 °C for 16 h. Separation of myoglobin, ribonuclease A, cytochrome C, and lysozyme was achieved at pH 7.0 (20 mM KH2PO4/K2HPO4) using a salt gradient (NaCl). Myoglobin was not retained, and the other proteins were separated by a gradient of NaCl created inside the holding coil (4 m of 0.8-mm-i.d. PTFE tubing) by sequential aspiration of 750 and 700 μL of 0.2 and 0.1 M NaCl, respectively. As the flow was reversed toward the column (5 μL s(-1)) the interdispersion of these solutions created a reproducible gradient which separated the proteins in 10 min, with the following order of retention: ribonuclease A < cytochrome C < lysozyme. The elution order was consistent with a cation-exchange mechanism as the retention increased with the isoelectric points.

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Chickens; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Cytochromes c; Epoxy Compounds; Horses; Methacrylates; Muramidase; Myoglobin; Polymers; Ribonuclease, Pancreatic

A novel reverse-phase monolithic stationary phase containing double long alkyl chains was prepared based on the thermally initiated co-polymerization of 3-methylacryloyl-3-oxapropyl-3-(N,N-dioctadecylcarbamoyl)-propionate (AOD) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA) in the presence of 2-methyl-1-propanol and 1,4-butanediol as the selected porogens. The polymerization was carefully optimized and good permeability, stability and column efficiency were observed for the final monolithic columns. The column also showed good long term stability and reproducibility. The methylene selectivity demonstrates typical reversed phase characteristics. The optimized poly (AOD-co-EDMA) monolith exhibited good selectivity for a range of non-polar test analytes such as PAHs, tocopherols and alkylphenones. A good separation of intact proteins was also observed.

Topics: Animals; Chickens; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Reverse-Phase; Cytochromes c; Ethylene Glycols; Methacrylates; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Muramidase; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; Reproducibility of Results; Ribonucleases; Tocopherols

A butyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate (BuMA-co-EDMA) monolith was synthesized by UV initiated polymerization at the inlet end of a 75 microm I.D. fused silica capillary that had been previously coated with a protein compatible polymer, poly(vinyl)alcohol. The monolith was used for on-line preconcentration of proteins followed by capillary electrophoresis (CE) separation. For the analysis of standard proteins (cytochrome c, lysozyme and trypsinogen A) this system proved reproducible. The run-to-run %RSD values for migration time and corrected peak area were less than 5%, which is typical of CE. As measured by frontal analysis using lysozyme as solute, saturation of a 1cm monolith was reached after loading 48 ng of protein. Finally, the BuMA-co-EDMA monolithic preconcentrator was coupled to a protein G monolithic column via a zero dead volume union. The coupled system was used for on-line removal of IgG, preconcentration of standard proteins and CE separation. This system could be a valuable sample preparation tool for the analysis of low abundance proteins in complex samples such as human serum, in which high abundance proteins, e.g., human serum albumin (HSA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG), hinder identification and quantification of low abundance proteins.

Topics: Cytochromes c; Electrophoresis, Capillary; Humans; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Immunoglobulin G; Methacrylates; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Muramidase; Polymers; Proteins; Reproducibility of Results; Serum Albumin; Solid Phase Extraction; Trypsinogen

The porous structure as well as the polarity of methacrylate ester-based monolithic stationary phases has been optimized to achieve the separation of various peptides originating from enzymatic digestion. The porous structure, determined by the size of both pores and microglobules, was varied through changes in the composition of porogenic solvents in the polymerization mixture, while the polarity was controlled through the incorporation of butyl, lauryl, or octadecyl methacrylate in the polymer backbone. Both the morphology and the chemistry of the monoliths had a significant effect on the retention and efficiency of the capillary columns. The best resolution of peptidic fragments obtained by digestion of Cytochrome c with trypsin in solution was obtained in a gradient LC-MS mode using a monolithic capillary column of poly(lauryl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) featuring small pores and small microglobules. Raising the temperature from 25 to 60 degrees C enabled separations to be carried out at 40% higher flow rates. Separations carried out at 60 degrees C with a steeper gradient proceeded without loss of performance in half the time required for a comparable separation at room temperature. Our preparation technique affords monolithic columns with excellent column-to-column and run-to-run repeatability of retention times and pressure drops.

Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cytochromes c; Mass Spectrometry; Methacrylates; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Particle Size; Peptide Fragments; Polymethacrylic Acids; Porosity; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity; Solvents; Surface Properties; Temperature; Time Factors; Trypsin

A monolithic enzymatic microreactor was prepared in a fused-silica capillary by in situ polymerization of acrylamide, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) in the presence of a binary porogenic mixture of dodecanol and cyclohexanol, followed by ammonia solution treatment, glutaraldehyde activation and trypsin modification. The choice of acrylamide as co-monomer was found useful to improve the efficiency of trypsin modification, thus, to increase the enzyme activity. The optimized microreactor offered very low back pressure, enabling the fast digestion of proteins flowing through the reactor. The performance of the monolithic microreactor was demonstrated with the digestion of cytochrome c at high flow rate. The digests were then characterized by CE and HPLC-MS/MS with the sequence coverage of 57.7%. The digestion efficiency was found over 230 times as high as that of the conventional method. In addition, for the first time, protein digestion carried out in a mixture of water and ACN was compared with the conventional aqueous reaction using MS/MS detection, and the former solution was found more compatible and more efficient for protein digestion.

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Chromatography, Liquid; Cytochromes c; Enzymes, Immobilized; Epoxy Compounds; Heart; Horses; Methacrylates; Microchemistry; Peptide Fragments; Peptide Mapping; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; Trypsin