cytochrome-c-t and adenosine-2--5--diphosphate

NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (CPR) plays a central role in chemical detoxification and insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae, the major vector for malaria. Anopheles gambiae CPR (AgCPR) was initially expressed in Eschericia coli but failed to bind 2',5'-ADP Sepharose. To investigate this unusual trait, we expressed and purified a truncated histidine-tagged version for side-by-side comparisons with human CPR. Close functional similarities were found with respect to the steady state kinetics of cytochrome c reduction, with rates (k(cat)) of 105 s(-1) and 88 s(-1), respectively, for mosquito and human CPR. However, the inhibitory effects of 2',5'-ADP on activity were different; the IC(50) value of AgCPR for 2',5'-ADP was significantly higher (6-10 fold) than human CPR (hCPR) in both phosphate and phosphate-free buffer, indicative of a decrease in affinity for 2',5'-ADP. This was confirmed by isothermal titration calorimetry where binding of 2',5'-ADP to AgCPR (K(d) = 410±18 nM) was ∼10 fold weaker than human CPR (K(d) = 38 nM). Characterisation of the individual AgFMN binding domain revealed much weaker binding of FMN (K(d) = 83±2.0 nM) than the equivalent human domain (K(d) = 23±0.9 nM). Furthermore, AgCPR was an order of magnitude more sensitive than hCPR to the reductase inhibitor diphenyliodonium chloride (IC(50) = 28 µM±2 and 361±31 µM respectively). Taken together, these results reveal unusual biochemical differences between mosquito CPR and the human form in the binding of small molecules that may aid the development of 'smart' insecticides and synergists that selectively target mosquito CPR.

Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Anopheles; Binding Sites; Calorimetry; Cytochromes c; Flavin Mononucleotide; Humans; Insect Proteins; Molecular Sequence Data; NADP; NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase; Protein Binding; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

The thermodynamics of coenzyme binding to human cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) and its isolated FAD-binding domain have been studied by isothermal titration calorimetry. Binding of 2',5'-ADP, NADP(+), and H(4)NADP, an isosteric NADPH analogue, is described in terms of the dissociation binding constant (K(d)), the enthalpy (DeltaH(B)) and entropy (TDeltaS(B)) of binding, and the heat capacity change (DeltaC(p)). This systematic approach allowed the effect of coenzyme redox state on binding to CPR to be determined. The recognition and stability of the coenzyme-CPR complex are largely determined by interaction with the adenosine moiety (K(d2)(')(,5)(')(-ADP) = 76 nM), regardless of the redox state of the nicotinamide moiety. Similar heat capacity change (DeltaC(p)) values for 2',5'-ADP (-210 cal mol(-)(1) K(-)(1)), NADP(+) (-230 cal mol(-)(1) K(-)(1)), and H(4)NADP (-220 cal mol(-)(1) K(-)(1)) indicate no significant contribution from the nicotinamide moiety to the binding interaction surface. The coenzyme binding stoichiometry to CPR is 1:1. This result validates a recently proposed one-site kinetic model [Daff, S. (2004) Biochemistry 43, 3929-3932] as opposed to a two-site model previously suggested by us [Gutierrez, A., Lian, L.-Y., Wolf, C. R., Scrutton, N. S., and Roberts, C. G. K. (2001) Biochemistry 40, 1964-1975]. Calorimetric studies in which binding of 2',5'-ADP to CPR (TDeltaS(B) = -13400 +/- 200 cal mol(-)(1), 35 degrees C) was compared with binding of the same ligand to the isolated FAD-binding domain (TDeltaS(B) = -11200 +/- 300 cal mol(-)(1), 35 degrees C) indicate that the number of accessible conformational substates of the protein increases upon 2',5'-ADP binding in the presence of the FMN-binding domain. This pattern was consistently observed along the temperature range that was studied (5-35 degrees C). This contribution of coenzyme binding energy to domain dynamics in CPR agrees with conclusions from previous temperature-jump studies [Gutierrez, A., Paine, M., Wolf, C. R., Scrutton, N. S., and Roberts, G. C. K. (2002) Biochemistry 41, 4626-4637]. A combination of calorimetry and stopped-flow spectrophotometry kinetics experiments showed that this linkage between coenzyme binding energetics and diffusional domain motion impinges directly on the molecular recognition of cytochrome c by CPR. Single-turnover reduction of cytochrome c by CPR (k(max) = 15 s(-)(1), K(d) = 37 microM) is critically coupled to coenzyme binding through ligand-indu

Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate; Calorimetry; Coenzymes; Cytochromes c; Humans; Kinetics; NADP; NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase; Oxidation-Reduction; Phosphates; Protein Binding; Protein Conformation; Protein Structure, Tertiary; Temperature; Thermodynamics; Titrimetry