cyclin-d1 and ginkgetin

Osteosarcoma is composed of tumor osteoblasts and bone-like tissues, with malignant tumors originating from osteogenesis organization. Osteosarcoma is a primary malignant bone tumor. Invasion and metastasis of osteosarcoma affect the prognosis of patients. However, effective therapeutic treatments remain to be identified. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible inhibitory and apoptotic effects of ginkgetin in osteosarcoma cells. 3.3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays were used to determine the effect ginkgetin exerted on the growth of osteosarcoma cells. Flow cytometry was used to determine cell apoptosis. STAT3 protein expression and activation of caspase-3/9 were measured using western blot analysis and the MTT and LDH assays, respectively. The results showed that ginkgetin inhibited cell growth and induced cell cytotoxicity in osteosarcoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with ginkgetin significantly activated the apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The anticancer activity of ginkgetin significantly inhibited STAT3 and promoted caspase-3/9 activation in osteosarcoma cells. The findings demonstrated that ginkgetin exerts growth inhibitory and apoptotic effects on osteosarcoma cells through the inhibition of STAT3 and activation of caspase-3/9.

Topics: Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Apoptosis; bcl-X Protein; Biflavonoids; Bone Neoplasms; Caspase 3; Caspase 9; Cell Division; Cell Line, Tumor; Cyclin D1; Enzyme Activation; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Genes, bcl-1; Genes, bcl-2; Humans; Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins; Neoplasm Proteins; Osteosarcoma; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; STAT3 Transcription Factor; Survivin

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is constitutively activated in human cancers. Therefore, STAT3 is a therapeutic target of cancer drug discovery. We previously reported that natural products inhibited constitutively activated STAT3 in human prostate tumor cells. We used a dual-luciferase assay to screen 200 natural products isolated from herbal medicines and we identified ginkgetin obtained from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba L. as a STAT3 inhibitor. Ginkgetin inhibited both inducible and constitutively activated STAT3 and blocked the nuclear translocation of p-STAT3 in DU-145 prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, ginkgetin selectively inhibited the growth of prostate tumor cells stimulated with activated STAT3. Ginkgetin induced STAT3 dephosphorylation at Try705 and inhibited its localization to the nucleus, leading to the inhibition of expression of STAT3 target genes such as cell survival-related genes (cyclin D1 and survivin) and anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL). Therefore, ginkgetin inhibited the growth of STAT3-activated tumor cells. We also found that ginkgetin inhibited tumor growth in xenografted nude mice and downregulated p-STAT3(Tyr705) and survivin in tumor tissues. This is the first report that ginkgetin exerts antitumor activity by inhibiting STAT3. Therefore, ginkgetin is a good STAT3 inhibitor and may be a useful lead molecule for development of a therapeutic STAT3 inhibitor.

Topics: Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; Biflavonoids; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Cyclin D1; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Female; G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints; Ginkgo biloba; HCT116 Cells; Humans; Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins; Interleukin-6; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Nude; Phosphorylation; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; Repressor Proteins; STAT3 Transcription Factor; Survivin; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays

Ginkgetin is a natural biflavonoid isolated from leaves of Ginkgo biloba L. Though it was known to have anti-inflammatory, anti-influenza virus, anti-fungal activity, osteoblast differentiation stimulating activity and neuro-protective effects, the underlying antitumor mechanism of ginkgetin still remains unclear. Thus, in the present study, anti-cancer mechanism of ginkgetin was elucidated in human prostate cancer PC-3 cells. Ginkgetin suppressed the viability of PC-3 cells in a concentration-dependent manner and also significantly increased the sub-G1 DNA contents of cell cycle in PC-3 cells. Ginkgetin activated caspase-3 and attenuated the expression of survival genes such as Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, survivin and Cyclin D1 at protein and mRNA levels. Consistently, pan-caspase inhibitor Z-DEVD-fmk blocked sub G1 accumulation and cleavages of PRAP and caspase 3 induced by ginkgetin in PC-3 cells. Overall, these findings suggest that ginkgetin induces apoptosis in PC-3 cells via activation of caspase 3 and inhibition of survival genes as a potent chemotherapeutic agent for prostate cancer treatment.

Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; bcl-X Protein; Biflavonoids; Caspases; Cell Line, Tumor; Cyclin D1; G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints; Ginkgo biloba; Humans; Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins; Male; Oligopeptides; Plant Leaves; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; Prostatic Neoplasms; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; Survivin