chlorophyll-a and acetochlor

Acetochlor is always used in maize (Zea mays L.) fields as a common pre-emergence herbicide. In this field study, we investigated the effects of acetochlor on the photosynthetic characteristics, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and antioxidant enzyme activities in acetochlor-resistant (BWC95) and acetochlor-sensitive (BWC12) near-isogenic lines. We sprayed acetochlor after sowing, using water treatment as the control. After spraying acetochlor, the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and the function of chloroplasts were significantly lower in BWC12 than BWC95, whereas the intercellular CO

Topics: Chlorophyll; Hydrogen Peroxide; Photosynthesis; Photosystem II Protein Complex; Plant Leaves; Toluidines; Waxes; Zea mays

Fluoroglycofen and acetochlor are two different herbicides used in vineyards to eradicate weeds. This present study first characterized the effects of these chemicals on phenotype of grape leaves. Results showed that acetochlor caused the middle- and upper-node grape leaves become yellow at 60th day after treatment, while fluoroglycofen caused the ones became dark green. Then the effects of fluoroglycofen on photosynthetic pigments and chloroplast ultrastructure were characterized. Results showed that fluoroglycofen increased the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents by different extent in different node leaves, while it did not affect the net photosynthesis rate significantly. Chloroplast ultrastructure analysis showed that the gap between thylakoids layers in few chloroplasts of middle-node leaves increased, which was also observed in ones of upper-node leaves; the number and size of chloroplast increased. Analysis on the deformed leaves of grapevines treated with 375 g ai ha(-1) fluoroglycofen showed that the starch grain per cell was much more and larger than that in the same size control leaves; the dark green and yellow parts had more or fewer chloroplast than the control, respectively, but both with more grana per chloroplast and less layers per granum. Chloroplasts went larger and round. Taken together, these results suggested that fluoroglycofen caused the grape leaves become dark green, which might be associated with the changes of chloroplast; the growth inhibition in the second year might be due to accumulation of starch.

Topics: Carbon Dioxide; Carotenoids; Chlorophyll; Chloroplasts; Herbicides; Hydrocarbons, Halogenated; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Nitrobenzoates; Phenotype; Photosynthesis; Plant Leaves; Toluidines; Vitis

Changes of the activity of antioxidant enzymes including peroxidases (POD) and superoxide dismutases (SOD) and the contents of chlorophyll (CHL), malondialdehyde (MDA), and soluble proteins (SP) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under the stress of acetochlor in soil were examined. The increased MDA level detected in the leaves of wheat after 1 day exposure of acetochlor indicated the presence of poisoning AOS. However, the difference of MDA levels in leaves of different concentrations of acetochlor decreased with the prolonged exposure. The data of POD could suggest that the plant had the capacity to counteract the oxidative stress caused by lower concentration of acetochlor, but the capacity would be lost with exposure time. It is indicated that the increase of POD activity in the leaves may be caused by H2O2 produced from sources other than SOD. The activity of POD and contents of MDA could not be considered as biomarkers of stress by acetochlor in soil. While the activity of SOD could be considered as biomarkers of stress by acetochlor in soil need farther research. But the contents of CHL and SP could be considered as biomarkers of stress by acetochlor in soil and there are dose-response relationships between the SP content in leaves and the concentration of acetochlor in soil.

Topics: Biomarkers; Chlorophyll; Herbicides; Plant Leaves; Plant Proteins; Soil Pollutants; Superoxide Dismutase; Toluidines; Triticum