chlorophyll-a and 2-4-dichlorophenol

Using plants to treat polluted sites and groundwater is an approach called phytoremediation. The aim of the present study was to investigated the toxicity, uptake, accumulation, and removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) in four Salix matsudana clones and to screen the feasibility of phytoremediation using S. matsudana clones. Willows were exposed to 2,4-DCP in hydroponic solution with the concentrations of 10, 20 and 30mg L(-1) for 96h. The biomass of shoots and roots were reduced. Chlorophyll content decreased significantly compared with the control. All root morphology values were different between clones and different concentrations. The 2,4-DCP endurance of four S. matsudana clones was gauged as follows: clone 18> clone 22> clone 8> clone 10. S. matsudana was found to promote 2,4-DCP removal relative to the contaminated solution without plants. From 52.2% to 73.7% of 2,4-DCP were removed by all treatments after 96h exposure. 2,4-DCP was mainly accumulated in roots than in shoots. Clone 22 was the most efficient for the accumulation of 2,4-DCP in plant tissues. The removal of 2,4-DCP from the media may result from its degradation or polymerized in the root zone by the plant enzymes. Phytoremediation of 2,4-DCP with S. matsudana clone 8, 18 and 22 seem to be a viable option, especially at lower concentrations. These clones could remove 2,4-DCP from aquatic environment rapidly and efficiently. In addition, the toxic effect on trees during the removal process is not lethal.

Topics: Biodegradation, Environmental; Chlorophenols; Chlorophyll; Hydroponics; Plant Roots; Salix; Solutions; Water Pollutants, Chemical

Toxicity of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) on the growth of Chlorella vulgaris was investigated in batch reactors. Results revealed that 4-CP did not adversely affect the growth of algae up to 20mg/L, however higher concentrations inhibited growth appreciably and no growth was detected at 100mg/L. 4-CP also caused some physiological changes in the algal cells as increasing initial 4-CP concentration caused a linear decrease in chlorophyll a (chl-a) content of the cell. 2,4-DCP up to 20mg/L did not exert toxic effect on the growth of C. vulgaris, rather an induction effect was evident. Unlike a linear decrease with 4-CP, no exact correlation between 2,4-DCP concentration and chl-a content of the cell was observed, but it was certain that the presence of 2,4-DCP caused some physiological changes in the cell of C. vulgaris. No biodegradation of 4-CP and 2,4-DCP was observed over a 30-day incubation.

Topics: Anthelmintics; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Chlorella vulgaris; Chlorophenols; Chlorophyll; Chlorophyll A; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Environmental Monitoring; Water Pollutants, Chemical

A peroxidative activity was found in solubilized thylakoid membranes of olives (Olea europaea) cv. hojiblanca that catalyses degradation of chloroplast pigments in the presence of H2O2 and 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP). The intermediate products of this degradation were analyzed using HPLC with diode array detection and the results indicated that 13(2)-OH-chlorophyll a and 13(2)-OH-chlorophyll b were the primary catabolites. The peroxidative activity assosiated with the thylakoid membranes affected, not only chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, but also other accessory pigments in the photosynthetic process, such as the carotenoids. Quantitatively, the progressive decrease of the ratios Chl a/b and total Chls a+b/carotenoids indicated a more rapid disappearance of Chl a than of Chl b and a faster degradation of Chls a+b than of carotenoids.

Topics: Carotenoids; Chlorophenols; Chlorophyll; Chlorophyll A; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Hydrogen Peroxide; Olea; Thylakoids

The fate and effects of 4-chlorophenol (4CP) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP) added to North Sea coastal plankton communities enclosed by large plastic bags were studied in three experiments of 4 to 6 weeks duration. The biodegradation of the compounds was studied in laboratory experiments using water from the enclosed ecosystems. 4CP and DCP, added at initial concentrations of 0.1-1.0 mg X liter-1, disappeared from the water in the enclosures in 5 to 23 days, 4CP generally being the less persistent. Degradation rates were generally comparable to those found in laboratory tests with the same water. 4CP was removed by biodegradation, and DCP was probably removed by a combination of biodegradation, photodegradation, and/or chemical degradation. Results indicated that biodegradation rates could be limited by lack of inorganic nutrients, leading to much lower degradation rates than would be expected from routine laboratory tests. Faster degradation after repeated addition of 4CP showed adaption of the bacterial community. Addition of 0.3 mg liter-1 4CP or DCP inhibited the phytoplankton growth rate slightly. The 1 mg liter-1 4CP or DCP inhibited the phytoplankton, changed the species composition, and also influenced the zooplankton. In two of the three experiments 1 mg liter-1 DCP resulted in a temporary lowering of bacterial numbers following the addition. In one experiment inhibitory effects were found after 4CP and DCP had disappeared from the water, pointing to the formation of a more toxic intermediate during the degradation of these compounds. The laboratory tests also indicated the formation of relatively stable intermediates. The concentrations causing the effects in the different bag experiments were quite similar. This indicates that, although the development of the plankton communities during the different experiments was different, the concentrations resulting in ecological effects are quite reproducible.

Topics: Animals; Biodegradation, Environmental; Chlorophenols; Chlorophyll; Plankton; Water Pollutants; Water Pollutants, Chemical