chlorophyll-a and 1-methylcyclopropene

The ripening of the apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) fruit is regulated by the phytohormone ethylene, where degreening is an important physiological metabolism caused by chlorophyll (Chl) degradation. However, to date, research on how ethylene affects the Chl degradation pathway of apple peel during ripening remains scarce. In this study, the effects of ethylene on the expression of Chl catabolic genes (CCGs) of apple peel during ripening were studied by treating harvested commercial mature apples with 0.5 μL L

Topics: Chlorophyll; Cyclopropanes; Ethylenes; Food Storage; Fruit; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Malus; Plant Growth Regulators; Plant Proteins

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of lysozyme coatings and 1-MCP on storage and preservation of kiwifruit stored at 4 ± 1 °C and 90-95% RH for 20 d. Ethylene production, respiratory rate, decay incidence, weight loss, firmness, chlorophyll, soluble solid, titratable acid, ascorbic acid, total bacterial count, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity of treated kiwifruit were examined. The results showed that lysozyme coatings or 1-MCP treatment inhibited ethylene production and respiratory rate, delayed the increase of decay incidence, weight loss, soluble solid and total bacterial count, improved firmness, chlorophyll, titratable acid, ascorbic acid content, APX, SOD and CAT activity during the storage compared with the untreated kiwifruit in different degree. Moreover, the combined effect of lysozyme coatings and 1-MCP was more excellent than that of lysozyme coatings or 1-MCP alone. In conclusion, our present results indicated that the combined treatment of lysozyme coatings and 1-MCP may be an efficient way to improve the postharvest quality and prolong the shelf life of kiwifruit.

Topics: Actinidia; Ascorbate Peroxidases; Ascorbic Acid; Catalase; Chlorophyll; Cyclopropanes; Ethylenes; Food Preservation; Muramidase; Superoxide Dismutase

Effect of pre-harvest methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and post-harvest 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatments on broccoli floret glucosinolate (GS) concentrations and quinone reductase (QR, an in vitro anti-cancer biomarker) inducing activity were evaluated two days prior to harvest, at harvest and at 10, 20, and 30 days of post-harvest storage at 4 °C. MeJA treatments four days prior to harvest of broccoli heads was observed to significantly increase floret ethylene biosynthesis resulting in chlorophyll catabolism during post-harvest storage and reduced product quality. Post-harvest treatment with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), which competitively binds to protein ethylene receptors, maintained post-harvest floret chlorophyll concentrations and product visual quality in both control and MeJA-treated broccoli. Transcript abundance of BoPPH, a gene which is responsible for the synthesis of pheophytinase, the primary enzyme associated with chlorophyll catabolism in broccoli, was reduced by 1-MCP treatment and showed a significant, negative correlation with floret chlorophyll concentrations. The GS, glucobrassicin, neoglucobrassicin, and gluconasturtiin were significantly increased by MeJA treatments. The products of some of the GS from endogenous myrosinase hydrolysis [sulforaphane (SF), neoascorbigen (NeoASG), N-methoxyindole-3-carbinol (NI3C), and phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC)] were also quantified and found to be significantly correlated with QR. Sulforaphane, the isothiocyanate hydrolysis product of the GS glucoraphanin, was found to be the most potent QR induction agent. Increased sulforaphane formation from the hydrolysis of glucoraphanin was associated with up-regulated gene expression of myrosinase (BoMyo) and the myrosinase enzyme co-factor gene, epithiospecifier modifier1 (BoESM1). This study demonstrates the combined treatment of MeJA and 1-MCP increased QR activity without post-harvest quality loss.

Topics: Acetates; Brassica; Chlorophyll; Cyclopentanes; Cyclopropanes; Enzyme Activation; Ethylenes; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Glucosinolates; Hydrolysis; Models, Biological; NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone); Oxidation-Reduction; Oxylipins; Pigmentation; Plant Growth Regulators; Time Factors

Broccoli deteriorates very quickly after harvest at ambient temperature due to the loss of green colour and the consequent yellowing of florets. To search for an effective method to control quality deterioration, the effect of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) combined with 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) treatment on visual quality, antioxidant enzymes and bioactive compounds in broccoli florets were investigated.. A combined treatment of 2.5 µL L⁻¹ 1-MCP and 200 mg L⁻¹ 6-BA significantly reduced the increase of lightness (L*) value, and retained a high level for the hue value (H) and chlorophyll content. Superoxide dismutase, ascobate peroxidase and catalase activities increased while the activity of peroxidase decreased during storage in treated samples in comparison with the controls. The combined treatment enhanced the biosynthesis of glucosinolate and the formation of the anticarcinogen sulforaphane, which improved the health benefit of broccoli.. These results indicate that a combined treatment of 1-MCP and 6-BA could be a good candidate for maintaining the visual quality and enhancing the nutritional value in broccoli during storage at 15 °C.

Topics: Anticarcinogenic Agents; Antioxidants; Benzyl Compounds; Brassica; Chlorophyll; Cold Temperature; Cyclopropanes; Flowering Tops; Food Preservatives; Food Quality; Food Storage; Glucosinolates; Humans; Isothiocyanates; Kinetin; Nutritive Value; Oxidoreductases; Pigments, Biological; Plant Growth Regulators; Plant Proteins, Dietary; Plant Stems; Purines; Sulfoxides; Thiocyanates

The fruit ripening developmental program is specific to plants bearing fleshy fruits and dramatically changes fruit characteristics, including color, aroma, and texture. The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) MADS box transcription factor RIPENING INHIBITOR (RIN), one of the earliest acting ripening regulators, is required for both ethylene-dependent and -independent ripening regulatory pathways. Recent studies have identified two dozen direct RIN targets, but many more RIN targets remain to be identified. Here, we report the large-scale identification of direct RIN targets by chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with DNA microarray analysis (ChIP-chip) targeting the predicted promoters of tomato genes. Our combined ChIP-chip and transcriptome analysis identified 241 direct RIN target genes that contain a RIN binding site and exhibit RIN-dependent positive or negative regulation during fruit ripening, suggesting that RIN has both activator and repressor roles. Examination of the predicted functions of RIN targets revealed that RIN participates in the regulation of lycopene accumulation, ethylene production, chlorophyll degradation, and many other physiological processes. Analysis of the effect of ethylene using 1-methylcyclopropene revealed that the positively regulated subset of RIN targets includes ethylene-sensitive and -insensitive transcription factors. Intriguingly, ethylene is involved in the upregulation of RIN expression during ripening. These results suggest that tomato fruit ripening is regulated by the interaction between RIN and ethylene signaling.

Topics: Binding Sites; Carotenoids; Chlorophyll; Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; Cyclopropanes; Ethylenes; Fruit; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Lycopene; MADS Domain Proteins; Molecular Sequence Data; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; Plant Proteins; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Signal Transduction; Solanum lycopersicum; Transcription Factors

Flowering potted plants during the postproduction stage are usually stored in inadequate environmental conditions. We evaluated the effect of the most common storage conditions and treatments on two Bougainvillea cultivars after harvest and during recovery. Flowering potted Bougainvillea plants were treated with 100 mL 2 mM amino-oxyacetic acid (AOA) or 500 ppb 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) prior storage in dark at 14°C for simulating transport or storage conditions and, subsequently, transferred to growth chambers at 20°C in the light for one week for evaluating the recovery ability. The plant stress during the experiments was assessed by ethylene, ABA, and chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements. Ethylene production was affected by temperature rather than treatments. ABA concentration declined in leaves and flowers during storage and was not affected by treatments. Fluorescence parameters appear to be very useful for screening Bougainvillea cultivars resistant to prolonged storage periods.

Topics: Abscisic Acid; Aminooxyacetic Acid; Chlorophyll; Chlorophyll A; Cyclopropanes; Ethylenes; Flowers; Fluorescence; Nyctaginaceae; Plant Leaves; Temperature

The peel yellowing is an important pigment physiological process of green fruit ripening, which mainly results from chlorophyll degradation in the fruit peel. In this work, two typical cultivars with different ripening speed, a slow ripening pear 'Emerald' (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd. cv. Emerald) and a fast ripening 'Jingbai' (Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim. cv. Jingbai) were used to investigate the molecular mechanism of chlorophyll degradation in pear yellowing/ripening during postharvest storage. The fruits after harvest were treated with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), an ethylene action inhibitor at 1.0 μLl(-1) to determine its effect on chloroplast ultrastructure and the expression of chlorophyll degradation associated genes in peel tissues. Our results show that the pears treated with 1-MCP had a lower ethylene production rate and higher chlorophyll content compared to those of untreated fruit. The more intact chloroplasts with well-organised grana thylakoids and small plastoglobuli were maintained in the peel of 1-MCP treated fruit for up to 30 and 15 d in 'Emerald' and 'Jingbai', respectively. The expression of chlorophyll degradation associated genes: pheophorbide a oxygenase (PAO), non-yellow colouring (NYC), NYC1-like (NOL), stay-green 1(SGR1), was suppressed, while no significant change was found in chlorophyllase 1 (CHL1) and red chlorophyll catabolite reductase (RCCR) in both cultivar fruits treated with 1-MCP. These results suggest that 1-MCP can delay chlorophyll degradation by inhibiting ethylene production and suppressing the gene expression of PAO, NYC, NOL and SGR1, which are closely associated with chlorophyll catabolic pathway.

Topics: Chlorophyll; Chloroplasts; Cyclopropanes; Food Storage; Fruit; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Plant Growth Regulators; Plant Proteins; Pyrus

A wide range of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) concentrations as well as various treatment durations have been studied in tomatoes by different researchers. However, little is known about interaction of 1-MCP doses and maturity stages of tomatoes. Therefore the effects of different concentrations of 1-MCP on storage and postharvest quality of 'Zorro' tomatoes harvested at mature green or pink maturity stages were investigated in a 2-year trial study.. Higher concentrations of 1-MCP delayed and/or inhibited all parameters related to fruit ripening, such as lycopene, chlorophyll, surface color, polygalacturonase (PG) activity and soluble solids content/titratable acidity (SSC/TA), and these effects were greater in tomatoes harvested at the mature green stages. Lower concentrations of 1-MCP slightly reduced the loss in general quality features compared with untreated tomatoes.. The results suggest that 1-MCP, especially at higher doses, is effective for delaying ripening of mature green tomatoes. Mature green fruits treated with 1000 nL L(-1) 1-MCP were stored for 35 days without significant decreases in quality characteristics such as elasticity, surface color and SSC/TA with certain physiological processes (ethylene production, PG activity, lycopene synthesis).

Topics: Acids; Agriculture; Carotenoids; Chlorophyll; Color; Cyclopropanes; Food Storage; Fruit; Lycopene; Polygalacturonase; Solanum lycopersicum

The responses of cherry tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme) fruits to post-harvest treatment with 1-MCP were investigated. The maturity stage at which 1-MCP application is most effective in delaying the ripening process was determined, and then the effects of different concentrations (0, 0.035, 0.07 and 0.11 microL/L) of 1-MCP on ethylene production, fruit softening, chlorophyll, lycopene and carotenoids contents of mature green (MG) cherry tomato fruits were assessed. 1-MCP at 0.07 and 0.11 microL/L reduced fruit C(2)H(4) production, delayed the C(2)H(4) peak at ambient temperature. Although 1-MCP at 0.035 microL/L was effective in retarding fruit ripening, it did not suppress endogenous ethylene production. Fruit softening was suppressed by 1-MCP, but its initiation was not affected by 1-MCP. The rate of chlorophyll degradation and its pattern of change with time, and the initiation of lycopene biosynthesis as well as its accumulation were all affected by 1-MCP, but only the accumulation of carotenoids was suppressed. Accumulation of lycopene and carotenoids was almost permanently hampered by 1-MCP at 0.07 microL/L or higher concentrations, and fruit color could not reach the control level even 2 weeks after 1-MCP treatment, indicating the close association of the metabolism of these pigments with ethylene perception. Since the concentration of 0.11 microL/L of 1-MCP was so high that it did not elicit additional response very much than 0.07 microL/L, these concentrations were considered to be practically effective concentrations for cherry tomato at MG stage. The effective 1-MCP concentrations might provide a useful reference to the levels of ethylene receptors as well as ethylene sensitivity in a specific fruit at given development stage.

Topics: Carotenoids; Chlorophyll; Cyclopropanes; Ethylenes; Fruit; Lycopene; Solanum lycopersicum; Time Factors