chlorantranilipole and fipronil

Exposure to plant protection products (PPPs) is one of the causes for the population decline of pollinators. In addition to direct exposure, pollinators are exposed to PPPs by pollen, nectar and honey that often contain residues of multiple PPPs. While in legislation PPPs are regarded mainly for their acute toxicity in bees, other effects such as neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, behavioural changes, stress responses and chronic effects that may harm different physiologically and ecologically relevant traits are much less or not regarded. Despite the fact that endocrine disruption by PPPs is among key effects weakening survival and thriving of populations, pollinators have been poorly investigated in this regard. Here we summarize known endocrine disruptive effects of PPPs in bees and compare them to other chronic effects. Endocrine disruption in honey bees comprise negative effects on reproductive success of queens and drones and behavioural transition of nurse bees to foragers. Among identified PPPs are insecticides, including neonicotinoids, fipronil, chlorantraniliprole and azadirachtin. So far, there exists no OECD guideline to investigate possible endocrine effects of PPPs. Admittedly, investigation of effects on reproduction success of queens and drones is rarely possible under laboratory conditions. But the behavioural transition of nurse bees to foragers could be a possible endpoint to analyse endocrine effects of PPPs under laboratory conditions. We identified some genes, including vitellogenin, which regulate this transition and which may be used as biomarkers for endocrine disruptive PPPs. We plea for a better implementation of the adverse outcome pathway concept into bee's research and propose a procedure for extending and complementing current assessments, including OECD guidelines, with additional physiological and molecular endpoints. Consequently, assessing potential endocrine disruption in pollinators should receive much more relevance.

Topics: Animals; Bees; Endocrine Disruptors; Honey; Insecticides; Limonins; Magnoliopsida; Neonicotinoids; ortho-Aminobenzoates; Plant Nectar; Pollen; Pollination; Pyrazoles; Reproduction

Several reports suggested that rice seedling nursery-box application of some systemic insecticides (neonicotinoids and fipronil) is the cause of the decline in dragonfly species noted since the 1990s in Japan. We conducted paddy mesocosm experiments to investigate the effect of the systemic insecticides clothianidin, fipronil and chlorantraniliprole on rice paddy field biological communities. Concentrations of all insecticides in the paddy water were reduced to the limit of detection within 3 months after application. However, residuals of these insecticides in the paddy soil were detected throughout the experimental period. Plankton species were affected by clothianidin and chlorantraniliprole right after the applications, but they recovered after the concentrations decreased. On the other hand, the effects of fipronil treatment, especially on Odonata, were larger than those of any other treatment. The number of adult dragonflies completing eclosion was severely decreased in the fipronil treatment. These results suggest that the accumulation of these insecticides in paddy soil reduces biodiversity by eliminating dragonfly nymphs, which occupy a high trophic level in paddy fields.

Topics: Amphibians; Animals; Body Size; Crustacea; Ecosystem; Environmental Monitoring; Female; Guanidines; Insecta; Insecticides; Male; Neonicotinoids; Nymph; Odonata; Oligochaeta; ortho-Aminobenzoates; Oryza; Oryzias; Plankton; Pyrazoles; Seasons; Thiazoles; Time Factors

Mutual interactions, including reciprocal food sharing and grooming between chlorantraniliprole- and fipronil-treated, and untreated Asian subterranean termites, Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann), were examined using rubidium as a tracer. Two questions were addressed in this study: (1) After insecticide treatment, does the mutual interaction between termiticide-treated termites and untreated nestmates increase? (2) Does the nutritional status of both termiticide-treated termites and untreated nestmates affect the mutual interaction?. The comparative data suggested that chlorantraniliprole-treated termites were more regularly attended by untreated termites than the fipronil-treated termites. Mutual interaction between the chlorantraniliprole-treated termites and untreated termites was not affected by their nutritional status. A high level of rubidium was present in the reciprocal exchange from fipronil-treated termites to starved untreated termites, indicating that intoxication induced alimentary or anal fluids served as a food source for starved termites.. The results of the present study indicated that termites exposed to chlorantraniliprole were more likely to cease feeding and then undergo starvation. Thus, the treated termites were subject to intensive reciprocal food exchange and frequent attention from untreated nestmates. In the fipronil treatment, starvation status facilitated the reciprocal food exchange rate from treated termites to starved untreated termites.

Topics: Animals; Eating; Insecticides; Interpersonal Relations; Isoptera; ortho-Aminobenzoates; Paper; Pyrazoles; Rubidium; Survival Analysis

Intrinsic toxicities of chlorantraniliprole, fipronil, and imidacloprid were evaluated with topical applications on worker termites. Worker termites were exposed to substrates treated with formulated chlorantraniliprole to study contact toxicity, tunneling, and postexposure behaviors. The intrinsic toxicities (LD50, ng/termite) of chlorantraniliprole (1.25, 0.96, and 0.44) and fipronil (0.12, 0.11, and 0.13) at 11 d were similar for workers from three termite colonies. Imidacloprid toxicity (LD50) values were highly variable among the workers from three different colonies, values at 11 d ranging from 0.7 to 75 ng/termite. Termite workers exposed to sand and soils treated with chlorantraniliprole at 50 ppm exhibited delayed mortality and, for most of the exposure times, it took >5 d to observe 90-100% mortality in termite workers. Exposure to chlorantraniliprole-treated sand (50 ppm) for as little as 1 min stopped feeding and killed 90-100% of the workers. Tunneling (≈ 2 h) in different soil types treated with chlorantraniliprole at 50 ppm, even those with high organic matter (6.3%) and clay content (30%), caused immediate feeding cessation in worker termites and mortality in the next 7-14 d. Worker termites exposed for 1 and 60 min to sand treated with chlorantraniliprole (50 ppm) were able to walk normally for 4 h after exposure in most cases. Delayed toxicity, increased aggregation, and grooming were observed in exposed termites and discussed in the context of horizontal transfer effects within termite colonies.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Imidazoles; Insect Control; Insecticides; Isoptera; Lethal Dose 50; Neonicotinoids; Nitro Compounds; ortho-Aminobenzoates; Pyrazoles; Soil

A simple and efficient method based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) and high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was developed for the determination of butylene fipronil, chlorpyrifos, chlorantraniliprole, fipronil, imidacloprid, indoxacarb and phoxim residues in bamboo shoots. The sample was extracted with acetonitrile and purified by a primary secondary amine (PSA) solid-phase extraction cartridge. The detection of targets was performed by HPLC-MS/MS with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. All the seven pesticides were completely separated in 15 min with an excellent linear relationship. The limits of detection and the limits of quantification for the seven pesticides were 0.02-0.5 microg/kg and 0.08-1.5 microg/kg, respectively. The recoveries of the seven pesticides spiked in a bamboo shoot sample at the levels of 4, 8, 32 microg/kg were in the range from 76.0% to 102.6% (the RSD < or = 11.0%, n = 3). The method was successfully applied to the real bamboo shoot samples. The method has high accuracy and sensitivity, and is simple and quick. It can meet the requirement of the simultaneous determination of the seven pesticides in bamboo shoots.

Topics: Chlorpyrifos; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Food Contamination; ortho-Aminobenzoates; Pesticide Residues; Plant Shoots; Pyrazoles; Sasa; Solid Phase Extraction; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

The uptake and potential transfer of chlorantraniliprole and fipronil by the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, was investigated in the laboratory by using donor-recipient model bioassays. Two different types of substrates, sandy loam soil (18.6% organic matter) and sand (0.19% organic matter), were used to evaluate how these treated substrates impact the direct mortality and transfer efficiency of the two nonrepellent termiticides tested at different concentrations. Chlorantraniliprole exhibited a more delayed mortality on termites than fipronil in sand. In soil, chlorantraniliprole did not cause higher mortality to either donor or recipient termite at any of the tested concentrations during a 21-d test period when compared with controls. Compared with the controls, a greater number of donors died in the soil treated with fipronil at 14 h postinteraction, and higher death of recipients occurred at 21 d but only in the 60-ppm concentration tested. Our data showed that chlorantraniliprole performed best in substrate with low organic matter against

Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Insecticides; Isoptera; ortho-Aminobenzoates; Pyrazoles; Silicon Dioxide; Soil; Time Factors