caryophyllene and terpinyl-acetate

Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim., an important spice plant, is rich in volatile components and has formed several cultivars in China. Genetic variation among different cultivars has significant effects on volatile components. In this study, a total of 52 volatile compounds were detected from 11 cultivars of Z. bungeanum, among which palmitic acid, (+)-limonene, phytol, β-caryophyllene, and terpinyl acetate were screened as characteristic compounds, with palmitic acid and phytol contributing the most to the volatile composition. Combined with the results of chemometric and content analyses, three Z. bungeanum chemotypes were identified: (+)-limonene, β-caryophyllene + terpinyl acetate, and palmitic acid + phytol. In addition, the dynamics of the accumulation of its main components were explored, and the optimal harvest period for Z. bungeanum leaves (late July or early August) was clarified. Moreover, histochemical analysis results showed that terpenoids were mainly accumulated in the oil cells of Z. bungeanum leaves, and there were some differences in the number of oil cells in different chemotypes of Z. bungeanum, which might affect the yield and quality of volatile components. The results showed that the differences of chemical composition among diverse chemotypes of Z. bungeanum might be an important factor leading to the quality differences of the same planting resources. Accordingly, the study on the classification of Z. bungeanum chemotypes and the accumulation patterns of major chemical components is of great theoretical significance and practical value as a favorable guarantee for the development and utilization of Z. bungeanum resources and quality control.

Topics: Limonene; Palmitic Acid; Phytol; Plant Leaves; Zanthoxylum

To gain insight into the differences in the composition and volatile components content in ancient

Topics: Plant Leaves; Solid Phase Microextraction; Thuja; Trees; Volatile Organic Compounds

Foods and beverage aroma results from multicomponent mixtures of volatile compounds present in the food that interact with olfactory receptors and produce a perceptual response in the brain. However, the perceptual interactions that occur when complex odor mixtures are combined are not well understood. Here we used Gas chromatography-Recomposition-Olfactometry (GC-R) to better understand the role that individual compounds have on the perceived sensory aroma of bitters. Bitters are the concentrated alcoholic extract of flavorful plant materials with a wide range of complex sensory and chemical aroma profiles that have not been extensively studied. Previously, we demonstrated that Angostura bitters are characterized by complex aroma attributes described as cola, ginger, orange peel, and black pepper and that the volatile composition of Angostura bitters is predominantly composed of terpenoids. Using GC-R to create in-instrument mixtures of the Angostura headspace extracts, the sensory attributes of Angostura extracts with linalool, α-terpinyl-acetate and caryophyllene omitted were evaluated. The omission experiments demonstrated direct and indirect effects of the individual compounds on the aroma attributes of Angostura bitters, through masking, additive, and synergistic interactions. Caryophyllene in particular, which was present in the headspace extracts at concentration only slightly above sensory threshold levels, had a large and unexpected impact on the sensory properties of the mixtures and may be most responsible for the aromas associated with the whole sample. The GC-R and statistical approaches used here provided valuable tools to reveal relationships among individual compounds and aroma attributes of foods that have not been currently theorized using existing analytical approaches.

Topics: Acyclic Monoterpenes; Adult; Chromatography, Gas; Citrus; Female; Flavoring Agents; Garcinia kola; Humans; Male; Odorants; Olfactometry; Piper nigrum; Plant Extracts; Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes; Terpenes; Zingiber officinale

The leaf and root essential oil composition of Boenninghausenia albiflora Reichb and Meissner (family: Rutaceae), collected from Uttarakhand, India, was analysed by capillary gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major constituents identified in the leaf essential oil were β-myrcene, (Z)-β-guaiene, (Z)-β-ocimene and β-caryophyllene, whereas bicyclogermacrene, α-terpinyl acetate, geijerene and β-copaene-4α-ol were identified as the major constituents of the root essential oil. This is the first time that the chemical compositions of leaf and root essential oils of B. albiflora have been investigated in detail. The results show significant qualitative and quantitative variations in leaf and root oil composition.

Topics: Acyclic Monoterpenes; Alkenes; Chromatography, Gas; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; India; Monoterpenes; Oils, Volatile; Plant Leaves; Plant Roots; Plants, Medicinal; Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes; Rutaceae; Sesquiterpenes; Terpenes

The chemical composition of essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the flower, leaf and stem of Falcaria vulgaris Bernh., which is endemic to Iran, were analysed by GC and GC/MS (samples were from two different localities: A from Ardabil and B from Khalkhal). α-Pinene was the major constituent in all the three oils (flower, leaf and stem) from sample A (43.8%, 33.0% and 50.9%, respectively). The oil of F. vulgaris flower was characterised by a higher amount of β-caryophyllene (25.2%) and 1,8-cineole (12.8%) among the eight components comprising 96.2% of the total oil detected. α-Terpinyl acetate (23.2%) and limonene (14.4%) predominated in the leaf oil. In the oils of sample B, α-pinene (16.1% in the flower oil, 31.5% in the leaf oil and 34.5% in the stem oil) was the major compound. Limonene (14.2%) and germacrene D (32.1%) were also the main constituents found in the leaf oil from sample B. α-Terpinyl acetate (21.9% in the leaf oil) and limonene (29.8% in stem oil) were the other major compounds obtained from this sample. Antibacterial activity was determined by the measurement of growth inhibitory zones.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bicyclic Monoterpenes; Chromatography, Gas; Cyclohexanols; Cyclohexenes; Eucalyptol; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Iran; Limonene; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Monoterpenes; Oils, Volatile; Plants, Medicinal; Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes; Sesquiterpenes; Sesquiterpenes, Germacrane; Terpenes