carnitine has been researched along with gamma-butyrobetaine in 150 studies
| Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 42 (28.00) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 23 (15.33) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 36 (24.00) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 40 (26.67) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 9 (6.00) | 2.80 |
| Authors | Studies |
|---|---|
| Kobayashi, D; Nezu, JI; Ohashi, R; Oku, A; Sai, Y; Shimane, M; Tamai, I; Tsuji, A | 1 |
| Englard, S | 1 |
| Kleber, HP; Seim, H; Strack, E | 1 |
| Seim, H; Strack, E | 2 |
| Hoppel, CL; Krahenbuhl, S; Minkler, PE | 1 |
| Brar, P; Fritz, IB; Siu, CH | 1 |
| Arakawa, N; Ha, TY; Otsuka, M | 1 |
| Rebouche, CJ | 4 |
| Chenard, CA; Rebouche, CJ | 1 |
| Sandor, A | 1 |
| Alkonyi, I; Cseko, J; Kispal, G; Sandor, A | 1 |
| Jung, H; Jung, K; Kleber, HP | 1 |
| Alkonyi, I; Cseko, J; Sandor, A | 1 |
| Emmrich, J; Seim, H | 1 |
| Hoppel, CL; Sandor, A | 1 |
| Bosch, EP; Chenard, CA; Nelson, SE; Rebouche, CJ; Schabold, KJ | 1 |
| Ciman, M; Mantovani, G; Sartorelli, L | 1 |
| Landfald, B; Larsen, PI; Strøm, AR; Sydnes, LK | 1 |
| Olson, AL; Rebouche, CJ | 1 |
| Deshusses, J; Nobile, S | 2 |
| Hoppel, CL; Ingalls, ST; Minkler, PE; Sandor, A | 1 |
| Baccino, D; Deshusses, J; Nobile, S; Takagi, T | 1 |
| Ciman, M; Sartorelli, L; Siliprandi, N | 1 |
| Cooper, TG; Gudermann, TW; Yeung, CH | 1 |
| Pande, SV | 1 |
| Bach, A | 1 |
| Bernard, T; Goas, G; Hamelin, J; Le Rudulier, D | 1 |
| Holme, E; Lindstedt, S; Nordin, I | 1 |
| Dunn, WA; Englard, S; Rettura, G; Seifter, E | 1 |
| Broquist, HP; Sachan, DS | 1 |
| Noël, H; Pande, SV; Parvin, R | 1 |
| Hoppel, CL; Ingalls, ST; Kormos, LS; Minkler, PE; Weir, DE | 1 |
| Daveluy, A; Pande, SV; Parvin, R | 1 |
| Holme, E; Linstedt, S; Nordin, I | 1 |
| Ezold, R; Kleber, HP; Seim, H; Strack, E | 1 |
| Hahn, P | 1 |
| Brørs, O; Bøhmer, T; Diep, QN | 1 |
| Bock, I; Melegh, B; Pap, M; Rebouche, CJ | 1 |
| Hanafusa, T; Harashima, H; Hayakawa, J; Kuwajima, M; Lu, K; Matsuzawa, Y; Miyagawa, J; Mizuno, A; Murakami, T; Nakajima, H; Namba, M; Ono, A; Sato, I; Shima, K | 1 |
| Bock, I; Cseko, J; Farkas, V; Sandor, A | 1 |
| Asaka, N; Horiuchi, M; Kobayashi, K; Saheki, T | 1 |
| Clouet, P; Demarquoy, J; Galland, S; Guyonnet, D; Le Borgne, F | 1 |
| Nezu, J; Ohashi, R; Oku, A; Sai, Y; Shimane, M; Tamai, I; Tsuji, A; Yabuuchi, H | 1 |
| Berardi, S; Krahenbühl, S; O'Neill, B; Stieger, B; Wachter, S | 1 |
| Longo, N; Scaglia, F; Wang, Y | 1 |
| Elssner, T; Kleber, HP; Preusser, A; Wagner, U | 1 |
| Inoue, F; Kinugasa, A; Kizaki, Z; Nakajima, H; Okochi, M; Sawada, T; Terada, N | 2 |
| Inoue, F; Kinugasa, A; Kizaki, Z; Kodo, N; Nakajima, H; Okochi, M; Sawada, T; Terada, N | 1 |
| Bayles, DO; Wilkinson, BJ | 1 |
| Brass, EP; Hoppel, CL; Krähenbühl, S | 1 |
| Debreceni, B; Farkas, V; Fischer, GM; Laszlo, A; Nemeti, B; Sandor, A; Schaffer, Z; Somogyi, C | 1 |
| Elssner, T; Frauendorf, H; Haferburg, D; Hennig, L; Kleber, HP | 1 |
| Engemann, C; Kleber, HP | 1 |
| Hashimoto, N; Hayakawa, JI; Higashi, Y; Miyamoto, KI; Nomura, M; Takeuchi, N; Tamai, I; Tsuji, A; Yokogawa, K | 1 |
| Cho, OK; Lee, IY; Naidu, GS; Park, YH | 1 |
| Baumgart, K; Elssner, T; Engemann, C; Kleber, HP | 1 |
| Kahn, ML; Walt, A | 1 |
| Buchholz, M; Clausen, J; Jung, H; Jung, K; Nietschke, M; Revermann, A; Schmid, R | 1 |
| Chen, N; Ding, M; Gribkoff, VK; Hewawasam, P; King, D; Knipe, J; Ortiz, A; Pajor, L; Starrett, J | 1 |
| BACQ, ZM; LIEBECQ-HUTTER, S | 1 |
| LIEBECQ-HUTTER, S | 1 |
| FRAENKEL, G; ITO, T | 1 |
| HOSEIN, EA; McLENNAN, H | 1 |
| CHAILLET, F; PHILIPPOT, E; SCHLAG, J | 1 |
| ROTZSCH, W; THOMITZEK, WD | 1 |
| HOSEIN, EA | 1 |
| AGARWAL, HC; HOUX, NW | 1 |
| HAWKINS, K; HOSEIN, EA; SMART, M | 1 |
| HOSEIN, EA; ROCHON, S; SMART, M; STRASBERG, Z | 1 |
| LINDSTEDT, G; LINDSTEDT, S | 1 |
| Baumane, L; Boucher, JL; Dzintare, M; Kalvinsh, I; Lauberte, L; Meirena, D; Sjakste, J; Sjakste, N | 1 |
| Chlopicki, S; Dambrova, M; Gorshkova, O; Kalvinsh, I; Kirjanova, O; Kozlovski, VI; Liepina, I; Liepinsh, E; Petrovska, R; Uhlen, S | 1 |
| Baumane, L; Boucher, JL; Dzintare, M; Kalvinsh, I; Kleschyov, AL; Meirena, D; Münzel, T; Sjakste, J; Sjakste, N; Sydow, K | 1 |
| Dickenmann, M; Krähenbühl, S; Steiger, J; Vernez, L; Wenk, M | 1 |
| Debreceni, B; Farkas, V; Fischer, GM; Sandor, A | 1 |
| Irokawa, M; Kobayashi, D; Maeda, T; Tamai, I; Tsuji, A | 1 |
| Dambrova, M; Kalvinsh, I; Kirjanova, O; Liepinsh, E; Loca, D; Pugovichs, O; Vilskersts, R | 1 |
| Eder, K; Hirche, F; Pösel, S; Ringseis, R | 1 |
| Barshop, BA; Gangoiti, JA; Siuzdak, G; Wikoff, WR | 1 |
| Iseki, S; Kido, Y; Kobayashi, D; Nezu, J; Sai, Y; Tamai, I; Tsuji, A; Wakayama, T; Yoshida, K | 1 |
| Eder, K; Fischer, M; Geissler, S; Hirche, F; Kluge, H; Luci, S; Ringseis, R; Spielmann, J; Wen, G | 1 |
| Eder, K; Koch, A; König, B; Stangl, GI | 1 |
| Mayatepek, E; Primassin, S; Spiekerkoetter, U; Ter Veld, F | 1 |
| Gao, P; Gu, J; He, X; Shi, X; Wan, D; Wang, T; Wang, Y; Xu, G; Yang, S; Zhang, P | 1 |
| Eder, K; Fischer, M; Hirche, F; Kluge, H | 1 |
| Belozertseva, I; Cirule, H; Dambrova, M; Kalvinsh, I; Liepinsh, E; Pugovichs, O; Svalbe, B; Zorenko, T; Zvejniece, L | 1 |
| Cirule, H; Dambrova, M; Kalvinsh, I; Kuka, J; Liepinsh, E; Pugovics, O; Skapare, E; Svalbe, B; Vilskersts, R | 2 |
| Eder, K; Fischer, M; Hirche, F; Keller, J; Kluge, H; Ringseis, R | 1 |
| Chlopicki, S; Dambrova, M; Grinberga, S; Kalvinsh, I; Liepinsh, E; Mateuszuk, L; Vilskersts, R | 1 |
| Eder, K; Keller, U; Röpke, F; Scheler, C; Seliger, G; van der Wal, C | 1 |
| Eder, K; Fischer, M; Hirche, F; Keller, J | 1 |
| Bagdoniene, L; Borutinskaite, V; Juodka, B; Kalviņs, I; Labeikyte, D; Prokofjevs, A; Sjakste, N; Trapencieris, P | 1 |
| Fujita, M; Kobayashi, D; Moseley, RH; Nakanishi, T; Shibue, Y; Shirasaka, Y; Tamai, I | 1 |
| Eder, K; Hanisch, N; Ringseis, R; Seliger, G | 1 |
| Geldmacher, U; Köster, S; Kühlbrandt, W; Schulze, S; Terwisscha van Scheltinga, AC | 1 |
| McLuckey, SA; Mentinova, M | 1 |
| Dambrova, M; Liepinsh, E; Muceniece, R; Pugovics, O; Svalbe, B; Vavers, E; Zvejniece, L | 1 |
| Dambrova, M; Grinberga, S; Kalvinsh, I; Konrade, I; Kuka, J; Liepinsh, E; Pugovics, O; Skapare, E | 1 |
| Cirule, H; Dambrova, M; Kalvinsh, I; Kuka, J; Liepinsh, E; Makrecka, M; Pugovics, O; Vilskersts, R | 1 |
| Fujita, M; Fukuyama, Y; Nakanishi, T; Shirasaka, Y; Tamai, I | 1 |
| Galluccio, M; Indiveri, C; Pani, G; Pochini, L; Scalise, M; Siminovitch, KA | 1 |
| Donzelli, M; Fischer-Barnicol, D; Krähenbühl, S; Morand, R; Mullen, PJ; Todesco, L | 1 |
| Bahar, I; Zomot, E | 1 |
| Charrier, A; Merlier, F; Perrin, Y; Rippa, S; Zhao, Y | 1 |
| Akai, N; Arima, J; Bari, MR; Hassan, M; Mori, N | 1 |
| Cirule, H; Dambrova, M; Grinberga, S; Mezhapuke, R; Vilskersts, R; Zharkova-Malkova, O | 1 |
| Auriola, S; Hanhineva, K; Huotari, A; Keski-Rahkonen, P; Kolehmainen, M; Lehtonen, M; Mykkänen, H; Olli, K; Pekkinen, J; Poutanen, K; Tiihonen, K | 1 |
| Igarashi, K; Katsumi, T; Nishise, Y; Okumoto, K; Saito, K; Saito, T; Sato, C; Shao, L; Soga, T; Sugimoto, M; Tomita, K; Tomita, M; Ueno, Y; Watanabe, H | 1 |
| Kanemaki, N; Ochiai, H; Onda, K; Sato, R | 1 |
| Cirule, H; Dambrova, M; Grinberga, S; Gustina, D; Kuka, J; Liepins, J; Liepinsh, E; Loza, E; Makrecka-Kuka, M; Pugovics, O; Zharkova-Malkova, O | 1 |
| Bruylants, G; Cornut, D; Jabin, I; Moerkerke, S; Wouters, J | 1 |
| Buffa, JA; Culley, MK; DiDonato, JA; Gregory, JC; Hazen, SL; Koeth, RA; Levison, BS; Li, L; Lusis, AJ; Org, E; Smith, JD; Tang, WHW; Wang, Z; Wu, Y | 1 |
| Dambrova, M; Grinberga, S; Hartmane, D; Konrade, I; Latkovskis, G; Liepinsh, E; Pugovics, O; Sevostjanovs, E; Strele, I | 1 |
| Albentosa, M; Bernal, C; Campillo, JA; Cánovas, M; León, VM; Lozano, AB; Sevilla, A | 1 |
| Cirule, H; Dambrova, M; Grinberga, S; Kuka, J; Liepinsh, E; Makarova, E; Makrecka-Kuka, M; Sevostjanovs, E; Vilskersts, R; Volska, K | 1 |
| Hoppel, CL; Ingalls, ST; Kerner, J; Minkler, PE; Stoll, MS | 2 |
| Brem, J; Choi, H; Claridge, TD; Kamps, JJ; Khan, A; Lesniak, RK; McDonough, MA; Mecinović, J; Rydzik, AM; Schofield, CJ | 1 |
| Abbas, A; Aukrust, P; Berge, RK; Bjerkeli, V; Gregersen, I; Halvorsen, B; Holm, S; Hov, JE; Karlsen, TH; Kummen, M; Reier-Nilsen, F; Russell, D; Skagen, K; Skjelland, M; Svardal, A; Trøseid, M; Ueland, T | 1 |
| Berge, RK; Hov, JR; Lappegård, KT; Nestvold, TK; Svardal, A; Thoresen, H; Trøseid, M | 1 |
| Hollak, CE; Houten, SM; Houtkooper, RH; Schooneman, MG; Soeters, MR; Vaz, FM; Wanders, RJ | 1 |
| Arima, J; Fujimitsu, H; Fukui, A; Matsumoto, A; Mohamed Ahmed, IA; Mori, N; Okada, K; Takubo, S | 1 |
| Chen, YC; Feng, CH; Tsai, CJ | 1 |
| Cirule, H; Dambrova, M; Grinberga, S; Hartmane, D; Liepinsh, E; Makarova, E; Sevostjanovs, E; Zharkova-Malkova, O | 1 |
| Cirule, H; Dambrova, M; Grinberga, S; Kuka, J; Liepinsh, E; Makrecka-Kuka, M; Sevostjanovs, E | 1 |
| Berge, RK; Flygel, MR; Lysne, V; Løland, KH; Nygård, O; Pedersen, ER; Rebnord, EW; Strand, E; Svardal, A; Svingen, GFT; Tell, GS | 1 |
| Broniowska, K; Levy, HL; Murali, SG; Nair, N; Ney, DM; Rohr, F; Stroup, BM | 1 |
| Bartlett, D; Cody, DB; Copeland, MF; Culley, MK; Dai, HJ; DiDonato, JA; Fu, X; Garcia-Garcia, JC; Gu, X; Hazen, SL; Kirsop, J; Koeth, RA; Lam-Galvez, BR; Levison, BS; Li, L; Li, XS; Tang, WHW; Wang, Z; Wu, Y | 1 |
| Bazire, P; Darii, E; Lechaplais, C; Perchat, N; Perret, A; Salanoubat, M | 1 |
| Chakraborty, N; Donohue, D; Gautam, A; Hammamieh, R; Hoke, A; Jett, M; Miller, SA; Muhie, S | 1 |
| Andreassen, AK; Arora, S; Aukrust, P; Berge, RK; Broch, K; Dellgren, G; Gude, E; Gullestad, L; Hov, JR; Karason, K; Mayerhofer, CCK; Svardal, A; Trøseid, M; Ueland, T | 1 |
| Acikgoz, A; Berge, RK; Bjørndal, B; Caliskan Guzelce, E; Eyupoglu, ND; Svardal, A; Uyanik, E; Yildiz, BO | 1 |
| Claridge, TDW; Kahn, A; Kamps, JJAG; Leśniak, RK; Rydzik, AM; Schofield, CJ | 1 |
| Jacques, F; Končitíková, R; Kopečná, M; Kopečný, D; Perrin, Y; Rippa, S; Zhao, Y | 1 |
| Chen, L; Chen, Y; Fan, D; Zhao, M; Zheng, L | 1 |
| Bernieh, D; Cassambai, S; Heaney, LM; Israr, MZ; Jones, DJL; Ng, LL; Salzano, A; Suzuki, T; Yazaki, Y | 1 |
| Balskus, EP; Bollenbach, M; Fu, B; Rajakovich, LJ | 1 |
| Ellenbogen, JB; Jiang, R; Kountz, DJ; Krzycki, JA; Zhang, L | 1 |
| Ragsdale, SW | 1 |
| de Oliveira Otto, MC; Fretts, A; Hazen, SL; Lai, HTM; Lee, Y; Lemaitre, RN; Li, XS; Lopez, O; Mozaffarian, D; Nemet, I; Newman, AB; Siscovick, DS; Tang, WHW; Wang, M; Wang, Z | 1 |
| Dong, E; Gao, J; Huang, M; Ji, L; Li, C; Wang, DW; Wang, Y; Wei, H; Wu, J; Zhang, Q; Zhao, C; Zhao, M; Zheng, L | 1 |
| Davies, A; Hazen, SL; Klingenberg, R; Laaksonen, R; Li, XS; Lüscher, TF; Mach, F; Matter, CM; Muller, O; Obeid, S; Räber, L; Wang, Z; Wenzl, FA; Winzap, P | 1 |
2 review(s) available for carnitine and gamma-butyrobetaine
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Myocardial carnitine transport.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Biological Transport, Active; Carnitine; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Mitochondria, Heart; Myocardium; Sarcolemma | 1987 |
Carnitine biosynthesis in rat and man: tissue specificity.
Topics: Aldehydes; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Humans; Hydroxylysine; Lysine; Organ Specificity; Rats; Species Specificity | 1981 |
5 trial(s) available for carnitine and gamma-butyrobetaine
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Carnitine status of pregnant women: effect of carnitine supplementation and correlation between iron status and plasma carnitine concentration.
Topics: Adult; Betaine; Carnitine; Dietary Supplements; Erythrocyte Indices; Female; Ferritins; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Iron; Pregnancy; Single-Blind Method; Young Adult | 2009 |
Mildronate treatment alters γ-butyrobetaine and l-carnitine concentrations in healthy volunteers.
Topics: Adult; Betaine; Cardiovascular Agents; Carnitine; Diet; Female; Humans; Male; Meat; Methylhydrazines; Middle Aged; Young Adult | 2011 |
Dynamics of serum metabolites in patients with chronic hepatitis C receiving pegylated interferon plus ribavirin: a metabolomics analysis.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Antiviral Agents; Area Under Curve; Betaine; Carnitine; Chromatography, Liquid; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Glycine; Hepatitis C, Chronic; Humans; Interferons; Male; Metabolomics; Middle Aged; Polyethylene Glycols; Principal Component Analysis; Ribavirin; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Treatment Outcome; Tryptophan; Viral Load | 2013 |
Metabolomic Markers of Essential Fatty Acids, Carnitine, and Cholesterol Metabolism in Adults and Adolescents with Phenylketonuria.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Amino Acids; Betaine; Biomarkers; Carnitine; Caseins; Cholesterol; Cross-Over Studies; Dietary Supplements; Erythrocytes; Fasting; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Metabolomics; Methylamines; Middle Aged; Peptide Fragments; Phenylketonurias | 2018 |
l-Carnitine in omnivorous diets induces an atherogenic gut microbial pathway in humans.
Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Clostridiales; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Male; Methylamines; Mice; Pilot Projects; Vegans | 2019 |
143 other study(ies) available for carnitine and gamma-butyrobetaine
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Molecular and functional characterization of organic cation/carnitine transporter family in mice.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Base Sequence; Carrier Proteins; Cell Line; DNA, Complementary; Humans; Membrane Proteins; Membrane Transport Proteins; Mice; Molecular Sequence Data; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; Recombinant Proteins; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; Symporters | 2000 |
Hydroxylation of gamma-butyrobetaine to carnitine in human and monkey tissues.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Haplorhini; Humans; Hydroxylation; Kidney; Liver; Macaca; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Muscles; Organ Specificity; Species Specificity | 1979 |
[Reduction of L-carnitine to gamma-butyrobetaine by Escherichia coli].
Topics: Aerobiosis; Anaerobiosis; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Crotonates; Culture Media; Escherichia coli; Intestines; Oxidation-Reduction; Rats; Stereoisomerism | 1979 |
[Formation in vivo of gamma-butyrobetaine from exogenous L(-)-carnitine in mice and rats].
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Kinetics; Mice; Rats; Species Specificity | 1979 |
Derivatization of isolated endogenous butyrobetaine with 4'-bromophenacyl trifluoromethanesulfonate followed by high-performance liquid chromatography.
Topics: Acetophenones; Animals; Betaine; Biotransformation; Carnitine; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Indicators and Reagents; Liver; Rats | 1992 |
Inhibition of cell-cell adhesion and morphogenesis of Dictyostelium by carnitine.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Carnitine O-Acetyltransferase; Cell Adhesion; Cell Communication; Choline; Dictyostelium; Edetic Acid; Membrane Glycoproteins; Morphogenesis | 1992 |
The regulatory effect of ascorbate on the carnitine synthesis in primary cultured guinea pig hepatocytes.
Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Betaine; Carnitine; Cells, Cultured; Guinea Pigs; Hydroxylation; Liver; Male | 1991 |
Quantitative estimation of absorption and degradation of a carnitine supplement by human adults.
Topics: Absorption; Administration, Oral; Adult; Betaine; Carnitine; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Feces; Humans; Male; Methylamines; Scintillation Counting | 1991 |
Metabolic fate of dietary carnitine in human adults: identification and quantification of urinary and fecal metabolites.
Topics: Adult; Betaine; Biotransformation; Carnitine; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Diet; Feces; Humans; Male; Methylamines; Scintillation Counting; Tritium | 1991 |
Butyrobetaine is equal to L-carnitine in elevating L-carnitine levels in rats.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Kidney; Liver; Male; Muscles; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stereoisomerism | 1991 |
Surplus acylcarnitines in the plasma of starved rats derive from the liver.
Topics: Acylation; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Liver; Male; Perfusion; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reference Values; Starvation | 1990 |
L-carnitine uptake by Escherichia coli.
Topics: 2,4-Dinitrophenol; Anaerobiosis; Betaine; Binding, Competitive; Biological Transport, Active; Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone; Carnitine; Dinitrophenols; Escherichia coli; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Oxidation-Reduction; Temperature; Uncoupling Agents | 1990 |
Role of the liver in carnitine metabolism: the mechanism of development of carnitine-deficient status in guinea-pigs.
Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Betaine; Carnitine; Guinea Pigs; Liver; Male; Starvation | 1990 |
[Stimulation of leukocyte migration by L-carnitine].
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Cell Migration Inhibition; Cell Movement; Cells, Cultured; Chemotaxis; Humans; Leukocytes; Male | 1985 |
Butyrobetaine availability in liver is a regulatory factor for carnitine biosynthesis in rat. Flux through butyrobetaine hydroxylase in fasting state.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Biological Availability; Carnitine; Fasting; gamma-Butyrobetaine Dioxygenase; Liver; Lysine; Male; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Whole-Body Counting | 1989 |
Utilization of dietary precursors for carnitine synthesis in human adults.
Topics: Adult; Betaine; Carnitine; Diet, Vegetarian; Dietary Proteins; Female; Humans; Lysine; Male; Methionine; Muscles; Nutritional Requirements; Protein Precursors | 1989 |
Carnitine and deoxycarnitine concentration in rat tissues and urine after their administration.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Female; Kidney; Muscles; Myocardium; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Tissue Distribution | 1989 |
Osmoregulation in Escherichia coli by accumulation of organic osmolytes: betaines, glutamic acid, and trehalose.
Topics: Amino Acids; Betaine; Carnitine; Culture Media; Disaccharides; Escherichia coli; Glutamates; Glutamic Acid; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Osmolar Concentration; Proline; Trehalose; Water-Electrolyte Balance | 1987 |
Synthesis of carnitine precursors and related compounds.
Topics: Amines; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Hydroxylysine; Lysine; Rats | 1986 |
gamma-Butyrobetaine hydroxylase activity is not rate limiting for carnitine biosynthesis in the human infant.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aging; Betaine; Carnitine; Child, Preschool; Female; gamma-Butyrobetaine Dioxygenase; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Kidney; Liver; Lysine; Male; Middle Aged; Mixed Function Oxygenases | 1987 |
Evidence for a role of a vicinal dithiol in the transport of gamma-butyrobetaine in Agrobacterium sp.
Topics: Arsenicals; Betaine; Biological Transport, Active; Carnitine; Ethylmaleimide; Rhizobium; Sulfhydryl Reagents | 1988 |
An enzymatic method for the determination of butyrobetaine via conversion to carnitine after isolation by high performance liquid chromatography.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Child, Preschool; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Methods; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains | 1988 |
Purification and properties of the gamma-butyrobetaine-binding protein from an Agrobacterium sp.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Amino Acids; Bacterial Proteins; Betaine; Carnitine; Carrier Proteins; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Isoelectric Focusing; Molecular Sequence Data; Molecular Weight; Peptide Fragments; Rhizobium; Trypsin | 1988 |
Characteristics of the transport of carnitine into the cauda epididymidis of the rat as ascertained by luminal perfusion in vitro.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Biological Transport, Active; Carnitine; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Epididymis; In Vitro Techniques; Inulin; Kinetics; Male; Perfusion; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stereoisomerism | 1986 |
Synthesis of radioactive (-)-carnitine from gamma-aminobutyrate.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Methylation | 1986 |
Transport of gamma-butyrobetaine in an Agrobacterium species isolated from soil.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Betaine; Biological Transport; Carnitine; Carrier Proteins; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Osmotic Pressure; Rhizobium; Soil Microbiology | 1986 |
[Carnitine biosynthesis in mammals].
Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Humans; Lysine; Mammals; Methionine; Neurospora crassa; Tissue Distribution | 1982 |
Osmoregulation in Klebsiella pneumoniae: enhancement of anaerobic growth and nitrogen fixation under stress by proline betaine, gamma-butyrobetaine, and other related compounds.
Topics: Anaerobiosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Humans; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Nitrogen Fixation; Nitrogenase; Osmolar Concentration; Proline; Stimulation, Chemical; Water-Electrolyte Balance | 1984 |
Uncoupling and isotope effects in gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylation.
Topics: Betaine; Carbon Dioxide; Carnitine; gamma-Butyrobetaine Dioxygenase; Humans; Kidney; Kinetics; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Substrate Specificity; Tritium | 1984 |
Carnitine biosynthesis from gamma-butyrobetaine and from exogenous protein-bound 6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine by the perfused guinea pig liver. Effect of ascorbate deficiency on the in situ activity of gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase.
Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Betaine; Carbon Radioisotopes; Carnitine; gamma-Butyrobetaine Dioxygenase; Guinea Pigs; Liver; Lysine; Male; Methylation; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Orosomucoid; Perfusion; Tissue Distribution; Tritium | 1984 |
Synthesis of carnitine from epsilon-N-trimethyllysine in post mitochondrial fractions of Neurospora crassa.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Cell-Free System; Cytosol; Lysine; Mitochondria; Neurospora; Neurospora crassa; Subcellular Fractions | 1980 |
gamma-butyrobetaine in tissues and serum of fed and starved rats determined by an enzymic radioisotopic procedure.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carbon Radioisotopes; Carnitine; Ferrous Compounds; gamma-Butyrobetaine Dioxygenase; Male; Methods; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Starvation; Tissue Distribution | 1984 |
Determination of carnitine, butyrobetaine, and betaine as 4'-bromophenacyl ester derivatives by high-performance liquid chromatography.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Kinetics; Phenylacetates | 1984 |
Effect of dietary carnitine isomers and gamma-butyrobetaine on L-carnitine biosynthesis and metabolism in the rat.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Diet; Isomerism; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Tissue Distribution | 1983 |
Enzymatic synthesis of radioactive (-)-carnitine from gamma-butyrobetaine prepared by the methylation of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Drug Stability; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Isotope Labeling; Methylation; Tritium | 1982 |
Uncoupling in the gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase reaction by D- and L-carnitine.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Catechol 1,2-Dioxygenase; Dioxygenases; Hot Temperature; Humans; Isomerism; Ketoglutaric Acids; Kinetics; Oxygenases; Time Factors | 1982 |
[Metabolism of L-carnitine in enterobacteria].
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Crotonates; Enterobacteriaceae | 1980 |
The development of carnitine synthesis from gamma-butyrobetaine in the rat.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Female; Liver; Male; Pregnancy; Rats | 1981 |
[Reduction of crotonobetaine and D-carnitine to gamma-butyrobetaine, and the metabolism of L-carnitine in the mouse and rat].
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Betaine; Butyrates; Carnitine; Crotonates; Kinetics; Mice; Oxidation-Reduction; Rats; Species Specificity | 1980 |
Formation of pivaloylcarnitine in isolated rat heart cells.
Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Cells, Cultured; Kinetics; Myocardium; Pentanoic Acids; Pivampicillin; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 1995 |
The ability of guinea pigs to synthesize carnitine at a normal rate from epsilon-N-trimethyllysine or gamma-butyrobetaine in vivo is not compromised by experimental vitamin C deficiency.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Betaine; Carnitine; Food, Fortified; Guinea Pigs; Lysine; Male; Reference Values; Time Factors; Weight Gain | 1995 |
Relationship of carnitine and carnitine precursors lysine, epsilon-N-trimethyllysine, and gamma-butyrobetaine in drug-induced carnitine depletion.
Topics: Adolescent; Bacteriuria; Betaine; Carnitine; Child; Child, Preschool; Creatinine; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Lysine; Male; Pivampicillin; Urinary Tract Infections; Valproic Acid | 1993 |
Carnitine transport defect in fibroblasts of juvenile visceral steatosis (JVS) mouse.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Biological Transport; Carnitine; Cells, Cultured; Fatty Liver; Fetus; Fibroblasts; Hypoglycemia; Mice; Mice, Inbred C3H; Mice, Mutant Strains; Myocardium; Reference Values | 1996 |
Inhibition of carnitine biosynthesis by valproic acid in rats--the biochemical mechanism of inhibition.
Topics: Acetyl Coenzyme A; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Betaine; Carnitine; Coenzyme A; Glutamic Acid; Humans; Ketoglutaric Acids; Liver; Male; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Valproic Acid | 1996 |
Secondary abnormality of carnitine biosynthesis results from carnitine reabsorptional system defect in juvenile visceral steatosis mice.
Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Animals; Betaine; Biological Transport; Carnitine; Kidney; Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Liver; Mice; Mice, Inbred C3H; Mice, Mutant Strains; Muscle, Skeletal | 1997 |
Purification and characterization of the rat liver gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase.
Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Betaine; Carnitine; Catalase; Catalysis; Chromatography, Affinity; Enzyme Inhibitors; Ferrous Compounds; gamma-Butyrobetaine Dioxygenase; Hydroxylation; Ketoglutaric Acids; Kinetics; Ligands; Liver; Male; Methylhydrazines; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Molecular Weight; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 1998 |
Molecular and functional identification of sodium ion-dependent, high affinity human carnitine transporter OCTN2.
Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Amino Acid Sequence; Betaine; Biological Transport; Carnitine; Carrier Proteins; Cations; Cells, Cultured; Cloning, Molecular; Humans; Membrane Proteins; Molecular Sequence Data; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; RNA, Messenger; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Sodium; Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5; Substrate Specificity | 1998 |
Characterization of a sodium-dependent transport system for butyrobetaine into rat liver plasma membrane vesicles.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Biological Transport; Carnitine; Cell Membrane; Female; Liver; Male; Oocytes; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sodium; Xenopus laevis | 1998 |
Functional characterization of the carnitine transporter defective in primary carnitine deficiency.
Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Betaine; Binding, Competitive; Biological Transport; Carnitine; Carrier Proteins; Cells, Cultured; Fibroblasts; Humans; Kidney; Liver; Membrane Potentials; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; Palmitoylcarnitine; Potassium; Sodium; Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5 | 1999 |
Crotonobetaine reductase from Escherichia coli consists of two proteins.
Topics: Acyltransferases; Amino Acid Sequence; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Betaine; Carnitine; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Proteins; Hydro-Lyases; Isoelectric Point; Molecular Sequence Data; Molecular Weight; Multienzyme Complexes; Oxidoreductases | 1999 |
Carnitine import to isolated hepatocytes and synthesis are accelerated in pivalate-treated rats.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Liver; Male; Muscle, Skeletal; Myocardium; Pentanoic Acids; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spectrometry, Mass, Secondary Ion | 1999 |
Effect of sports activity on carnitine metabolism. Measurement of free carnitine, gamma-butyrobetaine and acylcarnitines by tandem mass spectrometry.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Exercise; Humans; Mass Spectrometry | 1999 |
Measurement of carnitine precursors, epsilon-trimethyllysine and gamma-butyrobetaine in human serum by tandem mass spectrometry.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Humans; Lysine; Mass Spectrometry; Methylation; Reference Standards; Sensitivity and Specificity | 1999 |
Osmoprotectants and cryoprotectants for Listeria monocytogenes.
Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Betaine; Carnitine; Cold Temperature; Cryoprotective Agents; Culture Media; Food Microbiology; Humans; Listeria monocytogenes; Osmolar Concentration; Proline; Sodium Chloride; Sulfonium Compounds | 2000 |
Decreased carnitine biosynthesis in rats with secondary biliary cirrhosis.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Bile Ducts; Carnitine; Ligation; Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary; Lysine; Male; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reference Values | 2000 |
Metabolism of carnitine in phenylacetic acid-treated rats and in patients with phenylketonuria.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Female; Glutamic Acid; Homogentisic Acid; Humans; Ketoglutaric Acids; Liver; Male; Mass Spectrometry; Phenylacetates; Phenylketonurias; Phenylpyruvic Acids; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 2000 |
Isolation, identification, and synthesis of gamma-butyrobetainyl-CoA and crotonobetainyl-CoA, compounds involved in carnitine metabolism of E. coli.
Topics: Acyl Coenzyme A; Acyltransferases; Betaine; Carnitine; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry, Physical; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Escherichia coli; Hydro-Lyases; Mass Spectrometry; Molecular Weight; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet | 2000 |
Epigenetic regulation of carnitine metabolising enzymes in Proteus sp. under aerobic conditions.
Topics: Acyltransferases; Aerobiosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Enzyme Induction; Enzyme Repression; Escherichia coli Proteins; Hydro-Lyases; Multienzyme Complexes; Oxidoreductases; Proteus; Racemases and Epimerases | 2001 |
Effect of gamma-butyrobetaine on fatty liver in juvenile visceral steatosis mice.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Carrier Proteins; Disease Models, Animal; Fatty Acids; Infusions, Intravenous; Liver; Mice; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5 | 2001 |
Conversion of gamma-butyrobetaine to L-carnitine by Achromobacter cycloclast.
Topics: Alcaligenes; Betaine; Carnitine; Cell Division; Culture Media; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Nitrogen; Oxygen; Time Factors; Trace Elements | 2001 |
Involvement of coenzyme A esters and two new enzymes, an enoyl-CoA hydratase and a CoA-transferase, in the hydration of crotonobetaine to L-carnitine by Escherichia coli.
Topics: Acyl Coenzyme A; Acyltransferases; Amino Acid Sequence; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Betaine; Carnitine; Enoyl-CoA Hydratase; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Proteins; Models, Chemical; Molecular Sequence Data; Proteus; Racemases and Epimerases; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid | 2001 |
The fixA and fixB genes are necessary for anaerobic carnitine reduction in Escherichia coli.
Topics: Anaerobiosis; Bacterial Proteins; Betaine; Carnitine; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Proteins; Flavoproteins; Oxidation-Reduction | 2002 |
CaiT of Escherichia coli, a new transporter catalyzing L-carnitine/gamma -butyrobetaine exchange.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Antiporters; Betaine; Biological Transport; Carnitine; Cell Division; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Proteins; Kinetics; Ligands; Methylamines; Models, Biological; Molecular Sequence Data; Osmosis; Plasmids; Protein Binding; Protein Conformation; Protein Structure, Secondary; Proteolipids; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Time Factors | 2002 |
Synthesis of water-soluble prodrugs of BMS-191011: a maxi-K channel opener targeted for post-stroke neuroprotection.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Blood; Carnitine; Crystallization; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Stability; Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring; Humans; Neuroprotective Agents; Oxadiazoles; Potassium Channels; Prodrugs; Rats; Solubility; Stroke; Structure-Activity Relationship; Water | 2003 |
Antagonism of gamma-butyrobetaine and carnitine on chick embryonic bones cultivated in vitro.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Bone and Bones; Carnitine; Chickens; Choline; Folic Acid; In Vitro Techniques; Vitamin B Complex | 1957 |
[Antagonism of gamma-butyrobetaine and carnitine in bone skeleton cultivated in vitro].
Topics: Betaine; Bone and Bones; Carnitine; Choline; Embryo, Mammalian; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Folic Acid; In Vitro Techniques; Vitamin B Complex | 1957 |
gamma-Butyrobetaine as a specific antagonist for carnitine in the development of the early chick embryo.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Embryo, Mammalian; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Humans; Vitamin B Complex | 1957 |
Pharmacological actions of alpha-butyrobetaine.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Choline | 1959 |
[Study of the pharmacological properties of the ethyl and methyl esters of gamma-butyrobetaine chloride].
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Chlorides; Choline; Esters; Ions | 1961 |
[The influence of gama-butyrobetaine, crotonic acid betaine and isomeric carnitine on the growth of a mouse sarcoma].
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Folic Acid; Sarcoma, Experimental; Vitamin B Complex | 1962 |
The isolation of gamma-butyrobetaine, crotonbetaine and carnitine from brains of animals killed during induced convulsions.
Topics: Alkaloids; Animals; Betaine; Brain; Carnitine; Folic Acid; Seizures; Vitamin B Complex | 1963 |
GAMMA-BUTYROBETAINE DERIVATIVE IN PHOSPHOLIPIDS OF PHORMIA.
Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Betaine; Carbon Isotopes; Carnitine; Chromatography; Diptera; Phosphatidylethanolamines; Phospholipids; Research | 1964 |
Aminoaciduria in rats after treatment with the ethyl ester of gamma-butyrobetaine.
Topics: Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Amino Acids; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Rats | 1960 |
The enzymic synthesis of gamma-butyrobetaine and its CoA ester derivative.
Topics: Amino Acids; Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Coenzymes; Esters | 1962 |
On the hydroxylation of gamma-butyrobetaine to carnitine in vitro.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Hydroxylation; In Vitro Techniques; Vitamin B Complex | 1962 |
Effects of gamma-butyrobetaine and mildronate on nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-treated rats.
Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; Methylhydrazines; Nitric Oxide; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sepsis | 2004 |
The methylester of gamma-butyrobetaine, but not gamma-butyrobetaine itself, induces muscarinic receptor-dependent vasodilatation.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Betaine; Blood Pressure; Carnitine; Endothelium, Vascular; Esters; Female; Guinea Pigs; Male; Models, Molecular; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Muscarinic; Structure-Activity Relationship; Vasodilation | 2004 |
Endothelium- and nitric oxide-dependent vasorelaxing activities of gamma-butyrobetaine esters: possible link to the antiischemic activities of mildronate.
Topics: Animals; Aorta, Thoracic; Betaine; Carnitine; Ditiocarb; Drug Combinations; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Drug Synergism; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Endothelium; Male; Methylhydrazines; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Myocardial Ischemia; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Vasodilation | 2004 |
Effect of L-carnitine on the kinetics of carnitine, acylcarnitines and butyrobetaine in long-term haemodialysis.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Betaine; Carnitine; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Renal Dialysis; Time Factors | 2006 |
Effect of aromatic ring-containing drugs on carnitine biosynthesis in rats with special regard to p-aminomethylbenzoic acid.
Topics: 4-Aminobenzoic Acid; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Hydroxylation; Ketoglutaric Acids; Male; para-Aminobenzoates; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 2005 |
Carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN2-mediated transport of carnitine in primary-cultured epididymal epithelial cells.
Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Amino Acid Transport Systems; Animals; Betaine; Biological Transport; Carnitine; Cells, Cultured; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Epididymis; Epithelial Cells; Leucine; Lysine; Male; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; Pyrilamine; Quinidine; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA; Sodium; Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5; Time Factors | 2005 |
Mildronate, an inhibitor of carnitine biosynthesis, induces an increase in gamma-butyrobetaine contents and cardioprotection in isolated rat heart infarction.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Cardiovascular Agents; Carnitine; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Coronary Circulation; gamma-Butyrobetaine Dioxygenase; In Vitro Techniques; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Male; Methylhydrazines; Myocardial Infarction; Myocardium; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 2006 |
Treatment with pharmacological peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonist clofibrate causes upregulation of organic cation transporter 2 in liver and small intestine of rats.
Topics: Acyl-CoA Oxidase; Aldehyde-Lyases; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase; Clofibrate; Cytochrome P-450 CYP4A; gamma-Butyrobetaine Dioxygenase; Hypolipidemic Agents; Intestine, Small; Liver; Lysine; Male; Muscle, Skeletal; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; PPAR alpha; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; RNA, Messenger; Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5; Up-Regulation | 2007 |
Metabolomics identifies perturbations in human disorders of propionate metabolism.
Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Adult; Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Betaine; Biomarkers; Carnitine; Child; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Humans; Methylmalonic Acid; Plasma; Propionates; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization | 2007 |
Transport of carnitine and acetylcarnitine by carnitine/organic cation transporter (OCTN) 2 and OCTN3 into epididymal spermatozoa.
Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Animals; Betaine; Biological Transport, Active; Carnitine; Epididymis; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Male; Membrane Proteins; Mice; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; Pyrilamine; Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5; Sperm Maturation; Sperm Motility; Spermatozoa | 2007 |
Clofibrate treatment up-regulates novel organic cation transporter (OCTN)-2 in tissues of pigs as a model of non-proliferating species.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Body Weight; Carnitine; Clofibrate; Eating; Enterocytes; gamma-Butyrobetaine Dioxygenase; Gene Expression; Homeostasis; Hypolipidemic Agents; In Vitro Techniques; Liver; Male; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; PPAR alpha; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA; RNA, Messenger; Swine; Tissue Distribution; Up-Regulation | 2008 |
PPAR alpha mediates transcriptional upregulation of novel organic cation transporters-2 and -3 and enzymes involved in hepatic carnitine synthesis.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Body Weight; Carnitine; Liver; Lysine; Male; Membrane Proteins; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Organ Size; Organ Specificity; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; PPAR alpha; RNA, Messenger; Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5; Transcription, Genetic; Up-Regulation | 2008 |
Carnitine supplementation induces acylcarnitine production in tissues of very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase-deficient mice, without replenishing low free carnitine.
Topics: Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase, Long-Chain; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Liver; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Muscle, Skeletal; Palmitoyl Coenzyme A; Palmitoylcarnitine; Physical Exertion; Time Factors | 2008 |
Analysis of acetylcholine, choline and butyrobetaine in human liver tissues by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Betaine; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Carnitine; Choline; Chromatography, Liquid; Humans; Liver; Liver Neoplasms; Molecular Structure; Reproducibility of Results; Tandem Mass Spectrometry | 2008 |
A moderate excess of dietary lysine lowers plasma and tissue carnitine concentrations in pigs.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; gamma-Butyrobetaine Dioxygenase; Gene Expression; Kidney; Liver; Lysine; Male; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Muscles; Nutritional Status; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Swine | 2009 |
Effect of inhibiting carnitine biosynthesis on male rat sexual performance.
Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Administration, Oral; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Betaine; Carnitine; Chromatography, Liquid; Chymases; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Male; Methylhydrazines; Rats; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Sperm Motility; Spermatozoa; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Testosterone; Time Factors | 2008 |
Mildronate decreases carnitine availability and up-regulates glucose uptake and related gene expression in the mouse heart.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; C-Peptide; Carnitine; Gene Expression Regulation; Glucose; Glucose Transporter Type 4; Heart; Hexokinase; Male; Methylhydrazines; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Myocardium; RNA, Messenger; Up-Regulation | 2008 |
Activities of gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase and concentrations of carnitine in tissues of pigs.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Diet; Female; gamma-Butyrobetaine Dioxygenase; Heart; Kidney; Liver; Male; Molecular Sequence Data; Muscle, Skeletal; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Messenger; Swine; Tissue Distribution | 2009 |
Mildronate, a regulator of energy metabolism, reduces atherosclerosis in apoE/LDLR-/- mice.
Topics: Animals; Aorta; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Cardiovascular Agents; Carnitine; Energy Metabolism; Female; Lipids; Male; Methylhydrazines; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 2009 |
Determination of carnitine, its short chain acyl esters and metabolic precursors trimethyllysine and gamma-butyrobetaine by quasi-solid phase extraction and MS/MS detection.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Esters; Humans; Lysine; Male; Solid Phase Extraction; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Swine; Tandem Mass Spectrometry | 2009 |
Rat serum carboxylesterase partly hydrolyses gamma-butyrobetaine esters.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carboxylesterase; Carnitine; Chromatography, Agarose; Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; Esters; Hydrolysis; Mass Spectrometry; Naphthols; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 2009 |
Effects of long-term mildronate treatment on cardiac and liver functions in rats.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Biomarkers; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Cardiovascular Agents; Carnitine; Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Glucose; Heart; Hemodynamics; Lipids; Liver; Liver Glycogen; Male; Methylhydrazines; Myocardium; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Time Factors; Toxicity Tests, Chronic | 2009 |
Hepatic uptake of gamma-butyrobetaine, a precursor of carnitine biosynthesis, in rats.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Biological Transport; Blotting, Western; Carnitine; Cell Line; Chromatography, Liquid; GABA Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Hepatocytes; Humans; Kinetics; Liver; Male; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; Rats; Rats, Wistar; RNA Interference; Sodium; Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Transfection | 2009 |
Low availability of carnitine precursors as a possible reason for the diminished plasma carnitine concentrations in pregnant women.
Topics: Adult; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Betaine; Carnitine; Erythrocyte Indices; Female; Ferritins; Germany; Hemoglobins; Humans; Linear Models; Lysine; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic; Pregnancy Trimester, Third | 2010 |
Structural basis of Na(+)-independent and cooperative substrate/product antiport in CaiT.
Topics: Antiporters; Bacterial Proteins; Betaine; Biological Transport; Carnitine; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Proteins; Models, Molecular; Proteus mirabilis | 2010 |
Covalent modification of gaseous peptide ions with N-hydroxysuccinimide ester reagent ions.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Betaine; Carnitine; Gases; Ions; Oligopeptides; Protons; Succinimides | 2010 |
Mildronate treatment improves functional recovery following middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats.
Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Betaine; Brain Infarction; Carnitine; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Extremities; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery; Locomotion; Male; Methylhydrazines; Psychomotor Performance; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Recovery of Function; Rotarod Performance Test; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Vibrissae | 2011 |
The cardioprotective effect of mildronate is diminished after co-treatment with L-carnitine.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Cardiovascular Agents; Carnitine; Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase; Chromatography, Liquid; Drug Interactions; Fatty Acids; Male; Methylhydrazines; Mitochondria, Heart; Mitochondrial Membranes; Myocardial Infarction; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Vitamin B Complex | 2012 |
Carnitine precursor γ-butyrobetaine is a novel substrate of the Na(+)- and Cl(-)-dependent GABA transporter Gat2.
Topics: Acyltransferases; Animals; Betaine; Brain; Carnitine; GABA Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Kidney; Liver; Male; Membrane Transport Proteins; Mice; Oocytes; Protein Transport; Rats; Rats, Wistar; RNA, Messenger; Xenopus laevis | 2011 |
The human OCTN1 (SLC22A4) reconstituted in liposomes catalyzes acetylcholine transport which is defective in the mutant L503F associated to the Crohn's disease.
Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Acetylcholine; Adenosine Triphosphate; Amino Acid Substitution; Betaine; Biological Transport, Active; Carnitine; Catalysis; Crohn Disease; Humans; Kinetics; Liposomes; Mutation, Missense; Nootropic Agents; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; Potassium Channel Blockers; Symporters; Tetraethylammonium | 2012 |
Effect of short- and long-term treatment with valproate on carnitine homeostasis in humans.
Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Adult; Betaine; Biological Transport; Carnitine; Cell Line; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; HEK293 Cells; Homeostasis; Humans; Kidney Tubules, Proximal; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5; Valproic Acid | 2012 |
A conformational switch in a partially unwound helix selectively determines the pathway for substrate release from the carnitine/γ-butyrobetaine antiporter CaiT.
Topics: Antiporters; Arginine; Betaine; Binding Sites; Biophysics; Carnitine; Computer Simulation; Crystallography, X-Ray; Cytoplasm; Escherichia coli Proteins; Models, Molecular; Molecular Conformation; Protein Binding; Protein Conformation; Proteus mirabilis; Solvents; Substrate Specificity | 2012 |
The carnitine biosynthetic pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana shares similar features with the pathway of mammals and fungi.
Topics: Animals; Arabidopsis; Betaine; Biosynthetic Pathways; Carnitine; Chromatography, Liquid; Deuterium; Fungi; Lipid Metabolism; Lysine; Mammals; Plant Extracts; Seedlings; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Vitamin B Complex | 2012 |
Gene cloning and biochemical characterization of 4-N-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase II from Pseudomonas sp. 13CM.
Topics: Aldehyde Oxidoreductases; Betaine; Carnitine; Chromatography, Liquid; Cloning, Molecular; DNA, Bacterial; Enzyme Stability; Escherichia coli; Gene Expression; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Isoelectric Point; Kinetics; Molecular Sequence Data; Molecular Weight; NAD; Protein Multimerization; Pseudomonas; Recombinant Proteins; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Temperature | 2013 |
Elevated vascular γ-butyrobetaine levels attenuate the development of high glucose-induced endothelial dysfunction.
Topics: Animals; Aorta; Betaine; Cardiovascular Agents; Carnitine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Endothelium, Vascular; Glucose; Male; Methylhydrazines; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 2013 |
Betaine supplementation causes increase in carnitine metabolites in the muscle and liver of mice fed a high-fat diet as studied by nontargeted LC-MS metabolomics approach.
Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Adipose Tissue; Adiposity; Animals; Betaine; Blood Glucose; Carnitine; Chromatography, Liquid; Diet, High-Fat; Dietary Supplements; Fasting; Glucans; Insulin; Leptin; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Male; Mass Spectrometry; Metabolomics; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Muscle, Skeletal; Obesity; Triglycerides; Weight Gain | 2013 |
Distribution, molecular structure and functional analysis of carnitine transporter (SLC22A5) in canine lens epithelial cells.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Aqueous Humor; Base Sequence; Betaine; Carnitine; Cell Line; Dogs; Epithelial Cells; Humans; Lens, Crystalline; Male; Mice; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; Protein Transport; Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5 | 2014 |
Suppression of intestinal microbiota-dependent production of pro-atherogenic trimethylamine N-oxide by shifting L-carnitine microbial degradation.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Biosynthetic Pathways; Carbon Isotopes; Carnitine; Choline; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Gastrointestinal Tract; Methylamines; Methylhydrazines; Microbiota; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Statistics, Nonparametric; Tandem Mass Spectrometry | 2014 |
A biomimetic heteroditopic receptor for zwitterions in protic media.
Topics: beta-Alanine; Betaine; Biomimetics; Calixarenes; Carnitine; Crystallography, X-Ray; Cyclization; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Molecular Conformation; Picrates; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds | 2015 |
γ-Butyrobetaine is a proatherogenic intermediate in gut microbial metabolism of L-carnitine to TMAO.
Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Female; Gastrointestinal Tract; Methylamines; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microbiota | 2014 |
Determination of trimethylamine-N-oxide in combination with L-carnitine and γ-butyrobetaine in human plasma by UPLC/MS/MS.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Chromatography, Liquid; Humans; Limit of Detection; Methylamines; Reference Standards; Reproducibility of Results; Tandem Mass Spectrometry | 2015 |
Metabolomic responses in caged clams, Ruditapes decussatus, exposed to agricultural and urban inputs in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon (Mar Menor, SE Spain).
Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Agriculture; Animals; Betaine; Biomarkers; Bivalvia; Carnitine; Cities; Environmental Monitoring; Spain; Water Pollutants, Chemical | 2015 |
Methyl-γ-butyrobetaine decreases levels of acylcarnitines and attenuates the development of atherosclerosis.
Topics: Animals; Aorta; Apolipoproteins E; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Disease Progression; Female; Male; Mice | 2015 |
Validated method for the quantification of free and total carnitine, butyrobetaine, and acylcarnitines in biological samples.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Humans; Mesylates; Muscle, Skeletal; Rats; Solid Phase Extraction; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Trimethylsilyl Compounds | 2015 |
Quantitative acylcarnitine determination by UHPLC-MS/MS--Going beyond tandem MS acylcarnitine "profiles".
Topics: Acetyl-CoA C-Acyltransferase; Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase; Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Betaine; Carbon-Carbon Ligases; Carnitine; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Isomerism; Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Male; Neonatal Screening; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Urea Cycle Disorders, Inborn | 2015 |
Cation-π Interactions Contribute to Substrate Recognition in γ-Butyrobetaine Hydroxylase Catalysis.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Catalysis; Cations; gamma-Butyrobetaine Dioxygenase; Kinetics; Oxidation-Reduction; Protein Binding; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds | 2016 |
The Carnitine-butyrobetaine-trimethylamine-N-oxide pathway and its association with cardiovascular mortality in patients with carotid atherosclerosis.
Topics: Aged; Betaine; Biomarkers; Carnitine; Carotid Stenosis; Case-Control Studies; Cause of Death; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Female; Humans; Kaplan-Meier Estimate; Lysine; Male; Methylamines; Middle Aged; Myocardial Infarction; Prognosis; Proportional Hazards Models; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Severity of Illness Index; Stroke; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color | 2016 |
Major Increase in Microbiota-Dependent Proatherogenic Metabolite TMAO One Year After Bariatric Surgery.
Topics: Adult; Atherosclerosis; Bariatric Surgery; Betaine; Body Mass Index; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Case-Control Studies; Choline; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Humans; Life Style; Male; Methylamines; Microbiota; Middle Aged; Obesity; Postoperative Period; Time Factors | 2016 |
The impact of altered carnitine availability on acylcarnitine metabolism, energy expenditure and glucose tolerance in diet-induced obese mice.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Dietary Fats; Energy Metabolism; Glucose Intolerance; Insulin Resistance; Liver; Mice; Mice, Obese; Muscle, Skeletal; Obesity | 2016 |
Purification, gene cloning, and characterization of γ-butyrobetainyl CoA synthetase from Agrobacterium sp. 525a.
Topics: Acyl Coenzyme A; Adenosine Diphosphate; Agrobacterium; Amino Acid Sequence; Bacterial Proteins; Betaine; Carnitine; Cloning, Molecular; Coenzyme A Ligases; Escherichia coli; Gene Expression; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kinetics; Sequence Alignment; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; Soil Microbiology; Substrate Specificity | 2016 |
Fluorescent derivatization combined with aqueous solvent-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for determination of butyrobetaine, l-carnitine and acetyl-l-carnitine in human plasma.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Chromatography, Liquid; Fluorescence; Humans; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Limit of Detection; Liquid Phase Microextraction; Reproducibility of Results | 2016 |
Carnitine and γ-Butyrobetaine Stimulate Elimination of Meldonium due to Competition for OCTN2-mediated Transport.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Biological Transport; Carnitine; Furosemide; Male; Methylhydrazines; Mice; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5; Tissue Distribution | 2017 |
Decrease in Long-Chain Acylcarnitine Tissue Content Determines the Duration of and Correlates with the Cardioprotective Effect of Methyl-GBB.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Biotransformation; Cardiotonic Agents; Carnitine; Down-Regulation; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Half-Life; Heart; Male; Membrane Transport Modulators; Molecular Weight; Myocardial Infarction; Myocardium; Perfusion; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Random Allocation; Rats, Wistar; Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5; Time Factors; Tissue Distribution | 2017 |
Serum Carnitine Metabolites and Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Patients With Suspected Stable Angina Pectoris.
Topics: Aged; Angina, Stable; Betaine; Body Mass Index; Carnitine; Chromatography, Liquid; Coronary Artery Disease; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Esters; Female; Humans; Logistic Models; Lysine; Male; Middle Aged; Odds Ratio; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors | 2018 |
Characterization of l-Carnitine Metabolism in Sinorhizobium meliloti.
Topics: Aerobiosis; Betaine; Biotransformation; Carnitine; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Metabolomics; Multigene Family; Sinorhizobium meliloti | 2019 |
Metabolomic analyses reveal lipid abnormalities and hepatic dysfunction in non-human primate model for Yersinia pestis.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Chlorocebus aethiops; Disease Models, Animal; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Metabolomics; Yersinia pestis | 2018 |
The carnitine-butyrobetaine-TMAO pathway after cardiac transplant: Impact on cardiac allograft vasculopathy and acute rejection.
Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Aged; Betaine; Carnitine; Coronary Artery Disease; Cyclosporine; Everolimus; Female; Graft Rejection; Heart Transplantation; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Male; Methylamines; Microbiota; Middle Aged; Postoperative Complications | 2019 |
Circulating gut microbiota metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide and oral contraceptive use in polycystic ovary syndrome.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Betaine; Blood Glucose; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Choline; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Methylamines; Obesity; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Testosterone; Young Adult | 2019 |
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Drug Design; Enzyme Inhibitors; Fluorine; gamma-Butyrobetaine Dioxygenase; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy | 2019 |
Roles for ALDH10 enzymes in γ-butyrobetaine synthesis, seed development, germination, and salt tolerance in Arabidopsis.
Topics: Animals; Arabidopsis; Arabidopsis Proteins; Betaine; Carnitine; Germination; Salt Tolerance; Seeds | 2020 |
Changes in the concentrations of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and its precursors in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Topics: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Male; Methylamines; Middle Aged; Motor Neurons; Prognosis; Signal Transduction | 2020 |
Association of gut-related metabolites with outcome in acute heart failure.
Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Acute Disease; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Heart Failure; Hospital Mortality; Humans; Male; Methylamines; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; Risk Factors; Statistics, Nonparametric | 2021 |
Elucidation of an anaerobic pathway for metabolism of l-carnitine-derived γ-butyrobetaine to trimethylamine in human gut bacteria.
Topics: Anaerobiosis; Betaine; Carbon; Carnitine; Clostridiales; Enzymes; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Humans; Methylamines; Microbiota; Multigene Family | 2021 |
The MttB superfamily member MtyB from the human gut symbiont Eubacterium limosum is a cobalamin-dependent γ-butyrobetaine methyltransferase.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Betaine; Carnitine; Eubacterium; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Methyltransferases; Symbiosis | 2021 |
Not a "they" but a "we": The microbiome helps promote our well-being.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Eubacterium; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Methylamines; Methyltransferases; Microbiota; Oxides; Vitamin B 12 | 2022 |
Longitudinal Associations of Plasma TMAO and Related Metabolites with Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Older Adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Cognitive Dysfunction; Dementia; Medicare; Methylamines; United States | 2022 |
Association of Systemic Trimethyllysine With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction and Cardiovascular Events.
Topics: Carnitine; Cross-Sectional Studies; Heart Failure; Humans; Prospective Studies; Stroke Volume | 2022 |
Short and medium chain acylcarnitines as markers of outcome in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects with acute coronary syndromes.
Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Acute Coronary Syndrome; Carnitine; Clinical Studies as Topic; Cohort Studies; Diabetes Mellitus; Humans; Multicenter Studies as Topic; Prospective Studies | 2023 |