bupivacaine has been researched along with dexmedetomidine in 129 studies
Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
---|---|---|
pre-1990 | 0 (0.00) | 18.7374 |
1990's | 0 (0.00) | 18.2507 |
2000's | 12 (9.30) | 29.6817 |
2010's | 75 (58.14) | 24.3611 |
2020's | 42 (32.56) | 2.80 |
Authors | Studies |
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Lombardo, F; Obach, RS; Waters, NJ | 1 |
Asada, A; Funao, T; Hamaoka, N; Oda, Y; Takahashi, R; Tanaka, K | 1 |
Frumento, RJ; Joshi, RR; Playford, HR; Saldana-Ferretti, B; Sladen, RN; Wagener, G; Wahlander, S | 1 |
Calasans-Maia, JA; Sudo, RT; Zapata-Sudo, G | 1 |
Al Jazzar, MD; Al-Yaman, R; Alameddine, MM; Aouad, MT; Baraka, AS; Bulbul, M; Jabbour-Khoury, SI; Kanazi, GE | 1 |
Coskuner, I; Elcicek, K; Kati, I; Tekin, M; Yagmur, C | 1 |
Brummett, CM; Lydic, R; Norat, MA; Palmisano, JM | 1 |
Abdellatif, AA; Afifi, W; Almazrooa, A; Boker, A; Elshahawy, MA; Melibary, S; Saadawy, I | 1 |
Abu-Halaweh, SA; Al-Edwan, GM; Al-Mustafa, MM; Aloweidi, AS; Ammari, BA; Awwad, ZM; Murshidi, MM; Ramsay, MA | 1 |
Abd-Elmaksoud, AM; Abd-Elwahab, AM; Boulis, SR; El-Hennawy, AM; El-Ozairy, HS | 1 |
Abu-Ali, HM; Al-Barazangi, BA; Al-Ghanem, SM; Al-Mustafa, MM; Badran, IZ; Massad, IM | 1 |
Minhas, A; Suresh, S | 1 |
Abdelazees, M; Aboushanab, O; Ibraheem, N; Obayah, GM; Refaie, A | 1 |
Gurbet, A; Kaya, FN; Mogol, EB; Ozcan, B; Turker, G; Yavascaoglu, B; Yildirim, A | 1 |
Abdelfattach, H; Abdelhamid, D; Elhakim, M; Elsayed, A; Elshafei, M; Magdy, H | 1 |
Arslan, G; Ayaz, B; Bölükbaşıoğlu, I; Kuzucuoğlu, T; Yücel, E | 1 |
Akin, A; Esmaoglu, A; Turk, CY; Yegenoglu, F | 1 |
Demircioglu, RI; Gozdemir, M; Muslu, B; Sert, H; Usta, B; Yaldiz, A | 1 |
Choi, Y; Hong, JY; Kil, HK; Kim, SH; Kim, WO; Yoon, Y | 1 |
Anitescu, M; Patil, SK | 1 |
Huang, DY; Liu, YX; Luo, T; Wang, GH; Xiang, Q; Zhao, YL; Zhong, L | 1 |
Hong, SJ; Hwang, SM; Jung, SH; Kang, MH; Lee, JJ; Lee, JM; Lee, SK; Lim, KJ; Park, EY | 1 |
Batra, YK; Bharti, N; Jain, A; Kumar, P; Nikhar, SA; Solanki, SL | 1 |
Çelik, F; Evliyaoğlu, O; Firat, U; Karaman, H; Kaya, S; Tokgöz, O; Tüfek, A | 1 |
Kil, HK; Kim, JE; Kim, NY; Lee, HS | 1 |
O, O; Smith, LJ | 1 |
Barker, DF; Fransen, JW; Garraway, SM; Johnson, RD; Mendell, LM; Petruska, JC; Seidman, PA; Soto, RG; Trainer, R | 1 |
Chiavaccini, L; Claude, AK; Meyer, RE | 1 |
Akan, B; Bengisun, ZK; Ekmekçi, P; Köroğlu, A; Tüzüner, F | 1 |
She, YJ; Song, XR; Zhang, ZY | 1 |
Cotugno, RE; Hotz, J; Jones, JS; Nebar, S; Parke, EJ; Semenova, J; Shrader, MW; Singhal, NR; Soares, N | 1 |
Goyal, R; Sharma, VK; Singh, NK | 1 |
Biswas, S; Das, RK; Ghose, T; Mukherjee, G | 1 |
Sun, Y; Wang, GN; Xu, Y | 1 |
Kuang, XH; Lian, GH; She, YJ; Song, XR; Tan, YH; Xie, GT; Yu, GF | 1 |
Huang, AJ; Li, AZ; Li, KZ; Li, Z; Qi, J; Shi, CX; Tian, M; Xin, DQ; Zhang, CY | 1 |
Abd El-Rahman, AM; Amin, AT; Fares, KM; Mohamed, AA; Mohamed, SA | 1 |
Moustafa, MZ; Salem, HA; Yousef, AA | 1 |
Abu-Halaweh, SA; Al-Ghanem, SM; Al-Momani, HM; Al-Mustafa, MM; Al-Zaben, KR; Alja'bari, AN; Qudaisat, IY | 1 |
El Btarny, AM; Ghali, AM; Shabana, AM | 1 |
Arora, D; Dash, HH; Singh, G | 1 |
Bartel, AK; Campoy, L; Gleed, RD; Martin-Flores, M; Reichard, AB; Scanapico, CE; Walker, KJ | 1 |
Kalra, B; Kaur, N; Mohta, M; Sethi, AK | 1 |
Darweesh, EI; Mohamed, AA; Salem, RA; Wanis, MA | 1 |
Cui, XG; Guo, YP; Lu, ZF; Lv, XQ; Zeng, XZ | 1 |
Fu, M; Li, M; Zhang, H; Zhang, SY | 1 |
Abdel-Ghaffar, HS; Fares, KM; Mohamed, SA | 1 |
Gupta, M; Gupta, P; Singh, DK | 1 |
Newbold, G; Pascoe, PJ; Pypendop, BH; Shilo-Benjamini, Y | 1 |
Chen, D; Huang, X; Li, G; Li, Y; Qi, X; Wang, X | 1 |
El-Rahman, AM; Fares, KM; Mohamed, SA | 1 |
Ababneh, OA; Al-Shudifat, AM; Al-Zaben, KR; Alja'bari, AN; Qudaisat, IY; Yousef, AM | 1 |
Abdulatif, M; Fawzy, M; Hasanin, A; Mohamed, H; Nassar, H; Ollaek, M | 1 |
Alizadeh, L; Arhami-Dolatabadi, A; Daneshbod, Y; Hosseinian, MA; Khandaghy, M; Memari, E; Mirabotalebi, M; Mirkheshti, A; Shirian, S | 1 |
Bonanno, L; Pierce, S; Sanvi, S | 1 |
Jeon, SY; Jung, JW; Kang, E; Kim, H; Kim, YH; Ko, MJ; Lee, KH; Lee, KW | 1 |
Chen, ZJ; He, L; Li, X; Liu, SM; Xu, JM; Zhu, R | 1 |
Alia, DA; El Metainy, SA; Raof, RA; Wahab, MA | 1 |
Goeters, C; Sauerland, C; Waurick, K | 1 |
Doodnaught, GM; Evangelista, MC; Fantoni, DT; Steagall, PVM | 1 |
Jain, S; Nazir, N | 1 |
Aksu, R; Bicer, C | 1 |
Amaya, F; Matsuda, M; Sawa, T; Yamaguchi, Y; Yamakita, S | 1 |
Jin, LJ; Li, G; Sun, P; Wen, LY; Zhang, YL; Zhou, X | 1 |
Elkady, HA; Moeen, SM; Ramadan, IK | 1 |
Kohane, DS; Rwei, AY; Sherburne, RT; Wang, B; Zurakowski, D | 1 |
Dutta, V; Jayant, A; Kumar, B; Mishra, AK | 1 |
Abd El-Rahman, AM; El Sherif, FA; Mohamed, SA; Sayed, DM | 1 |
Gautam, B; Lama, SM; Sharma, M | 1 |
Good, KL; Hollingsworth, SR; Kass, PH; Maggs, DJ; Pascoe, PJ; Shilo-Benjamini, Y; Strom, AR; Thomasy, SM; Wisner, ER | 1 |
Bhalla, T; Jayanthi, VR; Tobias, JD; Trifa, M; Tumin, D; Whitaker, EE | 1 |
Amniati, S; Derakhshan, P; Faiz, SHR; Imani, F; Rahimzadeh, P | 1 |
Cui, X; Ding, W; Wan, Q; Zeng, X | 1 |
Chang, X; Wang, L; Xia, F; Xiao, F; Zhang, Y | 1 |
Chen, X; Ding, J; Jiang, W; Li, M; Ning, C; Xu, W; Zhang, W; Zhao, G | 1 |
Hattori, K; Kido, H; Komasawa, N; Minami, T; Omori, M | 1 |
Cui, J; Li, S; Tan, X; Tu, Z | 1 |
Bahk, JH; Kim, JT; Kim, WH; Lee, JH; Lim, YJ; Park, SK; Yoo, S | 1 |
Liu, L; Qian, J; Shen, B; Shen, H; Xiao, F | 1 |
Franci, P; Rabozzi, R; Sarotti, D | 1 |
Agarwal, M; Gautam, P; Gujral, GS; Shrivastav, A; Singh, S | 1 |
Bhandari, S | 1 |
Abd-Elshafy, SK; Abdallal, F; Ali, MS; Allah, EA; Edwar, H; Elkhayat, H; Kamel, EZ; Maghraby, HHM; Mahran, GSK; Sayed, JA | 1 |
Liu, X; Wang, H; Wang, J; Wang, X; Zhang, X | 1 |
Ren, Y; Shi, W; Zheng, X | 1 |
Aghazadeh, S; Azemati, S; Pourali, A | 1 |
Abdelhamid, BM; Aboella, WA; Elshall, A; Hassan, A; Hassan, MM; Hassan, P; Hossam Eldin, M; Khaled, D; Mostafa, M; Omar, H; Tawadros, PZ; Wedad, M | 1 |
Cai, X; Cai, Y; Chen, H; Jin, Z; Lin, T; Pan, L; Wang, S; Xia, F | 1 |
Chen, Z; He, Y; Lin, W; Pan, L; Papadimos, TJ; Wang, S; Xia, Y; Xu, X; Zhang, Y | 1 |
Kim, KM; Lee, JM; Park, EY; Park, J; Seo, KH | 1 |
Edomwonyi, NP; Idehen, HO; Nwachukwu, C; Umeh, B | 1 |
Chen, X; Feng, Y; Fu, F; Huang, X; Tang, Y; Yang, M | 1 |
Cui, Y; Ji, M; Jiang, W; Liu, S; Liu, W; Lu, C; Sun, Q; Zhao, P; Zhu, Z | 1 |
Alansary, AM; Badawy, A; Elbeialy, MAK | 2 |
Bazybek, N; Ma, G; Wei, Y; Wen, K; Wu, Y | 1 |
El Ghaffar, MA; Hammouda, MA; Saleh, AAG; Shawki, A; Sultan, A | 1 |
Ávila, LG; DeRossi, R; Milan, B; Sampaio, BFB; Vieira, N | 1 |
Li, XX; Li, YM; Liu, S; Lv, XL; Wang, XH | 1 |
Abd El-Rahman, AM; AbdeLemam, RM; Fares, KM; Mohamed, SA; Osman, AMM | 1 |
Gao, F; Hu, B; Huang, F; Zheng, C; Zheng, T; Zheng, X | 1 |
Aksu, R; Altuntaş, R; Bayram, A; Güler, G; Güney, A; Ülgey, A | 1 |
Li, H; Shi, R; Wang, Y | 1 |
Abd-Elsayed, A; Calodney, AK; Harmon, PC; Helm Ii, S; Knezevic, NN; Noe, C; Racz, GB | 1 |
Golabi, P; Kazemi Haki, B; Rezaeian, M; Sane, S; Shokouhi, S | 1 |
Avcı, O; Erşan, İ; Gündoğdu, O; Özdemir Kol, İ; Öztemur, Z | 1 |
Alagamy, SA; Kamel, AAF; Nabi, SMA; Salem, DAE | 1 |
Choudhary, AK; Choudhary, S; Keshri, R; Prasad, MK | 1 |
Pang, G; Tong, S; Zhou, Y; Zhu, Y | 1 |
Ahmad, SR; Anandan, V; Singh, N | 1 |
Abraham, JT; Falola, RA; Lombana, NF; Roth, C; Saint-Cyr, MH; Zolfaghari, K | 1 |
Eldeek, AM; Hefni, AF; Ismael, SA; Shaban, AR | 1 |
Hazra, A; Hembrom, BPM; Laha, B; Mitra, T; Saha, AK | 1 |
Boesch, JM; Campoy, L; Colon, CS; Gleed, RD; Magidenko, SR; Martin-Flores, M; Moyal, MN; Pavlinac, RM; Radhakrishman, S; Sieger, JL | 1 |
Campoy, L; Gleed, RD; Martin-Flores, M; Pavlinac, R; Taylor, LC; Yant, JE | 1 |
Azemati, S; Jouybar, R; Naderi-Boldaji, V; Zarghami, A | 1 |
Findlay, BL; Gargollo, PC; Granberg, CF; Haile, DT; Handlogten, KS; Jefferson, FA; Warner, LL; Woodbury, JM | 1 |
Karthekeyan, RB; Kodali, VRK; Prasad, M; Sambandam, KKG; Shree, S; Vakamudi, M | 1 |
Abd El-Rady, NM; AbdelRady, MM; Abo Elfadl, GM; Ali, WN; Gad, MO; Osman, HM | 1 |
Fakhry, DM; Kassim, DY; Mahmoud, HE; Mansour, MA | 1 |
Abdelemam, RM; Elmasry, HM; Fares, KM; Kamal, SM; Mansour, S; Mohamed, SA | 1 |
Botto, R; Di Bella, C; Galosi, M; Pennasilico, L; Piccionello, AP; Salvaggio, A; Staffieri, F | 1 |
Abdelghaffar, RA; Algyar, MF; Fargaly, OS; Hamed, MA; Moussa, MA | 1 |
Kame, BS; Kumar, VU; Subramaniam, A | 1 |
Cheng, AJ; Garbin, M; Lutevele, N; Malo, A; Marangoni, S; Monteiro, BP; Ruel, HL; Steagall, PV; Watanabe, R | 1 |
Baribeault, T; Suss, S | 1 |
Akhtaruzzaman, AK; Azad, AK; Banik, D; Bhowmick, DK; Haque, MM; Hasanuzzaman, M; Hossain, MS; Kader, MA; Mariom, ML; Masud, M; Morshed, MM; Reza, R; Sultana, N | 1 |
Abdelrady, MM; Abo El Fadl, GM; Anwar, M; Ismael, WA; Osman, HM; Sabra, T | 1 |
Farmawy, MSE; Mowafy, SMS; Wahdan, RA | 1 |
6 review(s) available for bupivacaine and dexmedetomidine
Article | Year |
---|---|
The Efficacy and Safety of Dexmedetomidine Combined with Bupivacaine on Caudal Epidural Block in Children: A Meta-Analysis.
Topics: Analgesia; Analgesics; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Child; Child, Preschool; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Pain Management; Pain, Postoperative; Treatment Outcome | 2019 |
Comparative evaluation of intrathecal bupivacaine alone and bupivacaine combined with dexmedetomidine in cesarean section using spinal anesthesia: a meta-analysis.
Topics: Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Dexmedetomidine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Injections, Spinal; Pain, Postoperative; Pregnancy | 2019 |
Effect of 5-μg Dose of Dexmedetomidine in Combination With Intrathecal Bupivacaine on Spinal Anesthesia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Topics: Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic | 2020 |
Recent research and development of local anesthetic-loaded microspheres.
Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Delayed-Action Preparations; Dexmedetomidine; Drug Carriers; Drug Compounding; Drug Liberation; Emulsions; Humans; Hydrogels; Ibuprofen; Lactates; Lidocaine; Microfluidics; Microspheres; Polyesters; Polyethylene Glycols; Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; Solvents; Temperature | 2020 |
The Anesthetic Effect and Safety of Dexmedetomidine in Cesarean Section: A Meta-Analysis.
Topics: Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Humans; Pain, Postoperative; Pregnancy | 2022 |
Spinal anesthesia in infants undergoing urologic surgery duration greater than 60 minutes.
Topics: Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Child; Dexmedetomidine; Fentanyl; Humans; Infant; Sucrose | 2022 |
84 trial(s) available for bupivacaine and dexmedetomidine
Article | Year |
---|---|
A prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of dexmedetomidine as an adjunct to epidural analgesia after thoracic surgery.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anesthetics, Local; Blood Gas Analysis; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Male; Middle Aged; Pain Measurement; Pain, Postoperative; Postoperative Care; Prospective Studies; Thoracic Surgical Procedures; Treatment Outcome | 2005 |
Effect of low-dose dexmedetomidine or clonidine on the characteristics of bupivacaine spinal block.
Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Aged; Analysis of Variance; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Combined; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Clonidine; Conscious Sedation; Dexmedetomidine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; Drug Synergism; Hemodynamics; Humans; Male; Nerve Block; Pain Measurement; Prospective Studies; Time Factors; Urogenital Neoplasms | 2006 |
Effects of dexmedetomidine on the duration of anaesthesia and wakefulness in bupivacaine epidural block.
Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Analysis of Variance; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Monitoring, Physiologic; Prospective Studies; Time Factors; Wakefulness | 2007 |
Effect of dexmedetomidine on the characteristics of bupivacaine in a caudal block in pediatrics.
Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anesthesia, Caudal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Child; Child, Preschool; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Drug Synergism; Hernia, Inguinal; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Infant; Male; Pain, Postoperative; Prospective Studies; Psychomotor Agitation; Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2; Sleep | 2009 |
Effect of dexmedetomidine added to spinal bupivacaine for urological procedures.
Topics: Aged; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Analysis of Variance; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Chi-Square Distribution; Dexmedetomidine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Urologic Surgical Procedures | 2009 |
Addition of clonidine or dexmedetomidine to bupivacaine prolongs caudal analgesia in children.
Topics: Abdomen; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Child; Child, Preschool; Clonidine; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Pain Measurement; Pain, Postoperative | 2009 |
Intravenous dexmedetomidine prolongs bupivacaine spinal analgesia.
Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Aged; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Hemodynamics; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Male; Middle Aged; Nerve Block; Time Factors | 2009 |
Addition of dexmedetomidine to bupivacaine for greater palatine nerve block prolongs postoperative analgesia after cleft palate repair.
Topics: Bupivacaine; Cleft Palate; Dexmedetomidine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Nerve Block; Pain Measurement; Pain, Postoperative; Palate, Hard; Prospective Studies; Time Factors | 2010 |
Intravenous dexmedetomidine, but not midazolam, prolongs bupivacaine spinal anesthesia.
Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Combined; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Drug Synergism; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Male; Midazolam; Middle Aged; Nerve Block; Time Factors; Transurethral Resection of Prostate | 2010 |
Effect of epidural dexmedetomidine on intraoperative awareness and post-operative pain after one-lung ventilation.
Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Awareness; Bupivacaine; Consciousness Monitors; Dexmedetomidine; Hemodynamics; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Hypoxia; Intraoperative Complications; Isoflurane; Male; Middle Aged; Pain, Postoperative; Respiration, Artificial; Single-Blind Method; Thoracic Surgical Procedures | 2010 |
[Comparison of the activity and reliability of intravenous administration of midazolam and dexmedetomidine on sedation levels under epidural anesthesia].
Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Costs and Cost Analysis; Dexmedetomidine; Elective Surgical Procedures; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Hysterectomy; Infusions, Intravenous; Midazolam; Middle Aged; Respiratory Rate | 2010 |
Dexmedetomidine added to levobupivacaine prolongs axillary brachial plexus block.
Topics: Adult; Analgesia; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anesthetics, Local; Blood Pressure; Brachial Plexus; Bradycardia; Bupivacaine; Chi-Square Distribution; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Forearm; Hand; Heart Rate; Humans; Levobupivacaine; Male; Middle Aged; Motor Activity; Nerve Block; Orthopedic Procedures; Sensory Thresholds; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Turkey; Young Adult | 2010 |
Dexmedetomidine for the prevention of shivering during spinal anesthesia.
Topics: Adolescent; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Adult; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Body Temperature; Body Temperature Regulation; Bupivacaine; Case-Control Studies; Chi-Square Distribution; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Postoperative Period; Shivering; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult | 2011 |
Effects of intravenous dexmedetomidine on low-dose bupivacaine spinal anaesthesia in elderly patients.
Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Fluid Therapy; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Pain Measurement; Pain, Postoperative; Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting; Regression Analysis; Sample Size; Transurethral Resection of Prostate; Treatment Outcome | 2012 |
Caudal dexmedetomidine combined with bupivacaine inhibit the response to hernial sac traction in children undergoing inguinal hernia repair.
Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Caudal; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Child; Child, Preschool; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fentanyl; Hernia, Inguinal; Herniorrhaphy; Humans; Infant; Kaplan-Meier Estimate; Male; Pain, Postoperative; Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting; Preanesthetic Medication; Traction | 2013 |
The effects of single-dose intravenous dexmedetomidine on hyperbaric bupivacaine spinal anesthesia.
Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Injections, Spinal; Male; Middle Aged | 2013 |
The analgesic effect of intrathecal dexmedetomidine or clonidine, with bupivacaine, in trauma patients undergoing lower limb surgery: a randomised, double-blind study.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Analgesics; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Clonidine; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Injections, Spinal; Lower Extremity; Male; Middle Aged; Nerve Block; Pain, Postoperative; Severity of Illness Index; Time Factors; Wounds and Injuries; Young Adult | 2013 |
Effects of intrathecal dexmedetomidine on low-dose bupivacaine spinal anesthesia in elderly patients undergoing transurethral prostatectomy.
Topics: Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Aged; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Hemodynamics; Humans; Injections, Spinal; Male; Middle Aged; Transurethral Resection of Prostate | 2013 |
A comparison of epidural analgesia provided by bupivacaine alone, bupivacaine + morphine, or bupivacaine + dexmedetomidine for pelvic orthopedic surgery in dogs.
Topics: Analgesia, Epidural; Animals; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Dogs; Double-Blind Method; Hindlimb; Morphine | 2013 |
The effect of adding dexmedetomidine to levobupivacaine for interscalene block for postoperative pain management after arthroscopic shoulder surgery.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anesthetics, Local; Area Under Curve; Arthroscopy; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Levobupivacaine; Male; Middle Aged; Pain, Postoperative; Time Factors; Visual Analog Scale; Young Adult | 2014 |
Caudal dexmedetomidine decreases the required concentration of levobupivacaine for caudal block in pediatric patients: a randomized trial.
Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Analgesia; Anesthesia, Caudal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Child, Preschool; Conscious Sedation; Dexmedetomidine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; Endpoint Determination; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Infant; Levobupivacaine; Male | 2013 |
Dexmedetomidine an adjuvant to levobupivacaine in supraclavicular brachial plexus block: a randomized double blind prospective study.
Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Brachial Plexus Block; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Elective Surgical Procedures; Female; Forearm; Hand; Humans; Levobupivacaine; Male; Middle Aged; Pain Measurement; Pain, Postoperative; Prospective Studies; Young Adult | 2014 |
Comparative Evaluation of Intrathecal Bupivacaine Alone, Bupivacaine-fentanyl, and Bupivacaine-dexmedetomidine in Caesarean Section.
Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Apgar Score; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Dexmedetomidine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Injections, Spinal; Pain, Postoperative | 2015 |
A prospective study comparing the onset and analgesic efficacy of different concentrations of levobupivacaine with/without dexmedetomidine in young children undergoing caudal blockade.
Topics: Anesthesia, Caudal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Child, Preschool; Dexmedetomidine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Infant; Levobupivacaine; Male; Nerve Block; Prospective Studies; Time Factors | 2015 |
A Randomised Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Intrathecal Bupivacaine Combined with Different Adjuvants (Fentanyl, Clonidine and Dexmedetomidine) in Caesarean Section.
Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Clonidine; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Injections, Spinal; Pain, Postoperative; Pregnancy; Young Adult | 2015 |
Efficacy and safety of intraperitoneal dexmedetomidine with bupivacaine in laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery, a randomized trial.
Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Colorectal Neoplasms; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Laparoscopy; Male; Middle Aged; Pain Management; Pain Measurement; Pain, Postoperative; Treatment Outcome | 2015 |
Effect of mini-dose epidural dexmedetomidine in elective cesarean section using combined spinal-epidural anesthesia: a randomized double-blinded controlled study.
Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Apgar Score; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Hypotension; Infant, Newborn; Pain Measurement; Pain, Postoperative; Pregnancy; Young Adult | 2015 |
Comparison of caudal bupivacaine alone with bupivacaine plus two doses of dexmedetomidine for postoperative analgesia in pediatric patients undergoing infra-umbilical surgery: a randomized controlled double-blinded study.
Topics: Abdomen; Analgesia; Anesthesia, Caudal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Child; Child, Preschool; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Infant; Male; Pain, Postoperative; Perineum; Prospective Studies | 2015 |
The Effect of Low-Dose Dexmedetomidine as an Adjuvant to Levobupivacaine in Patients Undergoing Vitreoretinal Surgery Under Sub-Tenon's Block Anesthesia.
Topics: Aged; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Levobupivacaine; Male; Middle Aged; Nerve Block; Pain Measurement; Pain, Postoperative; Prospective Studies; Treatment Outcome; Vitreoretinal Surgery | 2015 |
Comparison of bupivacaine and dexmedetomidine femoral and sciatic nerve blocks with bupivacaine and buprenorphine epidural injection for stifle arthroplasty in dogs.
Topics: Analgesia; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Arthroplasty; Bupivacaine; Buprenorphine; Dexmedetomidine; Dogs; Femoral Nerve; Injections, Epidural; Nerve Block; Pain Measurement; Pain, Postoperative; Prospective Studies; Sciatic Nerve; Stifle | 2016 |
Efficacy of dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant in paravertebral block in breast cancer surgery.
Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, General; Breast Neoplasms; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Mastectomy; Mastectomy, Modified Radical; Middle Aged; Morphine; Nerve Block; Pain, Postoperative; Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting; Prospective Studies | 2016 |
Evaluation of the effects of intrathecal bupivacaine-dexmedetomidine for lumbar spine fusion: a double blinded randomized controlled study.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Hemodynamics; Humans; Ketorolac; Lumbar Vertebrae; Male; Middle Aged; Pain Management; Pain, Postoperative; Spinal Fusion; Treatment Outcome | 2015 |
Epidural Co-Administration of Dexmedetomidine and Levobupivacaine Improves the Gastrointestinal Motility Function after Colonic Resection in Comparison to Co-Administration of Morphine and Levobupivacaine.
Topics: Aged; Analgesia, Epidural; Bupivacaine; Colon; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Therapy, Combination; Feces; Female; Flatulence; Gastrointestinal Motility; Humans; Levobupivacaine; Male; Middle Aged; Morphine; Pain Management; Pain, Postoperative; Prospective Studies; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome | 2016 |
Intravenous Dexmedetomidine Promotes Spinal Bupivacaine Anesthesia and Postoperative Analgesia in Lower Limb Surgery: A Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical CONSORT Study.
Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Lower Extremity; Male; Pain, Postoperative; Prospective Studies; Treatment Outcome | 2016 |
Combined Intrathecal Morphine and Dexmedetomidine for Postoperative Analgesia in Patients Undergoing Major Abdominal Cancer Surgery.
Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Injections, Spinal; Male; Middle Aged; Morphine; Pain, Postoperative; Stomach Neoplasms | 2016 |
Effect of 3 Different Doses of Intrathecal Dexmedetomidine (2.5µg, 5µg, and 10 µg) on Subarachnoid Block Characteristics: A Prospective Randomized Double Blind Dose-Response Trial.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Injections, Spinal; Male; Middle Aged; Nerve Block; Pain Measurement; Pain, Postoperative; Postoperative Period; Prospective Studies; Subarachnoid Space; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Young Adult | 2016 |
Comparison of Intrathecal Dexmedetomidine with Morphine as Adjuvants in Cesarean Sections.
Topics: Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic; Adult; Analgesics; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Injections, Spinal; Morphine; Pain; Pregnancy; Pruritus; Shivering | 2016 |
Intrathecal Dexmedetomidine, Ketamine, and their Combination Added to Bupivacaine for Postoperative Analgesia in Major Abdominal Cancer Surgery.
Topics: Abdominal Neoplasms; Adult; Analgesia; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Ketamine; Male; Middle Aged; Morphine; Pain, Postoperative | 2016 |
The effects of caudal or intravenous dexmedetomidine on postoperative analgesia produced by caudal bupivacaine in children: a randomized controlled double-blinded study.
Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Anesthesia, Caudal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Child; Child, Preschool; Consciousness Monitors; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Infant; Injections, Intravenous; Kaplan-Meier Estimate; Male; Monitoring, Intraoperative; Pain Measurement; Pain, Postoperative; Psychomotor Agitation | 2016 |
The effects of perineural dexmedetomidine on the pharmacodynamic profile of femoral nerve block: a dose-finding randomised, controlled, double-blind study.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Arthroscopy; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Femoral Nerve; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Knee Joint; Male; Middle Aged; Nerve Block; Ultrasonography, Interventional; Young Adult | 2016 |
The timing of administration of intravenous dexmedetomidine during lower limb surgery: a randomized controlled trial.
Topics: Administration, Intravenous; Adult; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Hypotension; Incidence; Injections, Spinal; Lower Extremity; Male; Middle Aged; Time Factors; Young Adult | 2016 |
Intrathecal Dexmedetomidine Alleviates Shivering during Cesarean Delivery under Spinal Anesthesia.
Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Injections, Spinal; Pregnancy; Prospective Studies; Shivering | 2017 |
Dexmedetomidine decreases the required amount of bupivacaine for ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block in pediatrics patients: a randomized study.
Topics: Abdominal Muscles; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Anesthetics, Local; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Child, Preschool; Dexmedetomidine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; Heart Rate; Hernia, Inguinal; Herniorrhaphy; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Infant; Male; Nerve Block; Pain Measurement; Pain, Postoperative; Prospective Studies; Random Allocation; Testicular Hydrocele; Treatment Outcome; Ultrasonography, Interventional | 2017 |
Sciatic and femoral nerve blockade using bupivacaine alone, or in combination with dexmedetomidine or buprenorphine in cats.
Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Buprenorphine; Cats; Cross-Over Studies; Dexmedetomidine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Femoral Nerve; Male; Nerve Block; Sciatic Nerve | 2017 |
A Randomized Controlled Trial Study on the Effect of Adding Dexmedetomidine to Bupivacaine in Supraclavicular Block Using Ultrasound Guidance.
Topics: Adult; Analgesia; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anesthetics, Local; Brachial Plexus Block; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Hemodynamics; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Time Factors | 2016 |
Thoracic paravertebral regional anesthesia for pain relief in patients with breast cancer surgery.
Topics: Aged; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthetics, Local; Breast Neoplasms; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Pain Measurement; Pain, Postoperative; Thoracic Vertebrae; Treatment Outcome | 2017 |
Dexamethasone and Dexmedetomidine as an Adjuvant to Intraarticular Bupivacaine for Postoperative Pain Relief in Knee Arthroscopic Surgery: A Randomized Trial.
Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Arthroscopy; Bupivacaine; Dexamethasone; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Injections, Intra-Articular; Knee; Male; Middle Aged; Pain Measurement; Pain, Postoperative; Patient Satisfaction | 2017 |
Effect of local wound infiltration with ketamine versus dexmedetomidine on postoperative pain and stress after abdominal hysterectomy, a randomized trial.
Topics: Adult; Analgesia; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Hysterectomy; Ketamine; Middle Aged; Morphine; Pain, Postoperative; Treatment Outcome | 2018 |
Retrobulbar vs peribulbar regional anesthesia techniques using bupivacaine in dogs.
Topics: Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cross-Over Studies; Dexmedetomidine; Dogs; Female; Injections, Intraocular; Iopamidol; Random Allocation | 2019 |
Comparative addition of dexmedetomidine and fentanyl to intrathecal bupivacaine in orthopedic procedure in lower limbs.
Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Injections, Spinal; Lower Extremity; Male; Middle Aged; Orthopedic Procedures; Pain, Postoperative; Young Adult | 2018 |
CONSORT-epidural dexmedetomidine improves gastrointestinal motility after laparoscopic colonic resection compared with morphine.
Topics: Aged; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Colon; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Gastrointestinal Motility; Humans; Laparoscopy; Levobupivacaine; Male; Middle Aged; Morphine; Pain Management; Pain, Postoperative | 2018 |
The effect of intrathecal dexmedetomidine on the dose requirement of hyperbaric bupivacaine in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blinded, randomized study.
Topics: Adult; Air Pressure; Analgesia; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Drug Synergism; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Injections, Spinal; Pregnancy; Sufentanil; Time Factors; Young Adult | 2018 |
Intrathecal dexmedetomidine can decrease the 95% effective dose of bupivacaine in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: A prospective, double-blinded, randomized study.
Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Dexmedetomidine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Injections, Spinal; Pregnancy; Prospective Studies; Sufentanil; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome | 2019 |
Effects of intravenous dexmedetomidine infusion on local anaesthetic block: A spinal anaesthesia clinical model in dogs undergoing hind limb surgery.
Topics: Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anesthesia, Spinal; Animals; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Dogs; Hindlimb; Infusions, Intravenous; Models, Animal; Morphine; Nerve Block; Prospective Studies; Random Allocation | 2019 |
Paravertebral Dexmedetomidine in Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgeries for Acute and Chronic Pain Prevention.
Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pain Management; Pain, Postoperative; Prospective Studies; Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted | 2019 |
Effects of adding dexmedetomidine to local infiltration of bupivacaine on postoperative pain in pediatric herniorrhaphy: a randomized clinical trial.
Topics: Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Child; Child, Preschool; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Herniorrhaphy; Humans; Infant; Male; Pain, Postoperative; Treatment Outcome | 2020 |
Comparative study between intrathecal dexmedetomidine and intrathecal magnesium sulfate for the prevention of post-spinal anaesthesia shivering in uroscopic surgery; (RCT).
Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Adult; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Hypothermia; Injections, Spinal; Magnesium Sulfate; Male; Meperidine; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Shivering; Urologic Surgical Procedures | 2019 |
Target-controlled infusion of dexmedetomidine effect-site concentration for sedation in patients undergoing spinal anaesthesia.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Consciousness Monitors; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Biological; Orthopedic Procedures; Young Adult | 2020 |
Postoperative analgesic effect of intrathecal dexmedetomidine on bupivacaine subarachnoid block for open reduction and internal fixation of femoral fractures.
Topics: Adult; Analgesia; Analgesics; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Femoral Fractures; Humans; Injections, Spinal; Male; Middle Aged; Nerve Block; Nigeria; Pain Management; Pain, Postoperative; Postoperative Period; Prospective Studies; Young Adult | 2020 |
Comparison of the ED50 of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine co-administered with or without intrathecal dexmedetomidine for cesarean section: A prospective, double-blinded, randomized dose-response trial using up-down sequential allocation method.
Topics: Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Injections, Spinal; Pregnancy; Prospective Studies; Ropivacaine | 2020 |
Dexmedetomidine Added to Bupivacaine versus Bupivacaine in Transincisional Ultrasound-Guided Quadratus Lumborum Block in Open Renal Surgeries: A Randomized Trial.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Kidney; Male; Middle Aged; Nerve Block; Pain Management; Pain, Postoperative; Prospective Studies; Ultrasonography, Interventional; Urologic Surgical Procedures; Young Adult | 2020 |
Dexmedetomidine and Bupivacaine Association in Caudal Epidural Injection in Mares.
Topics: Analgesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Epidural; Animals; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Horses; Injections, Epidural | 2020 |
The efficacy and safety of intrathecal dexmedetomidine for parturients undergoing cesarean section: a double-blind randomized controlled trial.
Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fentanyl; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Infant, Newborn; Injections, Spinal; Nerve Block; Pregnancy; Prospective Studies | 2020 |
Analgesic Effect of Intrathecal Fentanyl vs Dexmedetomidine as Adjuvants to Bupivacaine Following Abdominal Surgery for Cancer in Children, a Randomized Trial.
Topics: Analgesics; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Child; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Fentanyl; Humans; Neoplasms; Pain, Postoperative | 2020 |
Effect of adding dexmedetomidine to intra-articular levobupivacaine on postoperative pain following arthroscopic meniscus surgery: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo- controlled, clinical trial.
Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Arthroscopy; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Levobupivacaine; Male; Meniscus; Middle Aged; Pain Measurement; Pain, Postoperative; Prospective Studies | 2021 |
Comparative Study Between Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl as an Adjuvant to Intraarticular Bupivacaine for Postoperative Analgesia after Knee Arthroscopy.
Topics: Analgesia; Anesthetics, Local; Arthroscopy; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Fentanyl; Humans; Injections, Intra-Articular; Pain, Postoperative; Prospective Studies | 2021 |
Effects of IV dexmedetomidine as a pre-medication on clinical profile of bupivacaine spinal anaesthesia in lower abdominal surgeries: a randomized clinical study.
Topics: Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Humans; Prospective Studies | 2022 |
Effect of Dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant in quadratus lumborum block in patient undergoing caesarean section - A randomised controlled study.
Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Humans; Pain, Postoperative; Pregnancy; Tramadol | 2022 |
Comparing Effect of Adding Ketamine Versus Dexmedetomidine to Bupivacaine in Pecs-ⅠⅠ Block on Postoperative Pain Control in Patients Undergoing Breast Surgery.
Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Breast Neoplasms; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Ketamine; Mastectomy; Morphine; Pain, Postoperative; Prospective Studies | 2022 |
Comparison of Different Doses of Dexmedetomidine as Adjuvant for Infraumbilical Surgery in Patients Receiving Bupivacaine Spinal Anesthesia: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Topics: Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic; Adult; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Humans; Injections, Spinal; Pain, Postoperative | 2022 |
Transverse abdominis plane injection of bupivacaine with dexmedetomidine or a bupivacaine liposomal suspension yielded lower pain scores and requirement for rescue analgesia in a controlled, randomized trial in dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy.
Topics: Abdominal Muscles; Analgesia; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Nerve Block; Pain Measurement; Pain, Postoperative | 2022 |
Block duration is substantially longer with a liposomal suspension of bupivacaine than with 0.5% bupivacaine HCl potentiated with dexmedetomidine following an ultrasound-guided sciatic nerve block in Beagles.
Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Dogs; Liposomes; Nerve Block; Sciatic Nerve; Ultrasonography, Interventional | 2022 |
Analgesic Characteristics of Bupivacaine Alone and in Combination with Dexmedetomidine or Meperidine in Spinal Anesthesia during Cesarean Section: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial Study.
Topics: Analgesics; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Injections, Spinal; Meperidine; Pain; Pregnancy | 2022 |
A Comparative Study of Bilateral Erector Spinae Block Versus Intravenous Dexmedetomidine for Perioperative Pain Management in Patients Undergoing Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting - A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial.
Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Bupivacaine; Coronary Artery Bypass, Off-Pump; Dexmedetomidine; Fentanyl; Humans; Pain Management; Pain, Postoperative; Prospective Studies; Single-Blind Method | 2022 |
Efficacy of Levobupivacaine Versus Levobupivacaine Plus Dexmedetomidine Infiltration for Post-Tonsillectomy Analgesia: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Analgesia; Analgesics; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Child; Child, Preschool; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Humans; Levobupivacaine; Pain, Postoperative; Tonsillectomy | 2022 |
Comparative study of dexmedetomidine versus fentanyl as adjuvants to bupivacaine in ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block in patients undergoing radical cystectomy: a prospective randomised study.
Topics: Abdominal Muscles; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cystectomy; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Fentanyl; Humans; Pain, Postoperative; Prospective Studies; Saline Solution; Ultrasonography, Interventional | 2022 |
Immunosuppressive Effect of Intrathecal Morphine, Dexmedetomidine, or Both in Combination with Bupivacaine on Patients Undergoing Major Abdominal Cancer Surgery.
Topics: Abdominal Neoplasms; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Humans; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-6; Morphine; Pain, Postoperative; Prospective Studies; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha | 2022 |
Efficacy of dexmedetomidine as adjuvant to bupivacaine in femoral-sciatic nerve blocks in dogs undergoing tibial plateau levelling osteotomy (TPLO).
Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Osteotomy; Pain, Postoperative; Prospective Studies; Sciatic Nerve | 2023 |
The role of dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant for high-thoracic erector spinae plane block for analgesia in shoulder arthroscopy; a randomized controlled study.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Analgesia; Analgesics, Opioid; Arthroscopy; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Morphine; Nerve Block; Pain, Postoperative; Shoulder; Ultrasonography, Interventional; Young Adult | 2023 |
Spinal Anaesthesia for Urological Surgery: A Comparison of Isobaric Solutions of Levobupivacaine and Ropivacaine with Dexmedetomidine.
Topics: Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Humans; Levobupivacaine; Prospective Studies; Ropivacaine | 2023 |
Randomised, prospective, blinded, clinical trial of opioid-free injectable anaesthesia with or without multimodal analgesia in kittens undergoing ovariohysterectomy.
Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cats; Dexmedetomidine; Eating; Female; Hysterectomy; Injections, Intramuscular; Ketamine; Meloxicam; Midazolam; Ovariectomy; Pain Measurement; Pain, Postoperative; Single-Blind Method | 2023 |
Dexmedetomidine as an Adjuvant to Bupivacaine in Caudal Analgesia in Children Undergoing Infra-Umbilical Surgery.
Topics: Analgesia; Bangladesh; Bupivacaine; Child; Child, Preschool; Dexmedetomidine; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Humans; Nausea | 2023 |
Transversus abdominis plane block versus caudal block with bupivacaine and dexmedetomidine for unilateral inguinal hernia repair in pediatric patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Topics: Abdominal Muscles; Bupivacaine; Child; Dexmedetomidine; Hernia, Inguinal; Humans; Nerve Block | 2023 |
Epidural nalbuphine versus dexmedetomidine as adjuvants to bupivacaine in lower limb orthopedic surgeries for postoperative analgesia: a randomized controlled trial.
Topics: Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Humans; Lower Extremity; Nalbuphine; Orthopedic Procedures; Prospective Studies; Saline Solution | 2023 |
39 other study(ies) available for bupivacaine and dexmedetomidine
Article | Year |
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Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
Topics: Blood Proteins; Half-Life; Humans; Hydrogen Bonding; Infusions, Intravenous; Pharmacokinetics; Protein Binding | 2008 |
Dexmedetomidine decreases the convulsive potency of bupivacaine and levobupivacaine in rats: involvement of alpha2-adrenoceptor for controlling convulsions.
Topics: Animals; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Levobupivacaine; Male; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2; Seizures; Yohimbine | 2005 |
Dexmedetomidine prolongs spinal anaesthesia induced by levobupivacaine 0.5% in guinea-pigs.
Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Interactions; Guinea Pigs; Injections, Spinal; Levobupivacaine; Male; Motor Activity; Motor Neurons; Nerve Block; Time Factors; Yohimbine | 2005 |
Perineural administration of dexmedetomidine in combination with bupivacaine enhances sensory and motor blockade in sciatic nerve block without inducing neurotoxicity in rat.
Topics: Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Synergism; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Inflammation; Male; Models, Animal; Motor Activity; Nerve Block; Neurotoxicity Syndromes; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sciatic Nerve; Sensation; Sodium Chloride; Time Factors | 2008 |
Re: Addition of clonidine or dexmedetomidine to bupivacaine prolongs caudal analgesia in children.
Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Analgesia, Epidural; Bupivacaine; Child; Clonidine; Dexmedetomidine; Humans; Pain, Postoperative | 2009 |
Opioid-free perioperative analgesia for hemicolectomy in a patient with opioid-induced delirium: a case report and review of the analgesic efficacy of the alpha-2 agonist agents.
Topics: Abdominal Abscess; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Bupivacaine; Clonidine; Colectomy; Delirium; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Pain, Postoperative; Postoperative Complications; Propofol; Young Adult | 2012 |
The protective effect of dexmedetomidine on bupivacaine-induced sciatic nerve inflammation is mediated by mast cells.
Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Antioxidants; Aryldialkylphosphatase; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Edema; Female; Galectin 3; Inflammation; Mast Cells; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; Nerve Block; Oxidative Stress; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sciatic Nerve | 2013 |
Organization of sensory input to the nociceptive-specific cutaneous trunk muscle reflex in rat, an effective experimental system for examining nociception and plasticity.
Topics: Afferent Pathways; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Animals; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory; Female; Muscle, Skeletal; Neural Conduction; Neuronal Plasticity; Nociception; Physical Stimulation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor; Reflex; Skin; Somatostatin; Spinal Cord; Ubiquitin Thiolesterase | 2014 |
An anesthetic protocol for adult heartworms removal in two cases of canine caval syndrome.
Topics: Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Animals; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Bupivacaine; Butorphanol; Clinical Protocols; Dexmedetomidine; Dirofilariasis; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Heart Murmurs; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Lidocaine; Male; Methyl Ethers; Respiratory Insufficiency; Sevoflurane | 2014 |
Evaluation of dexmedetomidine and postoperative pain management in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: conclusions based on a retrospective study at a tertiary pediatric hospital.
Topics: Adolescent; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Child; Critical Care; Dexmedetomidine; Elastomers; Female; Hospitals, Pediatric; Humans; Infusion Pumps; Infusions, Intralesional; Length of Stay; Male; Morphine; Pain Management; Pain, Postoperative; Polymers; Retrospective Studies; Scoliosis; Spinal Fusion; Tertiary Care Centers | 2014 |
Miosis with dexmedetomidine: every little helps, every picture tells a story.
Topics: Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Deep Sedation; Dexmedetomidine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Middle Aged; Miosis | 2014 |
Inadvertent Neuraxial Anesthesia in a Patient With an Intracranial Space-occupying Lesion.
Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthetics, Local; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee; Brain Neoplasms; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives | 2016 |
Plasma bupivacaine concentrations following orbital injections in cats.
Topics: Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cats; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Injections; Orbit | 2017 |
Comparison of histopathological effects of perineural administration of bupivacaine and bupivacaine-dexmedetomidine in rat sciatic nerve.
Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Disease Models, Animal; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Neurotoxicity Syndromes; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sciatic Nerve | 2016 |
Effectiveness of intrathecal dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to bupivacaine spinal anesthesia in adult patients undergoing elective surgery: a systematic review protocol.
Topics: Adolescent; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; Dexmedetomidine; Elective Surgical Procedures; Humans; Injections, Spinal; Middle Aged; Outcome Assessment, Health Care; Pain Measurement; Postoperative Complications; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Systematic Reviews as Topic; Young Adult | 2016 |
Dexmedetomidine sedation combined with caudal anesthesia for lower abdominal and extremity surgery in ex-preterm and full-term infants.
Topics: Abdomen; Anesthesia, Caudal; Anesthetics, Local; Arterial Pressure; Bupivacaine; Comorbidity; Dexmedetomidine; Extremities; Female; Gestational Age; Heart Rate; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Male; Retrospective Studies | 2017 |
Addition of dexmedetomidine to bupivacaine in supraclavicular brachial plexus block.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anesthetics, Local; Brachial Plexus Block; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pain, Postoperative; Young Adult | 2017 |
Dexmedetomidine prolongs levobupivacaine analgesia via inhibition of inflammation and p38 MAPK phosphorylation in rat dorsal root ganglion.
Topics: Animals; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Ganglia, Spinal; Inflammation; Levobupivacaine; Male; Neurons, Afferent; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; Pain; Pain Management; Phosphorylation; Rats, Sprague-Dawley | 2017 |
Prolonged Duration Local Anesthesia Using Liposomal Bupivacaine Combined With Liposomal Dexamethasone and Dexmedetomidine.
Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Combined; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Dexamethasone; Dexmedetomidine; Drug Liberation; Kinetics; Liposomes; Male; Nerve Block; Pain Threshold; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sciatic Nerve; Time Factors | 2018 |
Effect of Continuous Paravertebral Dexmedetomidine Administration on Intraoperative Anesthetic Drug Requirement and Post-Thoracotomy Pain Syndrome After Thoracotomy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Humans; Nerve Block; Pain, Postoperative; Thoracotomy | 2018 |
Effects of Adding Intrathecal Dexmedetomidine to Hyperbaric Bupivacaine for Saddle Spinal Block in Adults Undergoing Peri-anal Surgeries.
Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Male; Middle Aged; Nepal; Nerve Block; Pain, Postoperative; Surgical Procedures, Operative | 2018 |
Spinal anesthesia for surgery longer than 60 min in infants: experience from the first 2 years of a spinal anesthesia program.
Topics: Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Spinal; Body Weight; Bupivacaine; Clonidine; Dexmedetomidine; Fentanyl; Humans; Infant; Male; Retrospective Studies; Time Factors | 2018 |
Long-acting hydrogel/microsphere composite sequentially releases dexmedetomidine and bupivacaine for prolonged synergistic analgesia.
Topics: Analgesia; Animals; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Hydrogels; Male; Microspheres; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 2018 |
[Ultrasound-guided Thoracic Epidural and Spinal Anesthesia for the Management of Patients Undergoing Systemic Neurofibroma Resection].
Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Spinal; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Humans; Male; Neurofibroma; Pain, Postoperative; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Ropivacaine; Skin Neoplasms; Ultrasonography | 2016 |
Comparison of bupivacaine plus intrathecal fentanyl and bupivacaine alone for spinal anesthesia with intravenous dexmedetomidine sedation: a randomized, double-blind, noninferiority trial.
Topics: Aged; Analgesics; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Male; Pain, Postoperative; Random Allocation | 2019 |
Evaluation of the effect and safety of dexmedetomidine as an additive to local anesthesia in peribulbar block for vitreoretinal surgery.
Topics: Adolescent; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Case-Control Studies; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nerve Block; Pain Measurement; Pain, Postoperative; Prospective Studies; Retinal Diseases; Time Factors; Vitreoretinal Surgery; Young Adult | 2019 |
Commentary: Adjunctive agents in peribulbar anesthesia: Role of dexmedetomidine in vitreo-retinal surgeries.
Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Vitreoretinal Surgery | 2019 |
Dexmedetomidine as an Adjuvant to Local Anesthetics in Transversus Abdominis Plane Block: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Topics: Abdominal Muscles; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Humans; Nerve Block | 2019 |
Dexmedetomidine enhances tolerance to bupivacaine cardiotoxicity in the isolated rat hearts: alpha 2 adrenoceptors were not involved.
Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiotoxicity; Dexmedetomidine; Drug Tolerance; Heart; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2 | 2019 |
Dexmedetomidine elevates the lethal dose threshold of bupivacaine in rats: A dosing study.
Topics: Animals; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Yohimbine | 2020 |
Value of Adding Dexmedetomidine in Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Celiac Plexus Neurolysis for Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer-Associated Pain.
Topics: Aged; Bupivacaine; Cancer Pain; Case-Control Studies; Celiac Plexus; Dexmedetomidine; Endosonography; Female; Humans; Kaplan-Meier Estimate; Male; Middle Aged; Nerve Block; Pain Measurement; Pancreas; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Prospective Studies; Treatment Outcome; Ultrasonography, Interventional | 2021 |
Dexmedetomidine suppresses bupivacaine-induced parthanatos in human SH-SY5Y cells via the miR-7-5p/PARP1 axis-mediated ROS.
Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Anesthetics, Local; Apoptosis; Bupivacaine; Cell Line, Tumor; Dexmedetomidine; Humans; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial; MicroRNAs; Oxidoreductases; Parthanatos; Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1; Reactive Oxygen Species | 2021 |
Does Treatment with Dexmedetomidine Intra-articularly Improve Postoperative Pain and Rehabilitation after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction?
Topics: Analgesics; Anesthetics, Local; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Humans; Levobupivacaine; Morphine; Pain, Postoperative | 2022 |
Transincisional Ultrasound-Guided Quadratus Lumborum Block in Open Renal Surgeries.
Topics: Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Humans; Nerve Block; Pain, Postoperative; Ultrasonography, Interventional | 2021 |
In Response.
Topics: Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Humans; Ultrasonography; Ultrasonography, Interventional | 2021 |
Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Efficacy and Safety.
Topics: Bupivacaine; COVID-19; Dexmedetomidine; Humans; Injections, Epidural; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; SARS-CoV-2; Steroids; Ultrasonography, Interventional; United States | 2021 |
The Effect of Dexmedetomidine in Combination with Bupivacaine on Sensory and Motor Block Time and Pain Score in Supraclavicular Block.
Topics: Adult; Brachial Plexus Block; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Young Adult | 2021 |
Comparison of Liposomal Bupivacaine to a Local Analgesic Cocktail for Transversus Abdominis Plane Blocks in Abdominally Based Microvascular Breast Reconstruction.
Topics: Abdominal Muscles; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Humans; Ketorolac; Mammaplasty; Morphine; Pain, Postoperative; Retrospective Studies | 2022 |
Spinal Anesthesia with 2-Chloroprocaine and Dexmedetomidine for Cesarean Section: A Case Report.
Topics: Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Injections, Spinal; Pregnancy | 2023 |