bromochloroacetic-acid and bromodichloroacetic-acid

In this study, a method was developed to evaluate the degradation of haloacetic acids (HAAs) in water by a heterogenous Fenton-like process catalyzed by cobalt-doped magnetite nanoparticles (Fe

Topics: Acetates; Acetic Acid; Biological Assay; Chloroacetates; Dichloroacetic Acid; DNA Damage; Environmental Monitoring; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Hydrocarbons, Brominated; Mutagens; Toxicity Tests; Trichloroacetic Acid; Water; Water Supply

The brominated and mixed bromo-chloro-haloacetates, such as dibromoacetate (DBA), bromochloroacetate (BCA), and bromodichloroacetate (BDCA), are by-products of water chlorination and are found at lower levels than the fully chlorinated acetates in the drinking water. The toxicities of the compounds were assessed in J774A.1 cells and were found to induce concentration-dependent increases in cell death and superoxide anion and protein carbonyl compounds production. Compared to the previously tested concentrations of dichoroacetate (DCA) and trichloroacetate (TCA) in the same cell line, the tested haloacetates induced similar effects on cellular viability and superoxide anion production but at DBA and BCA concentrations that were approximately 40-160 times lower than those of DCA and TCA, and at BDCA concentrations that were 4-16 times lower than those of DCA and TCA. Also, production of super oxide anion, protein carbonyl compounds, and induction of phagocytic activation are suggested to play a role in their toxicity.

Topics: Acetates; Animals; Cell Line; Macrophages; Mice; Protein Carbonylation; Superoxides

The risk of the presence of haloacetic acids in drinking water as chlorination by-products and the shortage of experimental mutagenicity data for most of them requires a research work. This paper describes a QSAR model to predict direct mutagenicity for these chemicals. The model, able to describe more than 90% of the variance in the experimental activity, was developed with the use of the spectral moment descriptors. The model, using these descriptors with multiplicative effects provides better results than other linear descriptors models based on Geometrical, RDF, WHIM, eigenvalue-based indices, 2D-autocorrelation ones, and information descriptors, taking into account the statistical parameters of the model and the cross-validation results. The structural alerts and the mutagenicity-predicted values from the model output are in agreement with references from other authors. The mutagenicity predicted values for the three haloacetic acids, which have available experimental data (TCAA-Trichloroacetic acid, BDCAA-Bromodichloroacetic acid, and TBAA-Tribromoacetic acid), are reasonably close to their experimental values, specially for the latest two.

Topics: Acetates; Chloroacetates; Computer Simulation; Data Collection; Hydrocarbons, Brominated; Models, Chemical; Models, Molecular; Mutagenicity Tests; Predictive Value of Tests; Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity; Structure-Activity Relationship; Trichloroacetic Acid

The haloacetic acids (HAA) are a family of chemicals that are drinking water disinfection by-products. We previously reported that haloacetic acids, including several bromo- and chloro-HAAs, alter embryonic development when mouse conceptuses are directly exposed to these xenobiotics in whole embryo culture. Craniofacial dysmorphogenesis was observed in exposed embryos and a quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) for induction of cranial neural tube dysmorphogenesis was established for a series of 10 HAAs, which also included fluoro- and iodo-HAA representatives. In the current study, we evaluate the effects of exposing neurulation staged (3-6 somite pairs) CD-1 mouse conceptuses to bromochloro- (BCA), dibromochloro- (DBCA) and bromodichloro-acetic (BDCA) acids in whole embryo culture at concentrations ranging from 50 to 2500 microM. Morphological development was assessed after a 26 h exposure period. Exposure of conceptuses to these HAAs produced dysmorphogenesis, including prosencephalic and pharyngeal arch hypoplasia as well as eye and heart tube abnormalities. Benchmark concentrations for induction of neural tube dysmorphogenesis were 63, 500 and 536 microM for BCA, DBCA and BDCA, respectively. Our previously developed HAA QSAR accurately predicted placement of these three chemicals in the larger context of the previously tested di- and tri-HAAs, also correctly predicting that BCA would be more potent than DBCA and BDCA, and that the latter two HAAs would be near equi-potent. This study describes the concentration-dependent induction of dysmorphogenesis in whole embryo culture by three mixed chloro/bromo-HAAs and demonstrates the ability of the HAA QSAR to predict relative potencies within this family of xenobiotics.

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Acetates; Animals; Benchmarking; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Embryo Culture Techniques; Embryonic Development; Eye Abnormalities; Heart Defects, Congenital; Mice; Neural Tube Defects; Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship

Disinfection by-products and perchlorate in the raw water and finished water of Beijing's a drinking water plants were investigated. The results indicated that there was little bromate in the drinking water. Five haloacetic acids (HAAs) were found in the water. The concentrations of the sum of the five HAAs were ranged from 42.1 micrograms/L to 149.5 micrograms/L. In the HAAs, the chlorine-containing HAAs accounted for more than 90% of the total HAAs. In the five HAAs, the concentration order of the HAAs were trichloroacetic acid > dichloroacetic acid > bromochloroacetic acid > dibromoacetic acid > bromodichloroacetic acid. The HAAs in Beijing's drinking water were much influenced by the variation of season. They had the highest concentrations in September and lowest concentration in April, respectively. For perchlorate in Beijing's drinking water, it was greatly influenced by the groundwater. Its concentrations were between 0.1-6.8 micrograms/L in the finished drinking water. It had peak value in November and minimum value in July, respectively.

Topics: Acetates; Bromates; Disinfection; Perchlorates; Seasons; Sodium Compounds; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Supply