bromide and choline

bromide has been researched along with choline in 49 studies

Research

Studies (49)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-199045 (91.84)18.7374
1990's2 (4.08)18.2507
2000's1 (2.04)29.6817
2010's0 (0.00)24.3611
2020's1 (2.04)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Galla, JH; Kotchen, TA; Luke, RG1
Castranova, V; Goldfinger, JM; Parker, JC1
Adams, PR; Brown, DA1
Post, RL; Suzuki, K1
Linton, JR; Smith, DS1
Gelarden, RT; Rose, RC1
Koltai, M; Minker, E1
Dahlheim, H; Granger, P; Grüner, A; Mason, J; Thurau, KW1
Flacke, W1
Bartels, E; Del Castillo, J; Sobrino, JA1
Liao, CS; Takagi, K; Takayanagi, I1
Persson, BO1
Lippold, BC; Schneider, G1
Harpst, JA; Lee, JC1
Abel, G; Erbslöh, J; Thoma, H1
Dettbarn, WD; Hoekman, TB1
Prince, AK1
Irikura, T; Nishino, K; Takagi, K; Takayanagi, I1
Hille, B1
Coggon, P; McPhail, AT; Roe, AM1
Chiou, CY1
Chiou, CY; Long, JP; Potrepka, R; Spratt, JL1
Ferreira, KT1
Klingman, GI; Klingman, JD; Poliszczuk, A1
Clark, ER; Jana, M1
Holtzman, D1
Amidon, GL; Van Campen, L; Zografi, G1
Biber, TU; Mullen, TL1
Freire, E; García-Moreno, B; Kenar, KT1
HEY, P; WILLEY, GL1
WILLEY, GL2
EXLEY, KA1
COUPLAND, RE; EXLEY, KA1
KEYL, MJ; WHITTAKER, VP1
BASTAROLI, JC; SCHIFIS, M1
COUPLAND, RE1
SCHAPIRO, S1
BOURA, AL; COKER, GG; COPP, FC; DUNCOMBE, WG; ELPHICK, AR; GREEN, AF; McCOUBREY, A1
BOURA, AL; COPP, FC; GREEN, AF; GRIVSKY, EM; HODSON, HF; RUFFELL, GK; SIM, MF; WALTON, E1
DURELL, J; RAWITSCHER, M; STURTEVANT, JM1
HAGEN, PB; ZEBROWSKI, E1
LUDDEN, CT; ROSS, CA; STONE, CA; WENGER, HC1
CHICHIBU, S; HAGIWARA, S; NAKA, KI1
ANDREWS, WH; NASMYTH, PA1
Apell, HJ; Ayuyan, AG; Lenz, AA; Sokolov, VS1
OLESON, JJ; VAN METER, JC1
Conti, F; Damiani, A; Pietronero, C; Russo, N1
Adeyemi, IA; Aldawsari, JN; Ali, E; AlNashef, IM; Bessadok-Jemai, A; Hadj-Kali, MK1

Reviews

1 review(s) available for bromide and choline

ArticleYear
Treatment of myasthenia gravis.
    The New England journal of medicine, 1973, Jan-04, Volume: 288, Issue:1

    Topics: Acetates; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Ambenonium Chloride; Aminophylline; Anesthetics, Local; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Atropine; Bromides; Choline; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Edrophonium; Hospitals, Special; Humans; Myasthenia Gravis; Neostigmine; Physostigmine; Phytotherapy; Plants, Medicinal; Plants, Toxic; Synaptic Transmission; United States; Veratrum

1973

Trials

1 trial(s) available for bromide and choline

ArticleYear
[Methods and results of bladder-pressure determination].
    Zeitschrift fur Geburtshilfe und Gynakologie, 1971, Volume: 175, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Bromides; Butyrates; Choline; Citrates; Female; Humans; Manometry; Methods; Middle Aged; Muscle Tonus; Muscle, Smooth; Muscles; Placebos; Pressure; Scopolamine; Time Factors; Urinary Bladder

1971

Other Studies

47 other study(ies) available for bromide and choline

ArticleYear
Contribution of chloride to the inhibition of plasma renin by sodium chloride in the rat.
    Kidney international, 1978, Volume: 13, Issue:3

    Topics: Acetates; Animals; Bicarbonates; Body Weight; Bromides; Chlorides; Choline; Iodides; Loop of Henle; Male; Potassium; Rats; Renin; Sodium Chloride; Thiocyanates

1978
Dog red blood cells: Na and K diffusion potentials with extracellular ATP.
    The Journal of general physiology, 1977, Volume: 69, Issue:4

    Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Bromides; Cell Membrane Permeability; Chlorides; Choline; Dogs; Erythrocyte Membrane; Erythrocytes; In Vitro Techniques; Membrane Potentials; Potassium; Sodium; Time Factors

1977
Actions of gamma-aminobutyric acid on sympathetic ganglion cells.
    The Journal of physiology, 1975, Volume: 250, Issue:1

    Topics: Aminobutyrates; Animals; Bromides; Cell Membrane Permeability; Cervical Plexus; Chlorides; Choline; Electrophysiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Ganglia, Autonomic; Glutamates; In Vitro Techniques; Isethionic Acid; Membrane Potentials; Neurons; Rats; Sulfates

1975
A Hofmeister effect on the phosphoenzyme of Na,K-ATPase.
    Society of General Physiologists series, 1991, Volume: 46

    Topics: Acetates; Animals; Anions; Arginine; Aspartic Acid; Bromides; Cations; Chlorides; Choline; Dogs; Guanidine; Guanidines; Kidney; Lysine; Nephelometry and Turbidimetry; Nitrates; Sodium; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; Succinates

1991
Potentiometric evidence for the active transport of sodium and chloride across excised gills of Callinectes sapidus.
    Comparative biochemistry and physiology. A, Comparative physiology, 1971, Jul-01, Volume: 39, Issue:3

    Topics: Acetates; Animals; Biological Transport, Active; Brachyura; Bromides; Chlorides; Choline; Cyanides; Formaldehyde; Gills; Hemolymph; Membrane Potentials; Ouabain; Perfusion; Permeability; Physostigmine; Radioisotopes; Sodium; Sodium Isotopes; Sulfates; Time Factors; Tromethamine

1971
Electrical properties and diffusion potentials in the gallbladder of man, monkey, dog, goose and rabbit.
    The Journal of membrane biology, 1974, Volume: 19, Issue:1

    Topics: Anaerobiosis; Animals; Bicarbonates; Biological Transport; Bromides; Chlorides; Choline; Diffusion; Dogs; Electric Conductivity; Epithelium; Gallbladder; Geese; Haplorhini; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Macaca; Macaca mulatta; Membrane Potentials; Ouabain; Potassium; Potentiometry; Rabbits; Sodium Chloride; Species Specificity; Sulfates; Sulfhydryl Compounds; Temperature

1974
On the ganglionic effect of trypsin.
    Acta physiologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 1967, Volume: 31, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Bromides; Cats; Choline; Electric Stimulation; Ethers; Ganglia, Spinal; Nictitating Membrane; Papain; Paralysis; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission; Trypsin Inhibitors

1967
Activation of renin in the single juxtaglomerular apparatus by sodium chloride in the tubular fluid at the macula densa.
    Circulation research, 1972, Volume: 31, Issue:9

    Topics: Angiotensin II; Animals; Bromides; Chlorides; Choline; Feedback; Ferrocyanides; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Juxtaglomerular Apparatus; Kidney Tubules; Lithium; Mannitol; Rats; Renin; Sodium Chloride

1972
Microelectrophoretic application of cholinergic compounds, protein oxidizing agents, and mercurials to the chemically excitable membrane of the electroplax.
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1972, Volume: 69, Issue:8

    Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Azo Compounds; Benzene; Benzoates; Bromides; Carbachol; Chloromercuribenzoates; Choline; Eels; Electric Organ; Electrophoresis; Evoked Potentials; Membrane Potentials; Mercury; Microelectrodes; Neuromuscular Junction; Oxidation-Reduction; Parasympatholytics; Sensory Receptor Cells; Sulfides

1972
The effect of calcium and magnesium ions on drug-receptor interactions.
    European journal of pharmacology, 1972, Volume: 19, Issue:3

    Topics: Acetylcholine; Amines; Animals; Benzyl Compounds; Bromides; Calcium; Cecum; Chlorine; Choline; Dibenzylchlorethamine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Epinephrine; Guinea Pigs; Histamine; In Vitro Techniques; Magnesium; Male; Mustard Compounds; Norepinephrine; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Receptors, Drug; Vas Deferens

1972
Choline acetylase inhibitors. 3. The preparation of some trimethylammonium salts substituted with a four-carbon chain.
    Acta pharmaceutica Suecica, 1974, Volume: 11, Issue:1

    Topics: Acetyltransferases; Alkynes; Bromides; Chlorides; Choline; Iodides; Ketones; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Methylamines; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Spectrophotometry, Infrared

1974
[Ion pair formation of tetraalkylammonium-and choline ester bromides and their derivatives in n-octanol and n-octanol-water mixtures (author's transl)].
    Archiv der Pharmazie, 1974, Volume: 307, Issue:1

    Topics: Bromides; Choline; Conductometry; Esters; Ion Exchange; Octanols; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

1974
Purification and properties of butyrylcholinesterase from horse serum.
    Archives of biochemistry and biophysics, 1971, Volume: 145, Issue:1

    Topics: Acetates; Acetylcholine; Ammonium Sulfate; Animals; Benzoates; Bromides; Butyrates; Calcium; Chemical Precipitation; Chlorides; Choline; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Cholinesterases; Chromatography, DEAE-Cellulose; Chromatography, Gel; Edetic Acid; Electrophoresis; Electrophoresis, Disc; Enzyme Activation; Ethanol; Horses; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Iodides; Kinetics; Magnesium; Naphthalenes; Phenols; Propionates; Temperature; Ultracentrifugation

1971
Acetylcholine--a possible mechanism for the depolarization response in giant axons of the lobster circumesophageal connective.
    Biochemical pharmacology, 1971, Volume: 20, Issue:7

    Topics: Acetylcholine; Action Potentials; Animals; Atropine; Axons; Bromides; Choline; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Drug Antagonism; Echothiophate Iodide; Electric Stimulation; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; In Vitro Techniques; Kinetics; Membrane Potentials; Methacholine Compounds; Nephropidae; Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents; Organophosphorus Compounds; Paraoxon; Physostigmine; Pralidoxime Compounds; Receptors, Cholinergic; Seawater; Tubocurarine

1971
Properties of choline acetyltransferase isolated from squid ganglia.
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1967, Volume: 57, Issue:4

    Topics: Acetylcholine; Acyltransferases; Animals; Bromides; Choline; Coenzyme A; Fluorides; Ganglia; In Vitro Techniques; Kinetics; Mollusca; Phosphates; Potassium Chloride; Potassium Iodide; Sulfates

1967
The effects of choline and its analogues on the output of acetylcholine from the isolated ileum of the guinea pig.
    Japanese journal of pharmacology, 1967, Volume: 17, Issue:1

    Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Bromides; Chlorides; Choline; Electric Stimulation; Guinea Pigs; Ileum; In Vitro Techniques; Iodides; Male; Morphine; Muscle Contraction; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

1967
The permeability of the sodium channel to organic cations in myelinated nerve.
    The Journal of general physiology, 1971, Volume: 58, Issue:6

    Topics: Amidines; Animals; Anura; Biguanides; Bromides; Carboxylic Acids; Cell Membrane Permeability; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Chlorides; Choline; Guanidines; Hydrazines; Hydrogen; Hydroxylamines; Imidazoles; Membrane Potentials; Methylamines; Models, Biological; Models, Structural; Neural Conduction; Neurons; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Rana pipiens; Sodium; Tetraethylammonium Compounds; Tromethamine

1971
Conformation of xylocholine.
    Nature, 1969, Dec-20, Volume: 224, Issue:5225

    Topics: Bromides; Choline; Models, Chemical; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; X-Ray Diffraction; Xylenes

1969
Cholinergic effects of vinylcholine ether.
    Archives internationales de pharmacodynamie et de therapie, 1970, Volume: 185, Issue:1

    Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Anura; Atropine; Blood Pressure; Bromides; Choline; Dogs; Drug Synergism; Guinea Pigs; Hexamethonium Compounds; Ileum; Intestine, Small; Muscle, Smooth; Neostigmine; Nicotinic Acids; Parasympathomimetics

1970
The ability of various nicotinic agents to release acetylcholine from synaptic vesicles.
    Archives internationales de pharmacodynamie et de therapie, 1970, Volume: 187, Issue:1

    Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic; Bromides; Carbachol; Cerebral Cortex; Choline; Cytoplasmic Granules; Hemicholinium 3; Male; Nicotine; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Rats; Stimulation, Chemical; Synapses; Synaptic Vesicles

1970
Anionic dependence of sodium transport in the frog skin.
    Biochimica et biophysica acta, 1968, Jun-11, Volume: 150, Issue:4

    Topics: Animals; Anura; Biological Transport, Active; Bromides; Chlorides; Choline; Electrophysiology; Gluconates; Iodides; Membrane Potentials; Skin; Skin Physiological Phenomena; Sodium; Sodium Isotopes; Sulfates

1968
Acetyl- and pseudocholinesterase activities in sympathetic ganglia of rats.
    Journal of neurochemistry, 1968, Volume: 15, Issue:10

    Topics: Acetylcholine; Acetylcholinesterase; Animals; Benzoates; Brain; Bromides; Cats; Caudate Nucleus; Choline; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Cholinesterases; Female; Ganglia, Autonomic; Male; Myocardium; Phenothiazines; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Rats

1968
The identification of the impurity responsible for the reported pressor activity of xylocholine.
    British journal of pharmacology and chemotherapy, 1966, Volume: 27, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Bromides; Cats; Choline; Chromatography, Gas; Sensory Receptor Cells; Spectrum Analysis; Ultraviolet Rays

1966
The effect of low ionic strength extracellular solutions on the resting potential in skeletal muscle fibers.
    The Journal of general physiology, 1967, Volume: 50, Issue:6

    Topics: Animals; Anura; Bromides; Choline; Electrophysiology; Iodides; Muscles; Nitrates; Sodium Chloride; Sucrose; Thorium

1967
Moisture sorption kinetics for water-soluble substances. III: Theoretical and experimental studies in air.
    Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 1983, Volume: 72, Issue:12

    Topics: Absorption; Air; Bromides; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Chemistry, Physical; Choline; Kinetics; Models, Chemical; Potassium; Potassium Compounds; Potassium Iodide; Pressure; Solubility; Thermodynamics; Water

1983
Effect of external cation and anion substitutions on sodium transport in isolated frog skin.
    The Journal of membrane biology, 1980, Volume: 52, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Anura; Biological Transport, Active; Bromides; Cesium; Chlorides; Choline; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Iodides; Lithium; Membrane Potentials; Osmolar Concentration; Potassium; Rana pipiens; Rubidium; Skin; Sodium

1980
A calorimetric characterization of the salt dependence of the stability of the GCN4 leucine zipper.
    Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society, 1995, Volume: 4, Issue:9

    Topics: Anions; Bromides; Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; Cations; Choline; DNA-Binding Proteins; Drug Stability; Fluorides; Fungal Proteins; Leucine Zippers; Lithium Chloride; Macromolecular Substances; Potassium Chloride; Potassium Compounds; Protein Folding; Protein Kinases; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; Salts; Sodium Chloride; Thermodynamics

1995
Choline 2 : 6-xylyl ether bromide; an active quaternary local anaesthetic.
    British journal of pharmacology and chemotherapy, 1954, Volume: 9, Issue:4

    Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics; Anesthetics, Local; Bromides; Choline; Ether; Ethers

1954
Some pharmacological actions of choline 2:6-xylyl ether bromide.
    British journal of pharmacology and chemotherapy, 1957, Volume: 12, Issue:1

    Topics: Anesthetics, General; Animals; Bromides; Cats; Choline; Ether; Ethers; Guinea Pigs; Ileum; Nicotine; Nictitating Membrane

1957
The blocking action of choline 2:6-xylyl ether bromide on adrenergic nerves.
    British journal of pharmacology and chemotherapy, 1957, Volume: 12, Issue:3

    Topics: Adrenergic Agents; Animals; Autonomic Nerve Block; Bromides; Cats; Choline; Epinephrine; Ether; Ethers; Heart Rate; Nervous System; Norepinephrine; Spleen; Sympathetic Nervous System; Sympatholytics

1957
Effects of choline 2:6-xylyl ether bromide upon the suprarenal medulla of the rat.
    British journal of pharmacology and chemotherapy, 1957, Volume: 12, Issue:3

    Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Amines; Animals; Bromides; Catechols; Choline; Epinephrine; Ether; Ethers; Norepinephrine; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Rats

1957
Some pharmacological properties of murexine (urocanoylcholine).
    British journal of pharmacology and chemotherapy, 1958, Volume: 13, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Bromides; Cats; Choline; Dogs; Felis; Imidazoles; Rats

1958
[Clinical tests of combined Rauwolfia, bromocholine bromide & papaverine hydrochloride in the treatment of arterial hypertension].
    El Dia medico, 1958, May-26, Volume: 30, Issue:33

    Topics: Alkaloids; Antihypertensive Agents; Bromides; Choline; Humans; Hypertension; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Papaverine; Rauwolfia; Secologanin Tryptamine Alkaloids

1958
The effects of insulin, reserpine and choline 2:6-xylylether bromide on the adrenal medulla and on medullary autografts in the rat.
    The Journal of endocrinology, 1958, Volume: 17, Issue:2

    Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Animals; Autografts; Bromides; Choline; Insulin; Rats; Reserpine; Xylenes

1958
The effect of choline 2,6-dichloro phenyl ether bromide (TM-25) on organ content and urinary excretion of catecholamines.
    Acta physiologica Scandinavica, 1961, Volume: 52

    Topics: Adrenal Glands; Bromides; Catecholamines; Choline; Myocardium; Oxidoreductases; Phenyl Ethers; Spleen

1961
Powerful adrenergic neurone-blocking agents related to choline 2,6-xylyl ether bromide.
    Nature, 1960, Mar-26, Volume: 185

    Topics: Adrenergic Agents; Bromides; Choline; Ether; Ethers; Sympatholytics

1960
Adrenergic neurone-blocking agents related to choline 2, 6-xylyl ether bromide (TM 10), bretylium and guanethidine.
    Nature, 1961, Sep-23, Volume: 191

    Topics: Adrenergic Agents; Adrenergic Antagonists; Antihypertensive Agents; Bretylium Compounds; Bromides; Choline; Ether; Ethers; Guanethidine; Nervous System; Neurons; Peripheral Nerves; Sympatholytics

1961
The synthesis of methionine by enzymic transmethylation. VIII. Enthalpy changes in the methyl-transfer from betaine and S-methylmethionine bromide.
    Biochimica et biophysica acta, 1962, Jan-29, Volume: 56

    Topics: Betaine; Biochemical Phenomena; Bromides; Choline; Methionine; Thermodynamics; Transferases; Vitamin U

1962
Action of TM 10 (choline 2: 6-xylyl ether bromide) and its beta-methyl derivative on the conversion of dopamine to noradrenaline by chromaffin tissue.
    Biochemical pharmacology, 1962, Volume: 11

    Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Bromides; Catecholamines; Choline; Chromaffin System; Dopamine; Ether; Ethers; Humans; Norepinephrine; Pheochromocytoma

1962
Selective potentiation of sympathomimetic amines by reserpine. syrosingopine and 2,6-xylylcholine ether bromide (TM-10) in the dog.
    Archives internationales de pharmacodynamie et de therapie, 1963, Mar-01, Volume: 142

    Topics: Animals; Bretylium Compounds; Bromides; Choline; Cocaine; Dihydroxyphenylalanine; Dogs; Dopamine; Ether; Guanethidine; Iproniazid; Norepinephrine; Phenethylamines; Phenylhydrazines; Reserpine; Sympathomimetics; Tyramine

1963
Effect of antisympathomimetic drugs on the plasma concentrations of catechol amines.
    British journal of pharmacology and chemotherapy, 1962, Volume: 19

    Topics: Amines; Animals; Blood Pressure; Bromides; Catechols; Cats; Choline; Cocaine; Epinephrine; Ergotamine; Iproniazid; Norepinephrine; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Phenoxybenzamine; Sympatholytics

1962
THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS IONS ON RESTING AND SPIKE POTENTIALS OF BARNACLE MUSCLE FIBERS.
    The Journal of general physiology, 1964, Volume: 48

    Topics: Acetates; Action Potentials; Ammonium Compounds; Animals; Anions; Bromides; Calcium; Cations, Monovalent; Cesium; Chlorides; Choline; Citrates; Crustacea; Edetic Acid; Electrophysiology; Guanidines; Iodides; Ions; Membrane Potentials; Muscles; Pharmacology; Potassium; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Research; Rubidium; Sodium; Sulfates; Thoracica; Tromethamine

1964
The antagonism of cocaine to the action of choline 2,6-xylyl ether bromide at sympathetic nerve endings.
    British journal of pharmacology and chemotherapy, 1959, Volume: 14

    Topics: Animals; Autonomic Pathways; Bromides; Choline; Cocaine; Ether; Ethers; Nerve Endings; Norepinephrine; Phenoxybenzamine; Spleen; Sympathetic Nervous System; Xylenes

1959
Effect of chaotropic anions on the sodium transport by the Na,K-ATPase.
    European biophysics journal : EBJ, 2006, Volume: 35, Issue:3

    Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Anions; Binding Sites; Bromides; Chlorides; Choline; Hydrolysis; Iodides; Ion Transport; Kinetics; Lipid Bilayers; Protein Binding; Protein Conformation; Rabbits; Sodium; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; Solutions; Static Electricity; Temperature; Water

2006
Inhibition ergostanyl acetate by 7-dehydrocholesteryl bromide.
    Archives of biochemistry, 1949, Volume: 23, Issue:2

    Topics: Acetates; Bromides; Choline

1949
Conformational flexibility of choline derivatives.
    Nature: New biology, 1971, Oct-20, Volume: 233, Issue:42

    Topics: Acetylcholine; Bromides; Carbachol; Choline; Deuterium Oxide; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Protein Conformation

1971
Polyethylene glycol-based deep eutectic solvents as a novel agent for natural gas sweetening.
    PloS one, 2020, Volume: 15, Issue:9

    Topics: Absorption, Physicochemical; Bromides; Caprylates; Carbon Dioxide; Choline; Computer Simulation; Environmental Pollution; Equipment Design; Hydrogen Bonding; Models, Chemical; Molecular Structure; Natural Gas; Oil and Gas Industry; Onium Compounds; Polyethylene Glycols; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Salts; Solvents; Temperature; Thermodynamics; Transition Temperature; Trityl Compounds

2020