bromfenacoum and coumatetralyl

The occurrence of 10 commonly used anticoagulant rodenticides in centrifuged sludge of 27 wastewater treatment plants was evaluated using solid-liquid extraction (SLE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Activated carbon, alumina, and Florisil cartridges with methanol/dichloromethane as eluting solvents were tested in combination with primary-secondary amine (PSA) to optimize an efficient sample cleanup. PSA in combination with Florisil was the best methodology to extract anticoagulant rodenticides in sludge providing recoveries between 42 ± 0.5 and 100 ± 2 %. Warfarin, bromadiolone, ferulenol, and coumachlor were the most ubiquitous compounds in sludge at concentrations up to 84.2 ng g(-1) for the latter. Coumatetralyl, dicoumarol, and brodifacoum were detected sporadically at levels between 6.1 and 17.4 ng g(-1). On the contrary, acenocoumarol, difenacoum, and flocoumafen were not detected in any sample. Finally, we estimated the amount of anticoagulant rodenticides discharged via sludge in order to determine the potential impact to agricultural soil according to different sludge usage practices in the region investigated. This study demonstrates that anticoagulant rodenticides are accumulated in sludge during activated sludge treatment and that the application of sludge as fertilizers may pose a future environmental risk, if not controlled.

Topics: 4-Hydroxycoumarins; Anticoagulants; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Coumarins; Rodenticides; Sewage; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Warfarin; Wastewater

A simple, accurate and sensitive method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of warfarin, coumatetralyl, bromadiolone, flocoumafen and brodifacoum in whole blood by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. The five 4-hydroxycoumarin rodenticides in whole blood were extracted by ethyl acetate, separated on XDB C,, column( 150 mm x 2. 1 mm, 5 [microm) by using the mobile phase consisting of methanol-0. 2% acetic acid aqueous solution (88: 12, v/v) at a flow rate of 0. 5 mL/min and detected with a variational time program for fluorescence wavelength. Each analyte was qualitatively determined with its fluorescence excitation spectrum, fluorescence emission spectrum and retention time being compared with those of the reference standard, and quantified with external calibration method. The linear range was 0. 01 - 10. 00 mg/L and the limit of quantification was 0. 01 mg/L except warfarin of which the corresponding results were 0. 05 - 10. 00 mg/L and 0. 05 mg/L. The recoveries were between 81% and 98% and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were between 3. 8% and 8. 5%. This method can be used in the diagnosis of the clinical poisoned patients.

Topics: 4-Hydroxycoumarins; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Humans; Reproducibility of Results; Rodenticides; Warfarin

From 1971 through 1997, we documented 51 cases (55 individual animals) of poisoning of non-target wildlife in New York (plus two cases in adjoining states) (USA) with anticoagulant rodenticides--all but two of these cases occurred in the last 8 yrs. Brodifacoum was implicated in 80% of the incidents. Diphacinone was identified in four cases, bromadiolone in three cases (once in combination with brodifacoum), and chlorophacinone and coumatetralyl were detected once each in the company of brodifacoum. Warfarin accounted for the three cases documented prior to 1989, and one case involving a bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in 1995. Secondary intoxication of raptors, principally great horned owls (Bubo virginianus) and red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), comprised one-half of the cases. Gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis), raccoons (Procyon lotor) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were the most frequently poisoned mammals. All of the deer originated from a rather unique situation on a barrier island off southern Long Island (New York). Restrictions on the use of brodifacoum appear warranted.

Topics: 4-Hydroxycoumarins; Animals; Animals, Wild; Anticoagulants; Bird Diseases; Deer; Hemorrhage; Indans; New York; Phenindione; Poisoning; Raccoons; Raptors; Rodenticides; Sciuridae; Warfarin

Topics: 4-Hydroxycoumarins; Animals; Anticoagulants; Cats; Liver; Reference Standards; Rodenticides; Structure-Activity Relationship; Warfarin

The response of Meriones shawi to seven rodenticides was investigated in laboratory feeding tests. The species proved to be much less susceptible to anticoagulants than most other species of rodent pests. Brodifacoum (at 0.005%), although giving complete mortality after only 8 days' continuous feeding, was more toxic than warfarin (0.025%), coumatetralyl (0.0375%), difenacoum (0.005%) and bromadiolone (0.005%). Calciferol (0.1%), though toxic, was significantly unpalatable. Zinc phosphide (5.0%) presented for 2 days in a choice test against unpoisoned food gave 80% mortality and appears to be the most suitable of these compounds for the control of M. shawi in the field.

Topics: 4-Hydroxycoumarins; Animals; Ergocalciferols; Gerbillinae; Phosphines; Rodent Control; Rodenticides; Warfarin; Zinc Compounds

The rodenticides brodifacoum, difenacoum, coumatetralyl and warfarin are determined in animal relicta by high-performance exclusion chromatography on porous silica. The first three compounds are not separated, but are subsequently differentiated by adsorption or reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of the appropriate eluate fraction collected from the exclusion column. The method is rapid, and clean-up (on Sep-Pak silica cartridges) is simple. Mean recoveries from spiked substrates were generally above 80% at levels of 0.1-1.0 mg/kg. Routine limits of determination are about 0.05-0.1 mg/kg for warfarin and about 0.02 mg/kg for the other compounds. If analysis for warfarin is not required, the latter limit can be lowered to about 1 microgram/kg by a slight modification to the clean-up step.

Topics: 4-Hydroxycoumarins; Animals; Anticoagulants; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Liver; Reference Values; Rodenticides; Stomach; Swine; Warfarin