betaine has been researched along with carnitine in 362 studies
| Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 108 (29.83) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 56 (15.47) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 78 (21.55) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 82 (22.65) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 38 (10.50) | 2.80 |
| Authors | Studies |
|---|---|
| Chen, J; Conway, SJ; Ganapathy, V; Huang, W; Leibach, FH; Prasad, PD; Rajan, DP; Seth, P; Wu, X | 1 |
| Kobayashi, D; Nezu, JI; Ohashi, R; Oku, A; Sai, Y; Shimane, M; Tamai, I; Tsuji, A | 1 |
| Barnes, JC; Bradley, P; Day, NC; Fourches, D; Reed, JZ; Tropsha, A | 1 |
| Cantin, LD; Chen, H; Kenna, JG; Noeske, T; Stahl, S; Walker, CL; Warner, DJ | 1 |
| Carnicero, HH; Englard, S | 1 |
| Englard, S | 1 |
| Bohmer, T; Hansson, V | 1 |
| Allen, J; Carpenter, S; Engel, AG; Karpati, G; Klassen, G; Mamer, OA; Rothman, S; Watters, G | 1 |
| Kleber, HP; Seim, H; Strack, E | 1 |
| Abdel Kader, MM; Abdou, MS; Dorgham, AH; El-Hafez, MA; Tawadrous, GA; Zaki, AH | 1 |
| Seim, H; Strack, E | 2 |
| ElAmin, B; Means, GE | 1 |
| Cederblad, G; Holm, J; Lindstedt, G; Lindstedt, S; Nordin, I; Scherstén, T | 1 |
| Labadie, P | 1 |
| Böhmer, T; Eiklid, K; Jonsen, J | 1 |
| Aurich, H; Seim, H; Strack, E | 1 |
| Bremer, J; Christiansen, RZ | 1 |
| Erfle, JD | 1 |
| Cheng, Y; Duan, RD; Erlanson-Albertsson, C | 1 |
| Bason, L; Chambers, ST; Hayman, CM; Leaver, C; Lever, M | 1 |
| Hoppel, CL; Krahenbuhl, S; Minkler, PE | 1 |
| Brar, P; Fritz, IB; Siu, CH | 1 |
| Chiodi, P; Maccari, F; Ramacci, MT | 1 |
| Hülsmann, WC; Schneijdenberg, CT; Verkleij, AJ | 1 |
| Arakawa, N; Ha, TY; Otsuka, M | 1 |
| Rebouche, CJ | 4 |
| Griffith, OW; Lentnek, M; Rifkind, AB | 1 |
| Chenard, CA; Rebouche, CJ | 1 |
| Sandor, A | 1 |
| Griffith, OW; Ohtsuka, Y | 1 |
| Alkonyi, I; Cseko, J; Kispal, G; Sandor, A | 1 |
| Jung, H; Jung, K; Kleber, HP | 1 |
| Murthy, MS; Pande, SV; Ramsay, RR | 1 |
| Hoogerbrugge Van der Linden, N; Hülsmann, WC; Jansen, H | 1 |
| Alkonyi, I; Cseko, J; Sandor, A | 1 |
| Emmrich, J; Seim, H | 1 |
| Bobyleva-Guarriero, V; Di Lisa, F; Menabò, R; Miotto, G; Siliprandi, N | 1 |
| Hoppel, CL; Sandor, A | 1 |
| Bosch, EP; Chenard, CA; Nelson, SE; Rebouche, CJ; Schabold, KJ | 1 |
| Arslan, P; Cavallini, L; Deana, R; Francesconi, M; Rigoni, F; Siliprandi, N | 1 |
| Ciman, M; Mantovani, G; Sartorelli, L | 1 |
| Landfald, B; Larsen, PI; Strøm, AR; Sydnes, LK | 1 |
| Banjac, B; Drewes, LR; Kloiber, O | 1 |
| Olson, AL; Rebouche, CJ | 1 |
| Deshusses, J; Nobile, S | 2 |
| Hoppel, CL; Ingalls, ST; Minkler, PE; Sandor, A | 1 |
| Baccino, D; Deshusses, J; Nobile, S; Takagi, T | 1 |
| Allen, RH; Bartholomew, DW; Batshaw, ML; Francomano, CA; Roe, CR; Rosenblatt, D; Valle, DL | 1 |
| Ciman, M; Sartorelli, L; Siliprandi, N | 1 |
| Griffith, OW; Jenkins, DL | 2 |
| Schulz, H | 1 |
| Cooper, TG; Gudermann, TW; Yeung, CH | 1 |
| Asai, M; Harada, S; Kanamaru, T; Okazaki, H; Shinagawa, S | 1 |
| Pande, SV | 1 |
| Asai, M; Fujita, T; Iwatsuka, H; Kanamaru, T; Okazaki, H; Shinagawa, S; Sugiyama, Y; Yoneda, M | 1 |
| Van Moerkerk, HT; Veerkamp, JH | 1 |
| Bricteux-Grégoire, S; Flamée, PA; Liébecq-Hutter, S; Verly, WG | 1 |
| Broquist, HP; Horne, DW | 1 |
| Bieber, LL; Monroe, RE | 1 |
| Lindstedt, G | 2 |
| Bohmer, T | 1 |
| Broquist, HP; Tanphaichitr, V | 2 |
| Doerr, RC; Fiddler, W; Pensabene, JW; Wasserman, AE | 1 |
| Obara, M | 1 |
| Jewers, K; McLean, WF | 1 |
| Gumpen, SA; Norum, KR | 1 |
| Cox, RA; Hoppel, CL | 2 |
| Ketola, HG; Young, RJ | 1 |
| Müller, DM; Strack, E | 1 |
| Broquist, HP; Haigler, HT | 1 |
| Aurich, H; Kleber, HP | 4 |
| Kleber, HP | 1 |
| Brown, OM; Green, JP; Margolis, S; Szilagyi, PI | 1 |
| Lindstedt, G; Lindstedt, S; Tofft, M | 1 |
| Aziz, MT; Fayek, KI; Hay, AA; Kader, MM; Kamel, G | 1 |
| Bohmer, T; Bremer, J | 2 |
| Lindstedt, G; Lindstedt, S; Olander, B; Tofft, M | 1 |
| Khairallah, EA; Wolf, G | 1 |
| Lorenz, I; Strack, E | 2 |
| Hosein, EA; Koh, TY | 1 |
| Beers, JR | 1 |
| Bakerman, S; Gourley, WK; Haas, CD | 1 |
| Bach, A | 1 |
| Bernard, T; Goas, G; Hamelin, J; Le Rudulier, D | 1 |
| Holme, E; Lindstedt, S; Nordin, I | 1 |
| Murthy, MS; Pande, SV | 1 |
| Dunn, WA; Englard, S; Rettura, G; Seifter, E | 1 |
| Broquist, HP; Sachan, DS | 1 |
| Noël, H; Pande, SV; Parvin, R | 1 |
| Hoppel, CL; Ingalls, ST; Kormos, LS; Minkler, PE; Weir, DE | 1 |
| Charest, R; Dunn, A | 1 |
| Daveluy, A; Pande, SV; Parvin, R | 1 |
| Holme, E; Linstedt, S; Nordin, I | 1 |
| Ezold, R; Kleber, HP; Seim, H; Strack, E | 1 |
| Hahn, P | 1 |
| Henderson, LM; Hulse, JD | 1 |
| Mølstad, P | 1 |
| Engel, AG; Rebouche, CJ | 1 |
| Goswami, T; Pande, SV; Parvin, R | 1 |
| Brørs, O; Bøhmer, T; Diep, QN | 1 |
| Bartlett, K; Osmundsen, H; Pourfarzam, M; Sleboda, J | 1 |
| Korzon, D; Nałecz, KA; Nałecz, MJ; Wawrzeńczyk, A | 1 |
| Casale, CH; Domenech, CE; Lisa, TA; Lucchesi, GI | 1 |
| Bourgis, F; Buchet, A; Eichler, K; Kleber, HP; Mandrand-Berthelot, MA | 1 |
| Hülsmann, WC; Peschechera, A; Schneijdenberg, CT; Verkleij, AJ | 1 |
| Berge, RK; Bremer, J; Rustan, AC; Skrede, S | 1 |
| Abee, T; Beumer, RR; Cox, LJ; Rombouts, FM; Te Giffel, MC | 1 |
| Bock, I; Melegh, B; Pap, M; Rebouche, CJ | 1 |
| Ko, R; Smith, GM; Smith, LT | 1 |
| Hanafusa, T; Harashima, H; Hayakawa, J; Kuwajima, M; Lu, K; Matsuzawa, Y; Miyagawa, J; Mizuno, A; Murakami, T; Nakajima, H; Namba, M; Ono, A; Sato, I; Shima, K | 1 |
| Bhatia, JS; Ganapathy, V; Leibach, FH; Prasad, PD; Roque, AS | 1 |
| Fujita, K; Fujiwara, M; Fukuda, N; Maeda, H | 1 |
| Smith, LT | 1 |
| Fukuda, N; Fukui, M; Ikeda, H; Kai, Y; Sakai, T; Yamamoto, K | 1 |
| Bock, I; Cseko, J; Farkas, V; Sandor, A | 1 |
| Fujiwara, M; Fukuda, N; Hamamoto, H; Maeda, H; Miyamoto, K | 1 |
| Chambers, ST; Lever, M; Peddie, BA; Randall, K | 1 |
| Abee, T; Glaasker, E; Poolman, B; Verheul, A | 1 |
| Jeruzalmi, D; Steitz, TA | 1 |
| Asaka, N; Horiuchi, M; Kobayashi, K; Saheki, T | 1 |
| Clouet, P; Demarquoy, J; Galland, S; Guyonnet, D; Le Borgne, F | 1 |
| Althaus, J; Del Prete, E; Lutz, TA; Scharrer, E | 1 |
| Nezu, J; Ohashi, R; Oku, A; Sai, Y; Shimane, M; Tamai, I; Tsuji, A; Yabuuchi, H | 1 |
| Berardi, S; Krahenbühl, S; O'Neill, B; Stieger, B; Wachter, S | 1 |
| Blanco, C; Bonnassie, S; Champion, C; Jebbar, M | 1 |
| Fukuda, N; Fukui, M; Ide, T; Jayasooriya, AP; Kai, Y; Maeda, H; Sakono, M; Yamamoto, K | 1 |
| Cánovas, M; Castellar, MR; Iborra, JL; Kleber, HP | 1 |
| Longo, N; Scaglia, F; Wang, Y | 1 |
| Elssner, T; Kleber, HP; Preusser, A; Wagner, U | 1 |
| Chambers, ST; Dellow, WJ; Lever, M; Lunt, H; Robson, RA | 1 |
| Cánovas, M; Iborra, JL; Kleber, HP; Maiquez, JR; Obón, JM | 1 |
| Inoue, F; Kinugasa, A; Kizaki, Z; Nakajima, H; Okochi, M; Sawada, T; Terada, N | 2 |
| Inoue, F; Kinugasa, A; Kizaki, Z; Kodo, N; Nakajima, H; Okochi, M; Sawada, T; Terada, N | 1 |
| Lászik, Z; Nagy, I; Németh, J | 1 |
| Mroczkowska, JE; Naleçz, KA; Naleçz, MJ; Roux, FS | 1 |
| Blanco, C; Jebbar, M; Le Marrec, C; Robert, H | 1 |
| Gellerich, FN; Hein, W; Hertel, K; Zierz, S | 1 |
| Bayles, DO; Wilkinson, BJ | 1 |
| Brass, EP; Hoppel, CL; Krähenbühl, S | 1 |
| Debreceni, B; Farkas, V; Fischer, GM; Laszlo, A; Nemeti, B; Sandor, A; Schaffer, Z; Somogyi, C | 1 |
| Albert, L; Nemeth, ZI; Rózyło, TK; Siembida, R; Tyihak, E | 1 |
| Bröer, A; Bröer, S; Kaltenbach, S; Lang, F; Lükewille, U; Moschen, I; Risler, T; Wagner, CA | 1 |
| Elssner, T; Frauendorf, H; Haferburg, D; Hennig, L; Kleber, HP | 1 |
| Becker, LA; Benson, AK; Evans, SN; Hutkins, RW | 1 |
| Engemann, C; Kleber, HP | 1 |
| Mac, M; Nałecz, KA; Nałecz, MJ; Sacher, A; Wawrzeńczyk, A | 1 |
| Dykes, GA; Moorhead, SM | 2 |
| Hashimoto, N; Hayakawa, JI; Higashi, Y; Miyamoto, KI; Nomura, M; Takeuchi, N; Tamai, I; Tsuji, A; Yokogawa, K | 1 |
| Elssner, T; Engemann, C; Kleber, HP | 1 |
| Cho, OK; Lee, IY; Naidu, GS; Park, YH | 1 |
| Baumgart, K; Elssner, T; Engemann, C; Kleber, HP | 1 |
| Canovas, M; Iborra, JL; Maiquez, JR; Obón, JM | 1 |
| Angelidis, AS; Smith, GM; Smith, LT | 1 |
| Kahn, ML; Walt, A | 1 |
| Bodamer, OA; Smith, DL | 1 |
| Buchholz, M; Clausen, J; Jung, H; Jung, K; Nietschke, M; Revermann, A; Schmid, R | 1 |
| Abee, T; Gahan, CG; Hill, C; Sleator, RD; Wemekamp-Kamphuis, HH; Wouters, JA | 1 |
| Mendum, ML; Smith, LT | 1 |
| Angelidis, AS; Smith, GM | 1 |
| Boor, K; Fraser, KR; O'Byrne, CP; Sue, D; Wiedmann, M | 1 |
| Chen, N; Ding, M; Gribkoff, VK; Hewawasam, P; King, D; Knipe, J; Ortiz, A; Pajor, L; Starrett, J | 1 |
| Baliarda, A; Blanco, C; Deschamps, A; Jebbar, M; Le Marrec, C; Robert, H | 1 |
| Cánovas, M; Iborra, JL; Kleber, HP; Torroglosa, T | 1 |
| Francis, GA; Gahan, CG; Hill, C; O'Beirne, D; Sleator, RD | 1 |
| BACQ, ZM; LIEBECQ-HUTTER, S | 1 |
| LIEBECQ-HUTTER, S | 1 |
| FRAENKEL, G; ITO, T | 1 |
| HOSEIN, EA; McLENNAN, H | 1 |
| CHAILLET, F; PHILIPPOT, E; SCHLAG, J | 1 |
| ROTZSCH, W; THOMITZEK, WD | 1 |
| HOSEIN, EA | 1 |
| BRICTEUX-GREGOIRE, S; FLAMEE, P; LIEBECQ-HUTTER, S; VERLY, WG | 1 |
| KUNZ, W; STRACK, E | 1 |
| AGARWAL, HC; HOUX, NW | 1 |
| BALL, CR | 1 |
| STRACK, E; THOMITZEK, WD | 1 |
| GEER, BW; VOVIS, GF | 1 |
| HAWKINS, K; HOSEIN, EA; SMART, M | 1 |
| HOSEIN, EA; ROCHON, S; SMART, M; STRASBERG, Z | 1 |
| LINDSTEDT, G; LINDSTEDT, S | 1 |
| Bernal, V; Cánovas, M; Iborra, JL; Ramirez, JL; Torroglosa, T | 1 |
| Culham, DE; Henderson, J; Lu, A; Ly, A; Wood, JM | 1 |
| Caperna, TJ; Fernández-Fígares, I; Steele, NC; Virtanen, E; Wray-Cahen, D | 1 |
| Baumane, L; Boucher, JL; Dzintare, M; Kalvinsh, I; Lauberte, L; Meirena, D; Sjakste, J; Sjakste, N | 1 |
| Gellerich, FN; Traufeller, K; Zierz, S | 1 |
| Chlopicki, S; Dambrova, M; Gorshkova, O; Kalvinsh, I; Kirjanova, O; Kozlovski, VI; Liepina, I; Liepinsh, E; Petrovska, R; Uhlen, S | 1 |
| Abee, T; Hill, C; Sleator, RD; Wemekamp-Kamphuis, HH; Wouters, JA | 1 |
| Baumane, L; Boucher, JL; Dzintare, M; Kalvinsh, I; Kleschyov, AL; Meirena, D; Münzel, T; Sjakste, J; Sjakste, N; Sydow, K | 1 |
| Chambers, ST; Dellow, WJ; George, PM; Lever, M; Scott, RS | 1 |
| Hill, C; Kelly, AL; Patterson, MF; Sleator, RD; Smiddy, M | 1 |
| Elssner, T; Engemann, C; Kleber, HP; Krumbholz, C; Maier, T; Pfeifer, S | 1 |
| Bodamer, OA; Fowler, B; Huemer, M; Sass, JO; Simma, B; Suormala, T | 1 |
| Dickenmann, M; Krähenbühl, S; Steiger, J; Vernez, L; Wenk, M | 1 |
| Debreceni, B; Farkas, V; Fischer, GM; Sandor, A | 1 |
| Irokawa, M; Kobayashi, D; Maeda, T; Tamai, I; Tsuji, A | 1 |
| Banner, DW; Benz, J; Chomienne, O; De Roo, E; Gsell, B; Hennig, M; Mueller, F; Rufer, AC; Stihle, M; Thoma, R | 1 |
| Bernal, V; Cánovas, M; Iborra, JL; Sevilla, A; Torroglosa, T | 1 |
| Bernal, V; Cánovas, M; Iborra, JL; Leal, R; Sevilla, A | 1 |
| Asakura, H; Igimi, S; Makino, S; Okada, N; Okada, Y; Yamamoto, S | 1 |
| Nakata, R; Shigematsuo, N; Yagisawa, M | 1 |
| Li, JX; Xu, ZR; Zhan, XA; Zhao, RQ | 1 |
| Dambrova, M; Kalvinsh, I; Kirjanova, O; Liepinsh, E; Loca, D; Pugovichs, O; Vilskersts, R | 1 |
| Eder, K; Hirche, F; Pösel, S; Ringseis, R | 1 |
| Atkinson, W; Chambers, ST; George, PM; Lever, M | 1 |
| Greenberg, CR; Prasad, AN; Prasad, C; Sharma, AP | 1 |
| Barshop, BA; Gangoiti, JA; Siuzdak, G; Wikoff, WR | 1 |
| Iseki, S; Kido, Y; Kobayashi, D; Nezu, J; Sai, Y; Tamai, I; Tsuji, A; Wakayama, T; Yoshida, K | 1 |
| Agbaje, IM; Amigues, E; Browne, RA; Green, BD; Hollis, J; Mallidis, C; McClure, N; Migaud, M; Rogers, D | 1 |
| Chegary, M; Doolaard, M; Houten, SM; Ijlst, L; Te Brinke, H; Wanders, RJ; Wijburg, FA | 1 |
| Eder, K; Fischer, M; Geissler, S; Hirche, F; Kluge, H; Luci, S; Ringseis, R; Spielmann, J; Wen, G | 1 |
| Arense, P; Bernal, V; Blatz, V; Cánovas, M; Iborra, JL; Mandrand-Berthelot, MA | 1 |
| Eder, K; Koch, A; König, B; Stangl, GI | 1 |
| Mayatepek, E; Primassin, S; Spiekerkoetter, U; Ter Veld, F | 1 |
| Gao, P; Gu, J; He, X; Shi, X; Wan, D; Wang, T; Wang, Y; Xu, G; Yang, S; Zhang, P | 1 |
| Eder, K; Fischer, M; Hirche, F; Kluge, H | 1 |
| Belozertseva, I; Cirule, H; Dambrova, M; Kalvinsh, I; Liepinsh, E; Pugovichs, O; Svalbe, B; Zorenko, T; Zvejniece, L | 1 |
| Cirule, H; Dambrova, M; Kalvinsh, I; Kuka, J; Liepinsh, E; Pugovics, O; Skapare, E; Svalbe, B; Vilskersts, R | 2 |
| Eder, K; Fischer, M; Hirche, F; Keller, J; Kluge, H; Ringseis, R | 1 |
| Chlopicki, S; Dambrova, M; Grinberga, S; Kalvinsh, I; Liepinsh, E; Mateuszuk, L; Vilskersts, R | 1 |
| Hogan, DA; Wargo, MJ | 1 |
| Eder, K; Keller, U; Röpke, F; Scheler, C; Seliger, G; van der Wal, C | 1 |
| Eder, K; Fischer, M; Hirche, F; Keller, J | 1 |
| Bagdoniene, L; Borutinskaite, V; Juodka, B; Kalviņs, I; Labeikyte, D; Prokofjevs, A; Sjakste, N; Trapencieris, P | 1 |
| Fujita, M; Kobayashi, D; Moseley, RH; Nakanishi, T; Shibue, Y; Shirasaka, Y; Tamai, I | 1 |
| Casey, PG; Gahan, CG; Hill, C; Sleator, RD; Watson, D | 1 |
| Beattie, GA; Chen, C; Hogan, DA; Malek, AA; Wargo, MJ | 1 |
| Calonge, ML; Cano, MM; Ilundain, AA | 1 |
| Cabri, W; Carminati, P; Conti, R; Dell'Uomo, N; Gallo, G; Giannessi, F; Mastrofrancesco, L; Ricciolini, R; Tassoni, E; Vincenti, S | 1 |
| Eder, K; Hanisch, N; Ringseis, R; Seliger, G | 1 |
| Geldmacher, U; Köster, S; Kühlbrandt, W; Schulze, S; Terwisscha van Scheltinga, AC | 1 |
| McLuckey, SA; Mentinova, M | 1 |
| Considine, KM; Fitzgerald, GF; Hill, C; Kelly, AL; Sleator, RD | 1 |
| Dambrova, M; Liepinsh, E; Muceniece, R; Pugovics, O; Svalbe, B; Vavers, E; Zvejniece, L | 1 |
| Castro-Puyana, M; Crego, AL; Luisa Marina, M; Sánchez-Hernández, L | 1 |
| Jayaswal, RK; Li, Z; Singh, AK; Ulanov, AV; Wilkinson, BJ | 1 |
| Dambrova, M; Grinberga, S; Kalvinsh, I; Konrade, I; Kuka, J; Liepinsh, E; Pugovics, O; Skapare, E | 1 |
| Brunetti, T; Cabri, W; Conti, R; Gallo, G; Giannessi, F; Mastrofrancesco, L; Tassoni, E; Vincenti, S | 1 |
| Cirule, H; Dambrova, M; Kalvinsh, I; Kuka, J; Liepinsh, E; Makrecka, M; Pugovics, O; Vilskersts, R | 1 |
| Fujita, M; Fukuyama, Y; Nakanishi, T; Shirasaka, Y; Tamai, I | 1 |
| Galluccio, M; Indiveri, C; Pani, G; Pochini, L; Scalise, M; Siminovitch, KA | 1 |
| Donzelli, M; Fischer-Barnicol, D; Krähenbühl, S; Morand, R; Mullen, PJ; Todesco, L | 1 |
| Bahar, I; Zomot, E | 1 |
| Charrier, A; Merlier, F; Perrin, Y; Rippa, S; Zhao, Y | 1 |
| Baek, HH; Shim, JE | 1 |
| Chambers, ST; George, PM; Lever, M; Lewis, JG; Storer, MK | 1 |
| Akai, N; Arima, J; Bari, MR; Hassan, M; Mori, N | 1 |
| Cirule, H; Dambrova, M; Grinberga, S; Mezhapuke, R; Vilskersts, R; Zharkova-Malkova, O | 1 |
| Gao, XL; Gu, XF; Han, LS; Huang, Z; Ji, WJ; Li, XY; Qiu, WJ; Wang, Y; Ye, J; Zhang, HW | 1 |
| Gao, P; Huang, Q; Lu, X; Tan, Y; Wang, H; Xu, G; Ye, G; Yin, P | 1 |
| Auriola, S; Hanhineva, K; Huotari, A; Keski-Rahkonen, P; Kolehmainen, M; Lehtonen, M; Mykkänen, H; Olli, K; Pekkinen, J; Poutanen, K; Tiihonen, K | 1 |
| Igarashi, K; Katsumi, T; Nishise, Y; Okumoto, K; Saito, K; Saito, T; Sato, C; Shao, L; Soga, T; Sugimoto, M; Tomita, K; Tomita, M; Ueno, Y; Watanabe, H | 1 |
| Chen, Q; Chen, W; Garrett, Q; Hou, C; Li, J; Wang, Y; Zhang, X | 1 |
| Jang, A; Jo, C; Jung, S; Kim, D; Kim, HJ; Sung, KS | 1 |
| Kanemaki, N; Ochiai, H; Onda, K; Sato, R | 1 |
| Grills, DC; Marin, TW; Shkrob, IA; Wishart, JF | 1 |
| Alahakoon, AU; Jayasena, DD; Jo, C; Jung, S; Kim, HJ; Kim, SH; Lee, JH | 1 |
| Deng, R; Hua, X; Li, DQ; Lin, J; Pflugfelder, SC; Su, Z | 1 |
| Cirule, H; Dambrova, M; Grinberga, S; Gustina, D; Kuka, J; Liepins, J; Liepinsh, E; Loza, E; Makrecka-Kuka, M; Pugovics, O; Zharkova-Malkova, O | 1 |
| Boyd, EF; McDonald, ND; Ongagna-Yhombi, SY | 1 |
| Deng, R; Hua, X; Li, DQ; Pflugfelder, SC; Su, Z; Zhang, Z | 1 |
| Bruylants, G; Cornut, D; Jabin, I; Moerkerke, S; Wouters, J | 1 |
| Claus, SP | 1 |
| Buffa, JA; Culley, MK; DiDonato, JA; Gregory, JC; Hazen, SL; Koeth, RA; Levison, BS; Li, L; Lusis, AJ; Org, E; Smith, JD; Tang, WHW; Wang, Z; Wu, Y | 1 |
| Ells, TC; Huang, Y; Truelstrup Hansen, L | 1 |
| Drosos, I; Kolios, G; Tavridou, A | 1 |
| Baumgartner, MR; Blom, HJ; Huemer, M; Kožich, V; Merinero, B; Pasquini, E; Ribes, A; Rinaldo, P | 1 |
| Dambrova, M; Grinberga, S; Hartmane, D; Konrade, I; Latkovskis, G; Liepinsh, E; Pugovics, O; Sevostjanovs, E; Strele, I | 1 |
| Albentosa, M; Bernal, C; Campillo, JA; Cánovas, M; León, VM; Lozano, AB; Sevilla, A | 1 |
| Cirule, H; Dambrova, M; Grinberga, S; Kuka, J; Liepinsh, E; Makarova, E; Makrecka-Kuka, M; Sevostjanovs, E; Vilskersts, R; Volska, K | 1 |
| Bartels, D; Berardocco, S; Bouchereau, A; Guegan, JP; Missihoun, TD; Shafiq, MR; Willée, E | 1 |
| Boutagy, NE; Davy, BM; Davy, KP; Englund, TR; Hulver, MW; Neilson, AP; Osterberg, KL; Smithson, AT | 2 |
| Hoppel, CL; Ingalls, ST; Kerner, J; Minkler, PE; Stoll, MS | 2 |
| Brem, J; Choi, H; Claridge, TD; Kamps, JJ; Khan, A; Lesniak, RK; McDonough, MA; Mecinović, J; Rydzik, AM; Schofield, CJ | 1 |
| Berge, RK; Bjørndal, B; Bohov, P; Bruheim, I; Nordrehaug, JE; Ramsvik, MS; Rostrup, E; Svardal, A | 1 |
| Abbas, A; Aukrust, P; Berge, RK; Bjerkeli, V; Gregersen, I; Halvorsen, B; Holm, S; Hov, JE; Karlsen, TH; Kummen, M; Reier-Nilsen, F; Russell, D; Skagen, K; Skjelland, M; Svardal, A; Trøseid, M; Ueland, T | 1 |
| Berge, RK; Hov, JR; Lappegård, KT; Nestvold, TK; Svardal, A; Thoresen, H; Trøseid, M | 1 |
| Hollak, CE; Houten, SM; Houtkooper, RH; Schooneman, MG; Soeters, MR; Vaz, FM; Wanders, RJ | 1 |
| Arima, J; Fujimitsu, H; Fukui, A; Matsumoto, A; Mohamed Ahmed, IA; Mori, N; Okada, K; Takubo, S | 1 |
| Chrzanowski, Ł; Fochtman, P; Marcinkowska, K; Niemczak, M; Pernak, J; Praczyk, T; Ławniczak, Ł | 1 |
| Campillo, J; Choi, PH; Huynh, TN; Ledvina, HE; Sureka, K; Tong, L; Woodward, JJ | 1 |
| Chen, YC; Feng, CH; Tsai, CJ | 1 |
| Liu, C; Liu, J; Yin, Y; Zhao, M; Zheng, L; Zhou, J | 1 |
| Bakhrouf, A; Ben Slama, R; Elabed, H; Miladi, H; Rhim, A | 1 |
| Cirule, H; Dambrova, M; Grinberga, S; Hartmane, D; Liepinsh, E; Makarova, E; Sevostjanovs, E; Zharkova-Malkova, O | 1 |
| Cirule, H; Dambrova, M; Grinberga, S; Kuka, J; Liepinsh, E; Makrecka-Kuka, M; Sevostjanovs, E | 1 |
| Chen, MX; Lu, JQ; Nie, J; Wang, S; Xia, GH; Xu, KY; Yin, J; You, C; Zhen, X; Zhou, HW | 1 |
| Berge, RK; Haissman, JM; Haugaard, AK; Hov, JR; Nielsen, SD; Ostrowski, SR; Trøseid, M | 1 |
| Guo, M; Liu, J; Wei, D; Zhu, Y | 1 |
| Guo, M; Wei, D; Zhu, Y | 1 |
| Berge, RK; Flygel, MR; Lysne, V; Løland, KH; Nygård, O; Pedersen, ER; Rebnord, EW; Strand, E; Svardal, A; Svingen, GFT; Tell, GS | 1 |
| Broniowska, K; Levy, HL; Murali, SG; Nair, N; Ney, DM; Rohr, F; Stroup, BM | 1 |
| Chen, JH; He, YX; Wang, Y; Wang, ZP; Zhao, JH | 1 |
| Barlik, M; Chmurzynska, A; Drews, K; Jagodziński, PP; Kurzawińska, G; Malinowska, AM; Radziejewska, A; Różycka, A; Seremak-Mrozikiewicz, A; Szwengiel, A | 1 |
| Bartlett, D; Cody, DB; Copeland, MF; Culley, MK; Dai, HJ; DiDonato, JA; Fu, X; Garcia-Garcia, JC; Gu, X; Hazen, SL; Kirsop, J; Koeth, RA; Lam-Galvez, BR; Levison, BS; Li, L; Li, XS; Tang, WHW; Wang, Z; Wu, Y | 1 |
| Bazire, P; Darii, E; Lechaplais, C; Perchat, N; Perret, A; Salanoubat, M | 1 |
| Crego, AL; Kammeijer, GSM; Marina, ML; Mayboroda, OA; Peters, DJM; Ramautar, R; Sánchez-López, E | 1 |
| Chakraborty, N; Donohue, D; Gautam, A; Hammamieh, R; Hoke, A; Jett, M; Miller, SA; Muhie, S | 1 |
| Crane, H; Deeks, SG; Drozd, D; Hsue, PY; Hunt, P; Ma, Y; Martin, J; Neilan, BD; Rahalkar, S; Scherzer, R; Sinha, A | 1 |
| Balestrieri, ML; Campanile, G; D'Occhio, MJ; D'Onofrio, N; Licitra, F; Limone, A; Neglia, G; Salzano, A | 1 |
| Andreassen, AK; Arora, S; Aukrust, P; Berge, RK; Broch, K; Dellgren, G; Gude, E; Gullestad, L; Hov, JR; Karason, K; Mayerhofer, CCK; Svardal, A; Trøseid, M; Ueland, T | 1 |
| Cao, YF; Fang, ZZ; Hu, G; Huo, X; Leng, J; Li, J; Li, SN; Li, W; Liu, J; Ma, RCW; Shao, P; Yang, K; Yang, X | 1 |
| Acikgoz, A; Berge, RK; Bjørndal, B; Caliskan Guzelce, E; Eyupoglu, ND; Svardal, A; Uyanik, E; Yildiz, BO | 1 |
| Claridge, TDW; Kahn, A; Kamps, JJAG; Leśniak, RK; Rydzik, AM; Schofield, CJ | 1 |
| Clish, C; Gelaye, B; Larrabure-Torrealva, GT; Mitro, SD; Molsberry, SA; Sanchez, SE; Williams, MA | 1 |
| Cheng, I; Franke, AA; Fu, BC; Hullar, MAJ; Lampe, JW; Le Marchand, L; Lim, U; Madeleine, MM; Monroe, KR; Randolph, TW; Shepherd, JA; Wilkens, LR | 1 |
| Meyer, KA | 1 |
| Bi, S; Qian, F; Wang, P; Xia, N; Xiong, L | 1 |
| Chi, N; Jiang, XM; Wang, YM; Xue, CH; Yu, ZL; Zhang, LY; Zhang, TT | 1 |
| García-Cañas, V; Simó, C | 1 |
| Fröhlich, D; Kugler, P; Wendisch, VF | 1 |
| Boyd, EF; Dutta, A; Gregory, GJ; Parashar, V | 1 |
| Jacques, F; Končitíková, R; Kopečná, M; Kopečný, D; Perrin, Y; Rippa, S; Zhao, Y | 1 |
| Chen, L; Chen, Y; Fan, D; Zhao, M; Zheng, L | 1 |
| Dai, Q; Guo, F; Liu, Y; Ouyang, D; Tan, Z; Zeng, X; Zhang, H | 1 |
| Emoto, T; Hirata, KI; Yamashita, T; Yoshida, N | 1 |
| Alonso-Gómez, A; Bulló, M; Clish, C; Corella, D; Estruch, R; Fiol, M; Fitó, M; Guasch-Ferré, M; Hernández-Alonso, P; Hu, FB; Li, J; Liang, L; Martínez-González, MA; Papandreou, C; Ros, E; Ruiz-Canela, M; Salas-Salvadó, J; Santos-Lozano, JM; Serra-Majem, L; Toledo, E | 1 |
| Cao, W; Gao, M; Huang, T; Liu, Z; Yang, R; Zhuang, Z | 1 |
| Anglenius, H; Hanhineva, K; Herzig, KH; Hibberd, A; Kärkkäinen, O; Mäkelä, KA; Raza, GS; Saarinen, MT; Tiihonen, K | 1 |
| Bernieh, D; Cassambai, S; Heaney, LM; Israr, MZ; Jones, DJL; Ng, LL; Salzano, A; Suzuki, T; Yazaki, Y | 1 |
| Gadgil, MD; Herrington, DM; Kanaya, AM; Kandula, NR; Lewis, MR; Sands, C | 1 |
| Bararpour, N; Darrous, L; Froguel, P; Gasser, M; Gilardi, F; Kutalik, Z; Marques-Vidal, P; Porcu, E; Thomas, A; Waeber, G; Yengo, L | 1 |
| Albanes, D; Cai, H; Cai, Q; Eliassen, H; Elliott, P; Fornage, M; Gerszten, RE; Guasch-Ferré, M; Harada, S; Herrington, DM; Karaman, I; Lipworth, LP; Matthews, CE; Menni, C; Meyer, KA; Moore, SC; Ose, J; Palmer, ND; Pan, XF; Shu, XO; Tzoulaki, I; Ulrich, CM; Wagenknecht, LE; Wang, TJ; Yang, JJ; Yu, D; Zheng, W; Zhu, H | 1 |
| Bergström, M; Fagerström, C; Hefni, ME; Lennqvist, T; Witthöft, CM | 1 |
| Balskus, EP; Bollenbach, M; Fu, B; Rajakovich, LJ | 1 |
| Andrés-Guerrero, V; Benítez-Del-Castillo, JM; González-Cela-Casamayor, MA; Herrero-Vanrell, R; López-Cano, JJ; Molina-Martínez, IT | 1 |
| Ellenbogen, JB; Jiang, R; Kountz, DJ; Krzycki, JA; Zhang, L | 1 |
| Ragsdale, SW | 1 |
| Brightling, CE; Cordell, RL; Greening, NJ; Ibrahim, W; Israr, MZ; Salzano, A; Sarmad, S; Siddiqui, S; Suzuki, T; Wilde, MJ | 1 |
| Amrein, M; Bakula, A; Ceresa, B; Glarner, N; Haaf, P; Hazen, SL; Honegger, U; Koechlin, L; Leu, K; Li, XS; Mueller, C; Nestelberger, T; Puelacher, C; Schäfer, I; Strebel, I; Twerenbold, R; Walter, J; Wang, Z; Zellweger, M; Zimmermann, T | 1 |
| Budoff, M; de Oliveira Otto, MC; DiDonato, JA; Fretts, AM; Hazen, SL; Jensen, P; Lai, H; Lee, Y; Lemaitre, RN; Mozaffarian, D; Psaty, BM; Siscovick, DS; Sitlani, CM; Sotoodehnia, N; Tang, WHW; Wang, M | 1 |
| Cariou, B; Croyal, M; Gand, E; Goronflot, T; Hadjadj, S; Jacobi, D; Le May, C; Prieur, X; Ragot, S; Saulnier, PJ; Trochu, JN; Wargny, M | 1 |
| Chen, B; Fu, Q; Wei, S; Xiong, X; Xu, X; Yang, S; Zhou, J | 1 |
| Anand, N; Chandana, KA; Chidambaram, SB; Kalyan, M; Kanna, PV; Mahalakshmi, AM; Pandi-Perumal, SR; Praveenraj, SS; Sakharkar, MK; Shasthara, P; Sonali, S; Tousif, HA; Vichitra, C; Yang, J | 1 |
| Chen, Z; Dong, H; He, R; Jin, Y; Kang, L; Li, D; Li, M; Liu, X; Liu, Y; Qi, J; Song, J; Wang, F; Xiao, H; Yan, H; Yang, Y; Zhang, Y; Zheng, H | 1 |
| de Oliveira Otto, MC; Fretts, A; Hazen, SL; Lai, HTM; Lee, Y; Lemaitre, RN; Li, XS; Lopez, O; Mozaffarian, D; Nemet, I; Newman, AB; Siscovick, DS; Tang, WHW; Wang, M; Wang, Z | 1 |
| Gu, S; Liu, D; Ma, Z; Zhou, Z; Zuo, H | 1 |
| Balestrieri, ML; Bifulco, G; Campanile, G; Cascone, G; Cotticelli, A; D'Onofrio, N; Di Meo, MC; Iraci Fuintino, A; Licitra, F; Salzano, A; Varricchio, E | 1 |
| Blanco, R; Daimiel, L; Dávalos, A; Díez-Ricote, L; Micó, V; Ordovás, JM; Ruiz-Valderrey, P; Tomé-Carneiro, J | 1 |
| Ai, C; Shen, C; Song, S; Tong, Y; Wang, L; Wang, S; Yan, C | 1 |
| Batoni, G; Esin, S; Fabiano, A; Grassiri, B; Guazzelli, L; Maisetta, G; Mezzetta, A; Migone, C; Piras, AM; Zambito, Y | 1 |
| Ament, Z; Bevers, MB; Bhave, VM; Couch, CA; Garcia Guarniz, AL; Irvin, MR; Kijpaisalratana, N; Kimberly, WT | 1 |
8 review(s) available for betaine and carnitine
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Aminocarnitine and related compounds as inhibitors of carnitine transferases: physiologic implications.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Carnitine O-Acetyltransferase; Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase; Microsomes, Liver | 1990 |
Myocardial carnitine transport.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Biological Transport, Active; Carnitine; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Mitochondria, Heart; Myocardium; Sarcolemma | 1987 |
Inhibitors of fatty acid oxidation.
Topics: 3-Mercaptopropionic Acid; Acetyl-CoA C-Acyltransferase; Acyltransferases; Animals; Betaine; Carboxylic Acids; Carnitine; Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase; Fatty Acid Desaturases; Fatty Acids; Hypoglycins | 1987 |
Carnitine biosynthesis in rat and man: tissue specificity.
Topics: Aldehydes; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Humans; Hydroxylysine; Lysine; Organ Specificity; Rats; Species Specificity | 1981 |
New aspects on the metabolic role of intestinal microbiota in the development of atherosclerosis.
Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; Methylamines; Microbiota; Phosphatidylcholines | 2015 |
Newborn screening for homocystinurias and methylation disorders: systematic review and proposed guidelines.
Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Betaine; Carnitine; Homocystinuria; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Methionine; Methylation; Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2); Methylmalonic Acid; Neonatal Screening; Practice Guidelines as Topic | 2015 |
Dietary bioactive ingredients to modulate the gut microbiota-derived metabolite TMAO. New opportunities for functional food development.
Topics: Betaine; Biological Availability; Carnitine; Choline; Diet; Food Ingredients; Functional Food; Gastrointestinal Absorption; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gastrointestinal Tract; Heart Disease Risk Factors; Humans; Liver; Methylamines; Oxygenases | 2020 |
The Role of a Gut Microbial-Derived Metabolite, Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO), in Neurological Disorders.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Flavins; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Inflammasomes; Lyases; Methylamines; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Nervous System Diseases; NF-kappa B; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein | 2022 |
8 trial(s) available for betaine and carnitine
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Effects of methionine and betaine supplementation on growth performance, carcase composition and metabolism of lipids in male broilers.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Betaine; Body Composition; Carnitine; Chickens; Creatine; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Fatty Acids; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Male; Methionine; Muscle, Skeletal; Sterol Esterase; Weight Gain | 2006 |
Carnitine status of pregnant women: effect of carnitine supplementation and correlation between iron status and plasma carnitine concentration.
Topics: Adult; Betaine; Carnitine; Dietary Supplements; Erythrocyte Indices; Female; Ferritins; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Iron; Pregnancy; Single-Blind Method; Young Adult | 2009 |
Mildronate treatment alters γ-butyrobetaine and l-carnitine concentrations in healthy volunteers.
Topics: Adult; Betaine; Cardiovascular Agents; Carnitine; Diet; Female; Humans; Male; Meat; Methylhydrazines; Middle Aged; Young Adult | 2011 |
Dynamics of serum metabolites in patients with chronic hepatitis C receiving pegylated interferon plus ribavirin: a metabolomics analysis.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Antiviral Agents; Area Under Curve; Betaine; Carnitine; Chromatography, Liquid; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Glycine; Hepatitis C, Chronic; Humans; Interferons; Male; Metabolomics; Middle Aged; Polyethylene Glycols; Principal Component Analysis; Ribavirin; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Treatment Outcome; Tryptophan; Viral Load | 2013 |
Probiotic supplementation and trimethylamine-N-oxide production following a high-fat diet.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Diet, High-Fat; Dietary Supplements; Fasting; Humans; Male; Methylamines; Probiotics; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Young Adult | 2015 |
Krill oil reduces plasma triacylglycerol level and improves related lipoprotein particle concentration, fatty acid composition and redox status in healthy young adults - a pilot study.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Chylomicrons; Cytokines; Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Erythrocytes; Euphausiacea; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Female; Humans; Lipoproteins, VLDL; Male; Methylamines; Particle Size; Pilot Projects; Triglycerides | 2015 |
Metabolomic Markers of Essential Fatty Acids, Carnitine, and Cholesterol Metabolism in Adults and Adolescents with Phenylketonuria.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Amino Acids; Betaine; Biomarkers; Carnitine; Caseins; Cholesterol; Cross-Over Studies; Dietary Supplements; Erythrocytes; Fasting; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Metabolomics; Methylamines; Middle Aged; Peptide Fragments; Phenylketonurias | 2018 |
l-Carnitine in omnivorous diets induces an atherogenic gut microbial pathway in humans.
Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Clostridiales; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Male; Methylamines; Mice; Pilot Projects; Vegans | 2019 |
346 other study(ies) available for betaine and carnitine
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Functional characteristics and tissue distribution pattern of organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2), an organic cation/carnitine transporter.
Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Animals; Biological Transport, Active; Carnitine; Carrier Proteins; Humans; In Situ Hybridization; Kidney; Membrane Proteins; Mice; Myocardium; Organ Specificity; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; Placenta; Rats; RNA, Messenger; Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5; Tetraethylammonium | 1999 |
Molecular and functional characterization of organic cation/carnitine transporter family in mice.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Base Sequence; Carrier Proteins; Cell Line; DNA, Complementary; Humans; Membrane Proteins; Membrane Transport Proteins; Mice; Molecular Sequence Data; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; Recombinant Proteins; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; Symporters | 2000 |
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
Topics: Animals; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Cluster Analysis; Databases, Factual; Humans; MEDLINE; Mice; Models, Chemical; Molecular Conformation; Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship | 2010 |
Mitigating the inhibition of human bile salt export pump by drugs: opportunities provided by physicochemical property modulation, in silico modeling, and structural modification.
Topics: Animals; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 11; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Bile Acids and Salts; Cell Line; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Humans; Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship | 2012 |
gamma-Butyrobetaine hydroxylation to carnitine in mammalian kidney.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Cats; Cricetinae; Dogs; Guinea Pigs; Haplorhini; Kidney; Macaca mulatta; Mice; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Rabbits; Rats; Species Specificity | 1978 |
Hydroxylation of gamma-butyrobetaine to carnitine in human and monkey tissues.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Haplorhini; Humans; Hydroxylation; Kidney; Liver; Macaca; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Muscles; Organ Specificity; Species Specificity | 1979 |
Androgen-dependent accumulation of carnitine by rat epididymis after injection of [3H]butyrobetaine in vivo.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Castration; Cyproterone; Epididymis; Estradiol; Hydroxyprogesterones; Male; Organ Specificity; Rats; Receptors, Cell Surface; Seminal Vesicles; Testis; Testosterone; Time Factors | 1975 |
The syndrome of systemic carnitine deficiency. Clinical, morphologic, biochemical, and pathophysiologic features.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphatases; Betaine; Carnitine; Child; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Forearm; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Mitochondria, Muscle; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Muscles; Muscular Atrophy; Muscular Diseases; NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases; Oxidoreductases | 1975 |
[Reduction of L-carnitine to gamma-butyrobetaine by Escherichia coli].
Topics: Aerobiosis; Anaerobiosis; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Crotonates; Culture Media; Escherichia coli; Intestines; Oxidation-Reduction; Rats; Stereoisomerism | 1979 |
Effect of D,L-carnitine, acetyl-D,L-beta-methylcholine chloride and glycine betaine on some processes of carbohydrate metabolism of humans and goats.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Alanine Transaminase; Animals; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Betaine; Blood Glucose; Carnitine; Diabetes Mellitus; Fasting; Female; Glucose Tolerance Test; Goats; Humans; Male; Methacholine Chloride; Methacholine Compounds; Middle Aged; Nitrogen; Pyruvates | 1979 |
[Formation in vivo of gamma-butyrobetaine from exogenous L(-)-carnitine in mice and rats].
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Kinetics; Mice; Rats; Species Specificity | 1979 |
Introduction of methyl groups from epsilon-N-methyllysine into the one-carbon pool.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Chickens; Choline; Liver; Lysine; Methylation; Tissue Distribution | 1979 |
gamma-Butyrobetaine hydroxylase activity in human and ovine liver and skeletal muscle tissue.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Female; Humans; Kinetics; Liver; Middle Aged; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Muscles; Organ Specificity; Sheep; Species Specificity; Tissue Extracts | 1979 |
[Methyls of biological importance].
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Dealkylation; Homocysteine; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Methane; Methionine; Methylation; Phosphatidylcholines | 1979 |
Carnitine uptake into human heart cells in culture.
Topics: Azides; Betaine; Biological Transport, Active; Carnitine; Cells, Cultured; Dinitrophenols; Fluorides; Humans; Kinetics; Myocardium; Temperature | 1977 |
[Utilization of trimethylammonium-compounds by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (author's transl)].
Topics: Acinetobacter; Betaine; Carnitine; Methylamines; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Stereoisomerism | 1977 |
Active transport of butyrobetaine and carnitine into isolated liver cells.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Biological Transport, Active; Carnitine; Dinitrophenols; In Vitro Techniques; Kinetics; Liver; Male; Perfusion; Rats; Stereoisomerism; Temperature | 1976 |
Hydroxylation of gamma-butyrobetaine by rat and ovine tissues.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Butyrates; Carnitine; Cytosol; Dialysis; Kidney; Liver; Male; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Muscles; Myocardium; Rats; Sheep; Time Factors | 1975 |
Effect of emeriamine on exocrine and endocrine pancreatic function in normal and diabetic rats.
Topics: Amylases; Animals; Betaine; Blood Glucose; Carnitine; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Female; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insulin; Islets of Langerhans; Lipase; Pancreas; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Trypsin | 1992 |
Same-day batch measurement of glycine betaine, carnitine, and other betaines in biological material.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Humans; Kidney Medulla; Reference Values; Sensitivity and Specificity; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet | 1992 |
Derivatization of isolated endogenous butyrobetaine with 4'-bromophenacyl trifluoromethanesulfonate followed by high-performance liquid chromatography.
Topics: Acetophenones; Animals; Betaine; Biotransformation; Carnitine; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Indicators and Reagents; Liver; Rats | 1992 |
Inhibition of cell-cell adhesion and morphogenesis of Dictyostelium by carnitine.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Carnitine O-Acetyltransferase; Cell Adhesion; Cell Communication; Choline; Dictyostelium; Edetic Acid; Membrane Glycoproteins; Morphogenesis | 1992 |
Tissue lipid accumulation by L-aminocarnitine, an inhibitor of carnitine-palmitoyltransferase-2. Studies in intact rats and isolated mitochondria.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase; Cholesterol; Female; Lipid Metabolism; Malonyl Coenzyme A; Mitochondria, Liver; Oxidation-Reduction; Palmitoylcarnitine; Phospholipids; Pyruvates; Pyruvic Acid; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Succinates; Succinic Acid; Triglycerides | 1992 |
Accumulation and excretion of long-chain acylcarnitine by rat hearts; studies with aminocarnitine.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase; Coronary Disease; Disease Models, Animal; Heart; Microscopy, Electron; Mitochondria, Heart; Myocardium; Perfusion; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sarcolemma | 1991 |
The regulatory effect of ascorbate on the carnitine synthesis in primary cultured guinea pig hepatocytes.
Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Betaine; Carnitine; Cells, Cultured; Guinea Pigs; Hydroxylation; Liver; Male | 1991 |
Quantitative estimation of absorption and degradation of a carnitine supplement by human adults.
Topics: Absorption; Administration, Oral; Adult; Betaine; Carnitine; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Feces; Humans; Male; Methylamines; Scintillation Counting | 1991 |
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin increases reliance on fats as a fuel source independently of diet: evidence that diminished carbohydrate supply contributes to dioxin lethality.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Chick Embryo; Dietary Fats; Dioxanes; Kinetics; Oxygen Consumption; Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins | 1991 |
Metabolic fate of dietary carnitine in human adults: identification and quantification of urinary and fecal metabolites.
Topics: Adult; Betaine; Biotransformation; Carnitine; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Diet; Feces; Humans; Male; Methylamines; Scintillation Counting; Tritium | 1991 |
Butyrobetaine is equal to L-carnitine in elevating L-carnitine levels in rats.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Kidney; Liver; Male; Muscles; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stereoisomerism | 1991 |
L-carnitine protection in ammonia intoxication. Effect of aminocarnitine on carnitine-dependent metabolism and acute ammonia toxicity.
Topics: Acetates; Ammonia; Animals; Betaine; Caprylates; Carnitine; Carnitine Acyltransferases; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Injections, Subcutaneous; Male; Mice; Peritoneal Cavity; Poisoning; Sodium Chloride; Sucrose; Time Factors | 1991 |
Surplus acylcarnitines in the plasma of starved rats derive from the liver.
Topics: Acylation; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Liver; Male; Perfusion; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reference Values; Starvation | 1990 |
L-carnitine uptake by Escherichia coli.
Topics: 2,4-Dinitrophenol; Anaerobiosis; Betaine; Binding, Competitive; Biological Transport, Active; Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone; Carnitine; Dinitrophenols; Escherichia coli; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Oxidation-Reduction; Temperature; Uncoupling Agents | 1990 |
Acyl-CoA chain length affects the specificity of various carnitine palmitoyltransferases with respect to carnitine analogues. Possible application in the discrimination of different carnitine palmitoyltransferase activities.
Topics: Acyl Coenzyme A; Acyltransferases; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase; Intracellular Membranes; Kinetics; Microbodies; Mitochondria, Liver; Palmitoyl Coenzyme A; Rats; Substrate Specificity | 1990 |
Inhibition of carnitine palmitoyltransferase leads to induction of 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity in rat liver.
Topics: Acyltransferases; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase; Cholesterol; Enzyme Induction; Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases; Liver; Male; Microsomes, Liver; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Triglycerides | 1990 |
Role of the liver in carnitine metabolism: the mechanism of development of carnitine-deficient status in guinea-pigs.
Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Betaine; Carnitine; Guinea Pigs; Liver; Male; Starvation | 1990 |
[Stimulation of leukocyte migration by L-carnitine].
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Cell Migration Inhibition; Cell Movement; Cells, Cultured; Chemotaxis; Humans; Leukocytes; Male | 1985 |
Ca2+-mediated action of long-chain acyl-CoA on liver mitochondria energy-linked processes.
Topics: Acyl Coenzyme A; Animals; Betaine; Calcium; Carnitine; Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase; Egtazic Acid; Energy Metabolism; Magnesium; Membrane Potentials; Mitochondria, Liver; Palmitoyl Coenzyme A; Phosphates; Rats; Ruthenium Red | 1989 |
Butyrobetaine availability in liver is a regulatory factor for carnitine biosynthesis in rat. Flux through butyrobetaine hydroxylase in fasting state.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Biological Availability; Carnitine; Fasting; gamma-Butyrobetaine Dioxygenase; Liver; Lysine; Male; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Whole-Body Counting | 1989 |
Utilization of dietary precursors for carnitine synthesis in human adults.
Topics: Adult; Betaine; Carnitine; Diet, Vegetarian; Dietary Proteins; Female; Humans; Lysine; Male; Methionine; Muscles; Nutritional Requirements; Protein Precursors | 1989 |
Effect of L-carnitine and L-aminocarnitine on calcium transport, motility, and enzyme release from ejaculated bovine spermatozoa.
Topics: Acyltransferases; Animals; Betaine; Biological Transport; Calcium; Carnitine; Carnitine Acyltransferases; Cattle; Ejaculation; Hyaluronoglucosaminidase; Male; Oxygen Consumption; Sperm Motility; Spermatozoa; Transaminases | 1989 |
Carnitine and deoxycarnitine concentration in rat tissues and urine after their administration.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Female; Kidney; Muscles; Myocardium; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Tissue Distribution | 1989 |
Osmoregulation in Escherichia coli by accumulation of organic osmolytes: betaines, glutamic acid, and trehalose.
Topics: Amino Acids; Betaine; Carnitine; Culture Media; Disaccharides; Escherichia coli; Glutamates; Glutamic Acid; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Osmolar Concentration; Proline; Trehalose; Water-Electrolyte Balance | 1987 |
Protection against acute hyperammonemia: the role of quaternary amines.
Topics: Acetates; Ammonia; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Glutamates; Glutamic Acid; Glutamine; Male; Methylamines; Mice | 1988 |
Synthesis of carnitine precursors and related compounds.
Topics: Amines; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Hydroxylysine; Lysine; Rats | 1986 |
gamma-Butyrobetaine hydroxylase activity is not rate limiting for carnitine biosynthesis in the human infant.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aging; Betaine; Carnitine; Child, Preschool; Female; gamma-Butyrobetaine Dioxygenase; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Kidney; Liver; Lysine; Male; Middle Aged; Mixed Function Oxygenases | 1987 |
Evidence for a role of a vicinal dithiol in the transport of gamma-butyrobetaine in Agrobacterium sp.
Topics: Arsenicals; Betaine; Biological Transport, Active; Carnitine; Ethylmaleimide; Rhizobium; Sulfhydryl Reagents | 1988 |
An enzymatic method for the determination of butyrobetaine via conversion to carnitine after isolation by high performance liquid chromatography.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Child, Preschool; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Methods; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains | 1988 |
Purification and properties of the gamma-butyrobetaine-binding protein from an Agrobacterium sp.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Amino Acids; Bacterial Proteins; Betaine; Carnitine; Carrier Proteins; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Isoelectric Focusing; Molecular Sequence Data; Molecular Weight; Peptide Fragments; Rhizobium; Trypsin | 1988 |
Therapeutic approaches to cobalamin-C methylmalonic acidemia and homocystinuria.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Betaine; Carnitine; Child, Preschool; Female; Fibroblasts; Homocystinuria; Humans; Hydroxocobalamin; Infant; Injections, Intramuscular; Leucovorin; Male; Malonates; Methylmalonic Acid; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency | 1988 |
Antiketogenic and hypoglycemic effects of aminocarnitine and acylaminocarnitines.
Topics: Acyltransferases; Animals; Betaine; Blood Glucose; Caprylates; Carnitine; Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Hydroxybutyrates; Keto Acids; Ketone Bodies; Mice; Oxidation-Reduction; Palmitates; Palmitic Acids; Rats; Triglycerides | 1986 |
Characteristics of the transport of carnitine into the cauda epididymidis of the rat as ascertained by luminal perfusion in vitro.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Biological Transport, Active; Carnitine; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Epididymis; In Vitro Techniques; Inulin; Kinetics; Male; Perfusion; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stereoisomerism | 1986 |
Chemistry and inhibitory activity of long chain fatty acid oxidation of emeriamine and its analogues.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Fatty Acids; Male; Mitochondria, Liver; Molecular Conformation; Oxidation-Reduction; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Structure-Activity Relationship | 1987 |
Synthesis of radioactive (-)-carnitine from gamma-aminobutyrate.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Methylation | 1986 |
Transport of gamma-butyrobetaine in an Agrobacterium species isolated from soil.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Betaine; Biological Transport; Carnitine; Carrier Proteins; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Osmotic Pressure; Rhizobium; Soil Microbiology | 1986 |
Emeriamine, an antidiabetic beta-aminobetaine derived from a novel fungal metabolite.
Topics: Acyltransferases; Animals; Betaine; Biological Transport, Active; Blood Glucose; Carnitine; Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fatty Acids; Hypoglycemic Agents; Intracellular Membranes; Ketone Bodies; Male; Membrane Proteins; Mitochondria, Liver; Oxidation-Reduction; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains | 1985 |
DL-aminocarnitine and acetyl-DL-aminocarnitine. Potent inhibitors of carnitine acyltransferases and hepatic triglyceride catabolism.
Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Acyltransferases; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Carnitine Acyltransferases; Columbidae; Fasting; Kinetics; Liver; Microscopy, Electron; Mitochondria, Liver; Muscles; Rats; Triglycerides | 1985 |
Effect of various agents and conditions on palmitate oxidation by homogenates of rat liver and rat and human skeletal muscle.
Topics: Animals; Antimycin A; Betaine; Carbon Radioisotopes; Carnitine; Clofibric Acid; Cyanates; Fatty Acids; Humans; Liver; Malonyl Coenzyme A; Mitochondria, Liver; Mitochondria, Muscle; Muscles; Oxidation-Reduction; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Rats | 1985 |
Metabolism of dl-carnitine and croton-betaine in the chick embryo.
Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Chick Embryo; Chromatography; In Vitro Techniques; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Radiometry; Tritium | 1964 |
Role of lysine and -N-trimethyllysine in carnitine biosynthesis. I. Studies in Neurospora crassa.
Topics: Betaine; Butyrates; Carbon Isotopes; Carnitine; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Culture Media; Hydroxylation; Lysine; Methane; Methionine; Methylation; Models, Chemical; Mutation; Neurospora; Neurospora crassa; Nitrogen Isotopes; Structure-Activity Relationship; Tritium | 1973 |
The relation of carnitine to the formation of phosphatidyl-beta-methylcholine by Tenebrio molitor L. larvae.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Chromatography; Chromatography, Gas; Chromatography, Paper; Coleoptera; Diet; Fatty Acids; Lipid Metabolism; Oleic Acids; Phosphatidylcholines; Phospholipids; Silicon Dioxide; Species Specificity | 1969 |
Hydroxylation of gamma-butyrobetaine to carnitine in rat liver.
Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Betaine; Butyrates; Carbon Isotopes; Carnitine; Catalase; Chromatography; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; In Vitro Techniques; Iron; Kinetics; Liver; Microsomes; NADP; Oxygen; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Rats; Tritium | 1967 |
Conversion of butyrobetaine to carnitine in the rat in vivo.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Butyrates; Carnitine; Injections, Intravenous; Kidney; Liver; Male; Muscles; Myocardium; Organ Specificity; Time Factors; Tritium | 1974 |
Site of carnitine biosynthesis in the rat.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Butyrates; Carbon Radioisotopes; Carnitine; Deficiency Diseases; Epididymis; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Liver; Lysine; Male; Methane; Muscles; Rats; Testis; Tritium | 1974 |
Formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine from naturally occurring quaternary ammonium compounds and tertiary amines.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Amines; Betaine; Carnitine; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Choline; Chromatography, Gas; Food-Processing Industry; Meat; Nitrites; Nitrosamines; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds | 1972 |
[Prolongation of the viability of the preserved lung used in experimental lung transplantation].
Topics: Aminobutyrates; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Cytidine Diphosphate Choline; Dogs; Hydroxybutyrates; Lung Transplantation; Time Factors; Tissue Preservation; Transplantation, Homologous | 1974 |
Thin-layer chromatography of quaternary ammonium salts on alumina layers.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Hexamethonium Compounds; Methods; Piperidines; Pyridinium Compounds; Pyrrolidines; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Tetraethylammonium Compounds | 1972 |
Role of lysine and -N-trimethyllysine in carnitine biosynthesis. II. Studies in the rat.
Topics: Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Betaine; Brain; Butyrates; Carbon Isotopes; Carnitine; Deficiency Diseases; Dietary Proteins; Epididymis; Glutens; Kidney; Liver; Lysine; Male; Methionine; Muscles; Myocardium; Rats; Species Specificity; Testis; Tritium | 1973 |
The relative amonts of long-chain acylcarnitines, short-chain acylcarnitines and carnitine in heart, liver and brown adipose tissue from rats fed on rapeseed oil.
Topics: Acetates; Adipose Tissue, Brown; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Betaine; Butyrates; Carnitine; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Liver; Male; Myocardium; Oils; Organ Specificity; Propionates; Rats; Seeds; Solubility; Triglycerides; Tritium; Water; Zea mays | 1973 |
Biosynthesis of carnitine and 4-N-trimethylaminobutyrate from lysine.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Butyrates; Carbon Radioisotopes; Carnitine; Choline; Chromatography; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Deamination; Deficiency Diseases; Hydroxylation; Lysine; Male; Methionine; Rats; Tritium | 1973 |
Biosynthesis of carnitine and 4-N-trimethylaminobutyrate from 6-N-trimethyl-lysine.
Topics: Aminobutyrates; Animals; Betaine; Butyrates; Carbon Radioisotopes; Carnitine; Chromatography; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Lysine; Methane; Methionine; Rats | 1973 |
The need for dietary choline by young Japanese quail.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Coturnix; Diet; Ethanolamines; Female; Japan; Male; Nutritional Requirements; Poultry Diseases | 1973 |
[The binding energy of the ester group in O-acylcarnitines and some carboxyl derivatives, III. Hydrolysis enthalpy of O-acylcarnitines and betaine esters (author's transl)].
Topics: Acetates; Acetylcholine; Acylation; Betaine; Butyrates; Calorimetry; Carnitine; Esters; Glycine; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydrolysis; Kinetics; Structure-Activity Relationship; Temperature; Thermodynamics | 1973 |
Carnitine synthesis in rat tissue slices.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Butyrates; Carnitine; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Chromatography, Thin Layer; In Vitro Techniques; Kidney; Liver; Lysine; Male; Muscles; Myocardium; Organ Specificity; Rats; Testis; Tritium | 1974 |
Evidence for an inducible active transport of carnitine in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Topics: Antimetabolites; Azides; Betaine; Biological Transport, Active; Carnitine; Choline; Cyanides; Dinitrophenols; Edetic Acid; Glycine; Iodoacetates; Ouabain; Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 1967 |
[Inhibition of enzyme induction for oxidation of quaternary compounds by chloramphenicol in Pseudomonas aeruginosa].
Topics: Betaine; Buffers; Carnitine; Chloramphenicol; Choline; Enzyme Induction; Glucose; Oxidation-Reduction; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Spectrophotometry | 1966 |
[Damped oscillations in the synthesis of carnitine dehydrogenase by Pseudomonas aeruginosa].
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Culture Media; Enzyme Repression; Galactosidases; Glucose; Glutamate Dehydrogenase; Glycine; Isocitrate Dehydrogenase; Oxidoreductases; Periodicity; Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 1967 |
[Repression of the malic enzyme by carnitine metabolite in Pseudomonas aeruginosa].
Topics: Acetates; Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Culture Media; Enzyme Repression; Glucose; Glycine; Malate Dehydrogenase; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Spectrophotometry; Succinates | 1969 |
[Kinetics of active carnitine transport in Pseudomonas aeruginosa].
Topics: Bacteriological Techniques; Betaine; Biological Transport, Active; Carnitine; Choline; Chromatography, Paper; Glucose; Glycine; Kinetics; Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 1970 |
The measurement of nanogram amounts of acetylcholine in tissues by pyrolysis gas chromatography.
Topics: 1-Propanol; Acetates; Acetylcholine; Amino Alcohols; Aminobutyrates; Animals; Betaine; Brain Chemistry; Carbachol; Carnitine; Choline; Chromatography, Gas; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Male; Mass Spectrometry; Methods; Microchemistry; Nitriles; Pyridinium Compounds; Rabbits; Rats; Solvents; Succinylcholine | 1972 |
Gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase from Pseudomonas sp AK 1.
Topics: Amines; Arsenic; Ascorbic Acid; Benzoates; Betaine; Butyrates; Carbon Isotopes; Carnitine; Catalase; Chromatography, DEAE-Cellulose; Ethylmaleimide; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydroxyapatites; Iodoacetates; Iron; Isoelectric Focusing; Ketoglutaric Acids; Kinetics; Mercury; Metals; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Pseudomonas; Sulfhydryl Compounds | 1970 |
Effect of carnitine, beta-methylcholine, and betaine on blood lipid components of the dog.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Dogs; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Lipids; Methacholine Compounds; Phospholipids; Triglycerides | 1970 |
Propionylcarnitine in animal tissue.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Chromatography, Paper; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Coenzyme A; Crystallization; Liver Extracts; Rabbits; Tritium | 1968 |
Propionylcarnitine. Physiological variations in vivo.
Topics: Acyltransferases; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Betaine; Brain; Carnitine; Circadian Rhythm; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fats; Fasting; Guinea Pigs; Kidney; Liver; Male; Muscles; Myocardium; Propionates; Rabbits; Rats; Statistics as Topic; Testis; Tritium; Zea mays | 1968 |
Alpha-ketoglutarate and hydroxylation of gamma-butyrobetaine.
Topics: Betaine; Carbon Isotopes; Carnitine; Chromatography; Ketoglutaric Acids; Pseudomonas | 1968 |
Growth-promoting and lipotropic effect of carnitine in rats fed diets limited in protein and methionine.
Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Growth; Homocysteine; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Male; Methionine; Protein Deficiency; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Rats; Threonine | 1965 |
[On the preparation of O-acyl-derivatives of carnitine].
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry | 1965 |
Acetylcholine-like activity of acetyl-L-carnityl coA in subcellular particles of narcotized brain homogenates.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Betaine; Brain; Carnitine; Chromatography; Coenzyme A; Ethanol; Gold; In Vitro Techniques; Magnesium Sulfate; Pentobarbital; Physostigmine; Platinum; Rats | 1966 |
[On the preparation of carnitinbetaine].
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry | 1966 |
The species distribution of some naturally-occurring quaternary ammonium compounds.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Chordata, Nonvertebrate; Chromatography, Paper; Crustacea; Echinodermata; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Species Specificity; Spectrophotometry | 1967 |
Separation of choline from some bases on Dowex columns.
Topics: Amines; Betaine; Buffers; Carnitine; Choline; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Diphenhydramine; Ephedrine; Ethylamines; Indicators and Reagents; Ion Exchange Resins; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Spectrophotometry; Thiamine; Tryptamines; Tryptophan | 1967 |
Effect of metal ions on the hydroxylation of gamma-butyrobetaine to carnitine in rat liver homogenages.
Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Betaine; Carnitine; Chelating Agents; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Iron; Liver; Metals; Phenanthrolines; Rats | 1967 |
[Carnitine biosynthesis in mammals].
Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Humans; Lysine; Mammals; Methionine; Neurospora crassa; Tissue Distribution | 1982 |
Osmoregulation in Klebsiella pneumoniae: enhancement of anaerobic growth and nitrogen fixation under stress by proline betaine, gamma-butyrobetaine, and other related compounds.
Topics: Anaerobiosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Humans; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Nitrogen Fixation; Nitrogenase; Osmolar Concentration; Proline; Stimulation, Chemical; Water-Electrolyte Balance | 1984 |
Uncoupling and isotope effects in gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylation.
Topics: Betaine; Carbon Dioxide; Carnitine; gamma-Butyrobetaine Dioxygenase; Humans; Kidney; Kinetics; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Substrate Specificity; Tritium | 1984 |
Mechanism of carnitine acylcarnitine translocase-catalyzed import of acylcarnitines into mitochondria.
Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Animals; Betaine; Biological Transport; Carnitine; Carnitine Acyltransferases; Ethylmaleimide; Kinetics; Mersalyl; Mitochondria, Heart; Mitochondria, Liver; Palmitoylcarnitine; Rats; Structure-Activity Relationship; Surface-Active Agents; Temperature; Transferases; Tritium | 1984 |
Carnitine biosynthesis from gamma-butyrobetaine and from exogenous protein-bound 6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine by the perfused guinea pig liver. Effect of ascorbate deficiency on the in situ activity of gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase.
Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Betaine; Carbon Radioisotopes; Carnitine; gamma-Butyrobetaine Dioxygenase; Guinea Pigs; Liver; Lysine; Male; Methylation; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Orosomucoid; Perfusion; Tissue Distribution; Tritium | 1984 |
Synthesis of carnitine from epsilon-N-trimethyllysine in post mitochondrial fractions of Neurospora crassa.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Cell-Free System; Cytosol; Lysine; Mitochondria; Neurospora; Neurospora crassa; Subcellular Fractions | 1980 |
gamma-butyrobetaine in tissues and serum of fed and starved rats determined by an enzymic radioisotopic procedure.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carbon Radioisotopes; Carnitine; Ferrous Compounds; gamma-Butyrobetaine Dioxygenase; Male; Methods; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Starvation; Tissue Distribution | 1984 |
Determination of carnitine, butyrobetaine, and betaine as 4'-bromophenacyl ester derivatives by high-performance liquid chromatography.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Kinetics; Phenylacetates | 1984 |
Effect of dietary carnitine isomers and gamma-butyrobetaine on L-carnitine biosynthesis and metabolism in the rat.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Diet; Isomerism; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Tissue Distribution | 1983 |
Chromatographic separation of choline, trimethylamine, trimethylamine oxide, and betaine from tissues of marine fish.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Fishes; Liver; Methylamines; Muscles; Tissue Extracts | 1984 |
Enzymatic synthesis of radioactive (-)-carnitine from gamma-butyrobetaine prepared by the methylation of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Drug Stability; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Isotope Labeling; Methylation; Tritium | 1982 |
Uncoupling in the gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase reaction by D- and L-carnitine.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Catechol 1,2-Dioxygenase; Dioxygenases; Hot Temperature; Humans; Isomerism; Ketoglutaric Acids; Kinetics; Oxygenases; Time Factors | 1982 |
[Metabolism of L-carnitine in enterobacteria].
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Crotonates; Enterobacteriaceae | 1980 |
The development of carnitine synthesis from gamma-butyrobetaine in the rat.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Female; Liver; Male; Pregnancy; Rats | 1981 |
Carnitine biosynthesis. Purification of 4-N'-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase from beef liver.
Topics: Aldehyde Oxidoreductases; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Cattle; Chromatography, Affinity; Cytosol; Kinetics; Liver; Molecular Weight | 1980 |
The efflux of L-carnitine from cells in culture (CCL 27).
Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Betaine; Carnitine; Cell Line; Dithionitrobenzoic Acid; Humans; Kinetics; Myocardium | 1980 |
[Reduction of crotonobetaine and D-carnitine to gamma-butyrobetaine, and the metabolism of L-carnitine in the mouse and rat].
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Betaine; Butyrates; Carnitine; Crotonates; Kinetics; Mice; Oxidation-Reduction; Rats; Species Specificity | 1980 |
In vitro analysis of hepatic carnitine biosynthesis in human systemic carnitine deficiency.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aldehyde Oxidoreductases; Aldehyde-Lyases; Betaine; Carnitine; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; gamma-Butyrobetaine Dioxygenase; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Liver; Male; Middle Aged; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Syndrome | 1980 |
Inhibition of mitochondrial carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase by sulfobetaines.
Topics: Acyltransferases; Animals; Betaine; Biological Transport, Active; Carnitine; Carnitine Acyltransferases; Kinetics; Malonates; Mersalyl; Mitochondria, Heart; Mitochondria, Liver; Oxygen Consumption; Rats; Structure-Activity Relationship | 1980 |
Formation of pivaloylcarnitine in isolated rat heart cells.
Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Cells, Cultured; Kinetics; Myocardium; Pentanoic Acids; Pivampicillin; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 1995 |
Effects of added l-carnitine, acetyl-CoA and CoA on peroxisomal beta-oxidation of [U-14C]hexadecanoate by isolated peroxisomal fractions.
Topics: Acetyl Coenzyme A; Acyl Coenzyme A; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Carnitine Acyltransferases; Cell Fractionation; Coenzyme A; Enzyme Inhibitors; Liver; Male; Microbodies; Oxidation-Reduction; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 1995 |
Transport of carnitine in neuroblastoma NB-2a cells.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Biological Transport, Active; Carnitine; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Kinetics; Mice; Neuroblastoma; Sodium; Tumor Cells, Cultured | 1995 |
The ability of guinea pigs to synthesize carnitine at a normal rate from epsilon-N-trimethyllysine or gamma-butyrobetaine in vivo is not compromised by experimental vitamin C deficiency.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Betaine; Carnitine; Food, Fortified; Guinea Pigs; Lysine; Male; Reference Values; Time Factors; Weight Gain | 1995 |
Carnitine resembles choline in the induction of cholinesterase, acid phosphatase, and phospholipase C and in its action as an osmoprotectant in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Betaine; Carbon; Carnitine; Choline; Cholinesterases; Culture Media; Enzyme Induction; Nitrogen; Phosphates; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Type C Phospholipases; Water-Electrolyte Balance | 1995 |
Molecular characterization of the cai operon necessary for carnitine metabolism in Escherichia coli.
Topics: Acyltransferases; Amino Acid Sequence; Bacterial Proteins; Base Sequence; Betaine; Carnitine; Chromosome Mapping; Chromosomes, Bacterial; Cloning, Molecular; Coenzyme A Ligases; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Proteins; Genes, Bacterial; Hydro-Lyases; Molecular Sequence Data; Open Reading Frames; Operon; Oxidoreductases; Racemases and Epimerases; Sequence Alignment; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid | 1994 |
Comparison of the effects of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 and -2 inhibitors on rat heart hypertrophy.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Cardiomegaly; Carnitine; Carnitine Acyltransferases; Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase; Cell Division; Epoxy Compounds; Heart; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Myocardium; Perfusion; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 1994 |
Stimulation of fatty acid oxidation by a 3-thia fatty acid reduces triacylglycerol secretion in cultured rat hepatocytes.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Cells, Cultured; Culture Media; Fatty Acids; Liver; Male; Oxidation-Reduction; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sulfides; Triglycerides | 1994 |
Effect of exogenous proline, betaine, and carnitine on growth of Listeria monocytogenes in a minimal medium.
Topics: Amino Acids; Betaine; Carnitine; Culture Media; Food Microbiology; Listeria monocytogenes; Osmotic Pressure; Proline; Saline Solution, Hypertonic; Temperature | 1994 |
Relationship of carnitine and carnitine precursors lysine, epsilon-N-trimethyllysine, and gamma-butyrobetaine in drug-induced carnitine depletion.
Topics: Adolescent; Bacteriuria; Betaine; Carnitine; Child; Child, Preschool; Creatinine; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Lysine; Male; Pivampicillin; Urinary Tract Infections; Valproic Acid | 1993 |
Glycine betaine confers enhanced osmotolerance and cryotolerance on Listeria monocytogenes.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Betaine; Biological Transport; Carnitine; Cold Temperature; Glutamates; Listeria monocytogenes; Osmolar Concentration; Sodium Chloride | 1994 |
Carnitine transport defect in fibroblasts of juvenile visceral steatosis (JVS) mouse.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Biological Transport; Carnitine; Cells, Cultured; Fatty Liver; Fetus; Fibroblasts; Hypoglycemia; Mice; Mice, Inbred C3H; Mice, Mutant Strains; Myocardium; Reference Values | 1996 |
Sodium-dependent high-affinity binding of carnitine to human placental brush border membranes.
Topics: Anions; Betaine; Binding, Competitive; Biological Transport; Carnitine; Cations; Female; Humans; Intestines; Kidney; Kinetics; Liposomes; Microvilli; Placenta; Potassium Chloride; Pregnancy; Sodium | 1996 |
Hypertriglyceridemia and fatty liver of fasting rats after administration of emeriamine.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Carnitine Acyltransferases; Enzyme Inhibitors; Esterification; Fasting; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Fatty Liver; Hypertriglyceridemia; Immunoblotting; Ketone Bodies; Lipid Metabolism; Lipids; Lipoproteins, VLDL; Liver; Male; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 1996 |
Role of osmolytes in adaptation of osmotically stressed and chill-stressed Listeria monocytogenes grown in liquid media and on processed meat surfaces.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Betaine; Carnitine; Cold Temperature; Culture Media; Food Microbiology; Listeria monocytogenes; Meat; Osmolar Concentration; Sodium Chloride | 1996 |
Increased secretion of triglyceride and cholesterol following inhibition of long-chain fatty acid oxidation in rat liver.
Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Acetoacetates; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Enzyme Inhibitors; Fatty Acids; Hydroxybutyrates; Ketone Bodies; Ketones; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Male; Mitochondria, Liver; NAD; Oleic Acid; Oxidation-Reduction; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Triglycerides | 1996 |
Inhibition of carnitine biosynthesis by valproic acid in rats--the biochemical mechanism of inhibition.
Topics: Acetyl Coenzyme A; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Betaine; Carnitine; Coenzyme A; Glutamic Acid; Humans; Ketoglutaric Acids; Liver; Male; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Valproic Acid | 1996 |
Effects of refeeding diets on emeriamine-induced fatty liver in fasting rats.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Carnitine Acyltransferases; Cholesterol; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fats; Enzyme Inhibitors; Fasting; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Fatty Liver; Food; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Glycogen; Liver; Malate Dehydrogenase; Male; Phospholipids; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Triglycerides | 1996 |
Accumulation of natural and synthetic betaines by a mammalian renal cell line.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Betaine; Carnitine; Carrier Proteins; Cations; Cell Line; Dogs; Drug Design; Epithelium; GABA Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Hypertonic Solutions; Intracellular Fluid; Kidney Medulla; Molecular Structure; Osmotic Pressure; Proline; Species Specificity | 1996 |
Betaine and L-carnitine transport by Listeria monocytogenes Scott A in response to osmotic signals.
Topics: Betaine; Biological Transport; Carnitine; Cell Membrane; Kinetics; Listeria monocytogenes; Osmolar Concentration; Osmotic Pressure | 1997 |
Use of organic cosmotropic solutes to crystallize flexible proteins: application to T7 RNA polymerase and its complex with the inhibitor T7 lysozyme.
Topics: Amino Acids; Bacteriophage T7; Betaine; Carbohydrates; Carnitine; Crystallization; Crystallography, X-Ray; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases; Enzyme Inhibitors; Methylamines; N-Acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine Amidase; Sugar Alcohols; Viral Proteins | 1997 |
Secondary abnormality of carnitine biosynthesis results from carnitine reabsorptional system defect in juvenile visceral steatosis mice.
Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Animals; Betaine; Biological Transport; Carnitine; Kidney; Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Liver; Mice; Mice, Inbred C3H; Mice, Mutant Strains; Muscle, Skeletal | 1997 |
Purification and characterization of the rat liver gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase.
Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Betaine; Carnitine; Catalase; Catalysis; Chromatography, Affinity; Enzyme Inhibitors; Ferrous Compounds; gamma-Butyrobetaine Dioxygenase; Hydroxylation; Ketoglutaric Acids; Kinetics; Ligands; Liver; Male; Methylhydrazines; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Molecular Weight; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 1998 |
Inhibitors of fatty acid oxidation (mercaptoacetate, R-3-amino-4-trimethylaminobutyric acid) stimulate feeding in mice.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Dietary Fats; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Eating; Enzyme Inhibitors; Fatty Acids; Hypoglycemic Agents; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Oxidation-Reduction; Thioglycolates | 1998 |
Molecular and functional identification of sodium ion-dependent, high affinity human carnitine transporter OCTN2.
Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Amino Acid Sequence; Betaine; Biological Transport; Carnitine; Carrier Proteins; Cations; Cells, Cultured; Cloning, Molecular; Humans; Membrane Proteins; Molecular Sequence Data; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; RNA, Messenger; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Sodium; Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5; Substrate Specificity | 1998 |
Characterization of a sodium-dependent transport system for butyrobetaine into rat liver plasma membrane vesicles.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Biological Transport; Carnitine; Cell Membrane; Female; Liver; Male; Oocytes; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sodium; Xenopus laevis | 1998 |
Carnitine acts as a compatible solute in Brevibacterium linens.
Topics: Amino Acids, Diamino; Betaine; Brevibacterium; Carnitine; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Electrophoresis, Paper; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Osmolar Concentration; Solutions; Trehalose; Water-Electrolyte Balance | 1998 |
Effect of emeriamine, an inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation, on metabolic fate of a geometrical isomer of linoleic acid in perfused rat liver.
Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase; Cholesterol; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Fatty Acids; Hypoglycemic Agents; Ketone Bodies; Linoleic Acid; Liver; Male; Oxaloacetates; Perfusion; Phospholipids; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stereoisomerism; Triglycerides | 1998 |
Biotransformation of D(+)-carnitine into L(-)-carnitine by resting cells of Escherichia coli O44 K74.
Topics: Aerobiosis; Anaerobiosis; Betaine; Biomass; Biotransformation; Carnitine; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Escherichia coli; Fumarates; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Temperature; Time Factors | 1998 |
Functional characterization of the carnitine transporter defective in primary carnitine deficiency.
Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Betaine; Binding, Competitive; Biological Transport; Carnitine; Carrier Proteins; Cells, Cultured; Fibroblasts; Humans; Kidney; Liver; Membrane Potentials; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; Palmitoylcarnitine; Potassium; Sodium; Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5 | 1999 |
Crotonobetaine reductase from Escherichia coli consists of two proteins.
Topics: Acyltransferases; Amino Acid Sequence; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Betaine; Carnitine; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Proteins; Hydro-Lyases; Isoelectric Point; Molecular Sequence Data; Molecular Weight; Multienzyme Complexes; Oxidoreductases | 1999 |
Elevated glycine betaine excretion in diabetes mellitus patients is associated with proximal tubular dysfunction and hyperglycemia.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alkaloids; Betaine; Biomarkers; Carnitine; Creatinine; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Nephropathies; Female; Humans; Kidney Tubules, Proximal; Male; Middle Aged; Proline | 1999 |
High-density Escherichia coli cultures for continuous L(-)-carnitine production.
Topics: Acyltransferases; Anaerobiosis; Betaine; Bioreactors; Carnitine; Culture Media; Enzyme Induction; Escherichia coli; Hydro-Lyases; Industrial Microbiology | 1999 |
Carnitine import to isolated hepatocytes and synthesis are accelerated in pivalate-treated rats.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Liver; Male; Muscle, Skeletal; Myocardium; Pentanoic Acids; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spectrometry, Mass, Secondary Ion | 1999 |
Effect of sports activity on carnitine metabolism. Measurement of free carnitine, gamma-butyrobetaine and acylcarnitines by tandem mass spectrometry.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Exercise; Humans; Mass Spectrometry | 1999 |
Measurement of carnitine precursors, epsilon-trimethyllysine and gamma-butyrobetaine in human serum by tandem mass spectrometry.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Humans; Lysine; Mass Spectrometry; Methylation; Reference Standards; Sensitivity and Specificity | 1999 |
Effect of L-aminocarnitine, an inhibitor of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, on the exocrine pancreas and liver in fasted rats.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Fasting; Fatty Acids; Glucagon; Insulin; Ketone Bodies; Lipase; Liver; Male; Mitochondria; Pancreas; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Starvation; Triglycerides | 2000 |
Blood-brain barrier controls carnitine level in the brain: a study on a model system with RBE4 cells.
Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Animals; Betaine; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain; Carnitine; Cell Line; Cell Membrane; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Endothelium, Vascular; Kinetics; Microcirculation; Models, Biological; Rats | 2000 |
Glycine betaine, carnitine, and choline enhance salinity tolerance and prevent the accumulation of sodium to a level inhibiting growth of Tetragenococcus halophila.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Culture Media; Glutamates; Lactobacillaceae; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Osmolar Concentration; Osmotic Pressure; Potassium; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Sodium Chloride; Water-Electrolyte Balance | 2000 |
Kinetic investigation of carnitine palmitoyltransferases in homogenates of human skeletal muscle using L-amino-carnitine and malonyl-CoA.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase; Enzyme Inhibitors; Humans; Isoenzymes; Kinetics; Malonyl Coenzyme A; Mitochondria, Muscle; Muscle, Skeletal | 1999 |
Osmoprotectants and cryoprotectants for Listeria monocytogenes.
Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Betaine; Carnitine; Cold Temperature; Cryoprotective Agents; Culture Media; Food Microbiology; Humans; Listeria monocytogenes; Osmolar Concentration; Proline; Sodium Chloride; Sulfonium Compounds | 2000 |
Decreased carnitine biosynthesis in rats with secondary biliary cirrhosis.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Bile Ducts; Carnitine; Ligation; Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary; Lysine; Male; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reference Values | 2000 |
Metabolism of carnitine in phenylacetic acid-treated rats and in patients with phenylketonuria.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Female; Glutamic Acid; Homogentisic Acid; Humans; Ketoglutaric Acids; Liver; Male; Mass Spectrometry; Phenylacetates; Phenylketonurias; Phenylpyruvic Acids; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 2000 |
HPLC-OPLC-MS investigation of change of formaldehyde and its generators in human teeth of different physiological stage.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cyclohexanones; Dental Caries; Formaldehyde; Humans; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; Tooth | 2000 |
Functional and pharmacological characterization of human Na(+)-carnitine cotransporter hOCTN2.
Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Betaine; Biological Transport; Carnitine; Carrier Proteins; Emetine; Enzyme Inhibitors; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lipotropic Agents; Membrane Potentials; Membrane Proteins; Microinjections; Oocytes; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Pentanoic Acids; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; RNA, Complementary; Sodium; Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5; Tetraethylammonium; Tritium; Valproic Acid; Xenopus laevis | 2000 |
Isolation, identification, and synthesis of gamma-butyrobetainyl-CoA and crotonobetainyl-CoA, compounds involved in carnitine metabolism of E. coli.
Topics: Acyl Coenzyme A; Acyltransferases; Betaine; Carnitine; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry, Physical; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Escherichia coli; Hydro-Lyases; Mass Spectrometry; Molecular Weight; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet | 2000 |
Role of sigma(B) in adaptation of Listeria monocytogenes to growth at low temperature.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Bacterial Proteins; Betaine; Carnitine; Cold Temperature; Listeria monocytogenes; Sigma Factor | 2000 |
Epigenetic regulation of carnitine metabolising enzymes in Proteus sp. under aerobic conditions.
Topics: Acyltransferases; Aerobiosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Enzyme Induction; Enzyme Repression; Escherichia coli Proteins; Hydro-Lyases; Multienzyme Complexes; Oxidoreductases; Proteus; Racemases and Epimerases | 2001 |
Transport of L-carnitine in isolated cerebral cortex neurons.
Topics: Animals; beta-Alanine; Betaine; Binding, Competitive; Biological Transport, Active; Carnitine; Carrier Proteins; Cells, Cultured; Cerebral Cortex; Female; GABA Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Membrane Proteins; Membrane Transport Proteins; Neurons; Nipecotic Acids; Oocytes; Organic Anion Transporters; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; Oximes; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5; Taurine; Xenopus laevis | 2001 |
The role of L-carnitine and glycine betaine in the survival and sub-lethal injury of non-growing Listeria monocytogenes cells during chilled storage.
Topics: Betaine; Buffers; Carnitine; Colony Count, Microbial; Cryopreservation; Culture Media; Food Microbiology; Food Preservation; Freezing; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Listeria monocytogenes; Osmotic Pressure; Saline Solution, Hypertonic; Time Factors | 2001 |
Effect of gamma-butyrobetaine on fatty liver in juvenile visceral steatosis mice.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Carrier Proteins; Disease Models, Animal; Fatty Acids; Infusions, Intravenous; Liver; Mice; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5 | 2001 |
Biotransformation of crotonobetaine to L(-)-carnitine in Proteus sp.
Topics: Acyl Coenzyme A; Acyltransferases; Amino Acid Sequence; Betaine; Biotransformation; Carnitine; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Proteins; Hydro-Lyases; Isoelectric Point; Molecular Sequence Data; Molecular Weight; Protein Subunits; Proteus; Racemases and Epimerases; Sequence Analysis, Protein; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid | 2001 |
Conversion of gamma-butyrobetaine to L-carnitine by Achromobacter cycloclast.
Topics: Alcaligenes; Betaine; Carnitine; Cell Division; Culture Media; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Nitrogen; Oxygen; Time Factors; Trace Elements | 2001 |
Involvement of coenzyme A esters and two new enzymes, an enoyl-CoA hydratase and a CoA-transferase, in the hydration of crotonobetaine to L-carnitine by Escherichia coli.
Topics: Acyl Coenzyme A; Acyltransferases; Amino Acid Sequence; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Betaine; Carnitine; Enoyl-CoA Hydratase; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Proteins; Models, Chemical; Molecular Sequence Data; Proteus; Racemases and Epimerases; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid | 2001 |
Modeling of the biotransformation of crotonobetaine into L-(-)-carnitine by Escherichia coli strains.
Topics: Algorithms; Betaine; Bioreactors; Carnitine; Computer Simulation; Escherichia coli; Fumarates; Membranes; Models, Biological; Multienzyme Complexes; Oxidoreductases; Time Factors | 2002 |
Elevated carnitine accumulation by Listeria monocytogenes impaired in glycine betaine transport is insufficient to restore wild-type cryotolerance in milk whey.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Cold Temperature; Colony Count, Microbial; Cryopreservation; Kinetics; Listeria monocytogenes; Membrane Transport Proteins; Milk; Milk Proteins; Temperature; Water-Electrolyte Balance; Whey Proteins | 2002 |
The fixA and fixB genes are necessary for anaerobic carnitine reduction in Escherichia coli.
Topics: Anaerobiosis; Bacterial Proteins; Betaine; Carnitine; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Proteins; Flavoproteins; Oxidation-Reduction | 2002 |
Practical management of combined methylmalonicaciduria and homocystinuria.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Betaine; Carnitine; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Folic Acid; Gastrointestinal Agents; Hematinics; Homocystinuria; Humans; Hydrocephalus; Hydroxocobalamin; Injections, Intramuscular; Male; Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Methylmalonic Acid; Microcephaly; Seizures | 2002 |
CaiT of Escherichia coli, a new transporter catalyzing L-carnitine/gamma -butyrobetaine exchange.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Antiporters; Betaine; Biological Transport; Carnitine; Cell Division; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Proteins; Kinetics; Ligands; Methylamines; Models, Biological; Molecular Sequence Data; Osmosis; Plasmids; Protein Binding; Protein Conformation; Protein Structure, Secondary; Proteolipids; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Time Factors | 2002 |
Multiple deletions of the osmolyte transporters BetL, Gbu, and OpuC of Listeria monocytogenes affect virulence and growth at high osmolarity.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Bacterial Proteins; Betaine; Biological Transport, Active; Carnitine; Carrier Proteins; Gene Deletion; Listeria monocytogenes; Multigene Family; Osmolar Concentration; Osmotic Pressure; Sequence Deletion; Sodium Chloride; Virulence | 2002 |
Gbu glycine betaine porter and carnitine uptake in osmotically stressed Listeria monocytogenes cells.
Topics: Betaine; Biological Transport; Carnitine; Listeria monocytogenes; Membrane Transport Proteins; Osmotic Pressure | 2002 |
Three transporters mediate uptake of glycine betaine and carnitine by Listeria monocytogenes in response to hyperosmotic stress.
Topics: ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Bacterial Proteins; Betaine; Biological Transport; Carnitine; Carrier Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Listeria monocytogenes; Membrane Transport Proteins; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; Osmotic Pressure | 2003 |
Role of sigmaB in regulating the compatible solute uptake systems of Listeria monocytogenes: osmotic induction of opuC is sigmaB dependent.
Topics: ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Bacterial Proteins; Betaine; Carnitine; Carrier Proteins; Gene Deletion; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Listeria monocytogenes; Membrane Transport Proteins; Osmotic Pressure; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sigma Factor; Transcription, Genetic; Water-Electrolyte Balance | 2003 |
Synthesis of water-soluble prodrugs of BMS-191011: a maxi-K channel opener targeted for post-stroke neuroprotection.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Blood; Carnitine; Crystallization; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Stability; Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring; Humans; Neuroprotective Agents; Oxadiazoles; Potassium Channels; Prodrugs; Rats; Solubility; Stroke; Structure-Activity Relationship; Water | 2003 |
The role of the sigB gene in the general stress response of Listeria monocytogenes varies between a strain of serotype 1/2a and a strain of serotype 4c.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Bacteriocins; Betaine; Carnitine; Ethanol; Food Microbiology; Heat-Shock Proteins; Heat-Shock Response; Humans; Listeria monocytogenes; Meat; Mutagenesis; Osmotic Pressure; Oxidative Stress; Sigma Factor | 2003 |
Potential osmoprotectants for the lactic acid bacteria Pediococcus pentosaceus and Tetragenococcus halophila.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Food Microbiology; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Osmolar Concentration; Osmotic Pressure; Pediococcus; Proline; Sodium Chloride; Sulfonium Compounds | 2003 |
Effect of salt stress on crotonobetaine and D(+)-carnitine biotransformation into L(-)-carnitine by resting cells of Escherichia coli.
Topics: Arsenates; Betaine; Biological Transport; Biotransformation; Carnitine; Escherichia coli; Mercury; Sodium Chloride | 2003 |
Betaine and carnitine uptake systems in Listeria monocytogenes affect growth and survival in foods and during infection.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Cryoprotective Agents; Disease Models, Animal; Food Microbiology; Humans; Listeria monocytogenes; Listeriosis; Meat Products; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mutation; Risk Factors; Vegetables; Virulence | 2003 |
Antagonism of gamma-butyrobetaine and carnitine on chick embryonic bones cultivated in vitro.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Bone and Bones; Carnitine; Chickens; Choline; Folic Acid; In Vitro Techniques; Vitamin B Complex | 1957 |
[Antagonism of gamma-butyrobetaine and carnitine in bone skeleton cultivated in vitro].
Topics: Betaine; Bone and Bones; Carnitine; Choline; Embryo, Mammalian; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Folic Acid; In Vitro Techniques; Vitamin B Complex | 1957 |
gamma-Butyrobetaine as a specific antagonist for carnitine in the development of the early chick embryo.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Embryo, Mammalian; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Humans; Vitamin B Complex | 1957 |
Pharmacological actions of alpha-butyrobetaine.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Choline | 1959 |
[Study of the pharmacological properties of the ethyl and methyl esters of gamma-butyrobetaine chloride].
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Chlorides; Choline; Esters; Ions | 1961 |
[The influence of gama-butyrobetaine, crotonic acid betaine and isomeric carnitine on the growth of a mouse sarcoma].
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Folic Acid; Sarcoma, Experimental; Vitamin B Complex | 1962 |
The isolation of gamma-butyrobetaine, crotonbetaine and carnitine from brains of animals killed during induced convulsions.
Topics: Alkaloids; Animals; Betaine; Brain; Carnitine; Folic Acid; Seizures; Vitamin B Complex | 1963 |
[Metabolism of carnitine and crotonic betaine in the chick embryo].
Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Chick Embryo; Croton; Folic Acid; Vitamin B Complex | 1963 |
[ON THE DETERMINATION OF CARNITINE AS CROTONIC ACID BETAINE].
Topics: Ammonium Compounds; Betaine; Carnitine; Croton Oil; Folic Acid; Photometry; Polarography; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Research; Vitamin B Complex | 1963 |
GAMMA-BUTYROBETAINE DERIVATIVE IN PHOSPHOLIPIDS OF PHORMIA.
Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Betaine; Carbon Isotopes; Carnitine; Chromatography; Diptera; Phosphatidylethanolamines; Phospholipids; Research | 1964 |
ACTIONS OF BETAINE, CARNITINE AND CHOLINE ON THE PATTERN OF HEPATIC LIPOSIS IN MICE FED A HIGH-FAT, LOW-PROTEIN DIET.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Diet, High-Fat; Diet, Protein-Restricted; Dietary Fats; Dietary Proteins; Folic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Lipidoses; Lipotropic Agents; Liver; Liver Diseases; Mice; Pathology; Research; Statistics as Topic; Vitamin B Complex | 1964 |
[ON THE ACETYLCHOLINE-LIKE EXCITATION LEVEL AND COENZYME A ESTER OF BETAINE IN THE BRAIN AND ON ENZYMATIC ACETYLCARNITINE HYDROLYSIS].
Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Acetylcholine; Acetylcholinesterase; Ammonium Compounds; Betaine; Brain; Brain Chemistry; Carnitine; Chromatography; Coenzyme A; Folic Acid; Hydrolysis; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Rats; Research; Vitamin B Complex | 1964 |
THE EFFECTS OF CHOLINE AND RELATED COMPOUNDS ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER.
Topics: Amino Acids; Amino Alcohols; Ammonium Compounds; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Choline; Diet; Drosophila; Drosophila melanogaster; Fatty Liver; Folic Acid; Growth and Development; Meat; Metamorphosis, Biological; Methionine; Neurospora; Pharmacology; Poultry; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Rats; Research; Salts; Vitamin B Complex | 1965 |
Aminoaciduria in rats after treatment with the ethyl ester of gamma-butyrobetaine.
Topics: Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Amino Acids; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Rats | 1960 |
The enzymic synthesis of gamma-butyrobetaine and its CoA ester derivative.
Topics: Amino Acids; Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Coenzymes; Esters | 1962 |
On the hydroxylation of gamma-butyrobetaine to carnitine in vitro.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Hydroxylation; In Vitro Techniques; Vitamin B Complex | 1962 |
Link between primary and secondary metabolism in the biotransformation of trimethylammonium compounds by escherichia coli.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Betaine; Bioreactors; Biotransformation; Carnitine; Carrier Proteins; Cell Division; Citric Acid Cycle; Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques; Escherichia coli; Glyoxylates; Membrane Proteins; Methylamines; Multienzyme Complexes; Signal Transduction; Statistics as Topic | 2003 |
Osmoregulatory systems of Escherichia coli: identification of betaine-carnitine-choline transporter family member BetU and distributions of betU and trkG among pathogenic and nonpathogenic isolates.
Topics: ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Betaine; Biological Transport; Carnitine; Choline; Chromosome Mapping; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Proteins; Membrane Proteins; Potassium; Pyelonephritis; Water-Electrolyte Balance | 2004 |
Betaine improves growth, but does not induce whole body or hepatic palmitate oxidation in swine (Sus scrofa domestica).
Topics: Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Betaine; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Body Composition; Carnitine; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Hepatocytes; Liver; Mass Spectrometry; Oxidation-Reduction; Palmitates; Swine | 2004 |
Effects of gamma-butyrobetaine and mildronate on nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-treated rats.
Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; Methylhydrazines; Nitric Oxide; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sepsis | 2004 |
Different sensitivities of CPT I and CPT II for inhibition by l-aminocarnitine in human skeletal muscle.
Topics: Betaine; Biopsy; Carnitine; Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase; Enzyme Inhibitors; Humans; Malonyl Coenzyme A; Mitochondria, Muscle; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal; Muscle, Skeletal; Oxygen Consumption; Rhabdomyolysis | 2004 |
The methylester of gamma-butyrobetaine, but not gamma-butyrobetaine itself, induces muscarinic receptor-dependent vasodilatation.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Betaine; Blood Pressure; Carnitine; Endothelium, Vascular; Esters; Female; Guinea Pigs; Male; Models, Molecular; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Muscarinic; Structure-Activity Relationship; Vasodilation | 2004 |
Molecular and physiological analysis of the role of osmolyte transporters BetL, Gbu, and OpuC in growth of Listeria monocytogenes at low temperatures.
Topics: ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Bacterial Proteins; Betaine; Carnitine; Carrier Proteins; Cold Temperature; Culture Media; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Heat-Shock Response; Listeria monocytogenes; Membrane Transport Proteins; Mutation; Transcription, Genetic | 2004 |
Endothelium- and nitric oxide-dependent vasorelaxing activities of gamma-butyrobetaine esters: possible link to the antiischemic activities of mildronate.
Topics: Animals; Aorta, Thoracic; Betaine; Carnitine; Ditiocarb; Drug Combinations; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Drug Synergism; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Endothelium; Male; Methylhydrazines; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Myocardial Ischemia; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Vasodilation | 2004 |
Homocysteine, glycine betaine, and N,N-dimethylglycine in patients attending a lipid clinic.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Betaine; Carnitine; Creatinine; Female; Homocysteine; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Regression Analysis; Sarcosine; Sex Characteristics; Vascular Diseases | 2005 |
Role for compatible solutes glycine betaine and L-carnitine in listerial barotolerance.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Culture Media; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Hydrostatic Pressure; Listeria; Osmolar Concentration; Sodium Chloride | 2004 |
Identification and functional characterisation of genes and corresponding enzymes involved in carnitine metabolism of Proteus sp.
Topics: Acyl Coenzyme A; Acyltransferases; Antiporters; Bacterial Proteins; Betaine; Carnitine; Cloning, Molecular; Coenzyme A Ligases; DNA, Bacterial; Enoyl-CoA Hydratase; Escherichia coli; Genes, Bacterial; Molecular Sequence Data; Operon; Oxidoreductases; Proteus; Recombinant Proteins; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; Substrate Specificity | 2005 |
Prenatal and postnatal treatment in cobalamin C defect.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Female; Folic Acid; Hematinics; Humans; Hydroxocobalamin; Infant, Newborn; Lipotropic Agents; Male; Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Pregnancy; Prenatal Care; Prenatal Diagnosis; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency | 2005 |
Effect of L-carnitine on the kinetics of carnitine, acylcarnitines and butyrobetaine in long-term haemodialysis.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Betaine; Carnitine; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Renal Dialysis; Time Factors | 2006 |
Effect of aromatic ring-containing drugs on carnitine biosynthesis in rats with special regard to p-aminomethylbenzoic acid.
Topics: 4-Aminobenzoic Acid; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Hydroxylation; Ketoglutaric Acids; Male; para-Aminobenzoates; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 2005 |
Carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN2-mediated transport of carnitine in primary-cultured epididymal epithelial cells.
Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Amino Acid Transport Systems; Animals; Betaine; Biological Transport; Carnitine; Cells, Cultured; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Epididymis; Epithelial Cells; Leucine; Lysine; Male; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; Pyrilamine; Quinidine; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA; Sodium; Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5; Time Factors | 2005 |
The crystal structure of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 and implications for diabetes treatment.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Betaine; Binding Sites; Carnitine; Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase; Crystallography, X-Ray; Diabetes Mellitus; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Models, Chemical; Models, Molecular; Molecular Sequence Data; Mutation; Phenotype; Protein Binding; Protein Conformation; Protein Structure, Quaternary; Protein Structure, Secondary; Protein Structure, Tertiary; Proteins; Rats; Substrate Specificity; Ultracentrifugation | 2006 |
Salt stress effects on the central and carnitine metabolisms of Escherichia coli.
Topics: Betaine; Biotransformation; Carbon; Carnitine; Escherichia coli; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Osmotic Pressure; Sodium Chloride | 2007 |
Role of energetic coenzyme pools in the production of L-carnitine by Escherichia coli.
Topics: Acetates; Adenosine Triphosphate; Betaine; Biomedical Engineering; Bioreactors; Biosynthetic Pathways; Biotechnology; Biotransformation; Carnitine; Coenzymes; Escherichia coli; Fumarates; Glycerol; NAD; Trimethyl Ammonium Compounds | 2006 |
The sigma factor RpoN (sigma54) is involved in osmotolerance in Listeria monocytogenes.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Betaine; Carnitine; Carrier Proteins; Culture Media; Gene Deletion; Genome, Bacterial; Glycine; Listeria monocytogenes; Membrane Transport Proteins; Mutation; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; Osmolar Concentration; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA Polymerase Sigma 54; Sodium Chloride | 2006 |
Effects of chronic betaine ingestion on methionine-loading induced plasma homocysteine elevation in rats.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Area Under Curve; Betaine; Betaine-Homocysteine S-Methyltransferase; Carnitine; Choline; Gastrointestinal Agents; Homocysteine; Injections, Intravenous; Liver; Male; Methionine; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Time Factors | 2006 |
Mildronate, an inhibitor of carnitine biosynthesis, induces an increase in gamma-butyrobetaine contents and cardioprotection in isolated rat heart infarction.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Cardiovascular Agents; Carnitine; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Coronary Circulation; gamma-Butyrobetaine Dioxygenase; In Vitro Techniques; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Male; Methylhydrazines; Myocardial Infarction; Myocardium; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 2006 |
Treatment with pharmacological peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonist clofibrate causes upregulation of organic cation transporter 2 in liver and small intestine of rats.
Topics: Acyl-CoA Oxidase; Aldehyde-Lyases; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase; Clofibrate; Cytochrome P-450 CYP4A; gamma-Butyrobetaine Dioxygenase; Hypolipidemic Agents; Intestine, Small; Liver; Lysine; Male; Muscle, Skeletal; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; PPAR alpha; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; RNA, Messenger; Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5; Up-Regulation | 2007 |
Sex differences in the control of plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of glycine betaine in patients attending a lipid disorders clinic.
Topics: Adult; Betaine; Betaine-Homocysteine S-Methyltransferase; Carnitine; Female; Homocysteine; Humans; Lipid Metabolism Disorders; Male; Middle Aged; Sarcosine; Sex Factors; Thyroid Hormones | 2007 |
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) secondary to cobalamin C (cblC) disorder.
Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Betaine; Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn; Carnitine; Carrier Proteins; Combined Modality Therapy; DNA Mutational Analysis; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome; Homocystinuria; Homozygote; Humans; Hydroxocobalamin; Infant, Newborn; Longitudinal Studies; Methylmalonic Acid; Mutation; Oxidoreductases; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-cbl; Treatment Outcome; Vitamin B 12 | 2007 |
Metabolomics identifies perturbations in human disorders of propionate metabolism.
Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Adult; Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Betaine; Biomarkers; Carnitine; Child; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Humans; Methylmalonic Acid; Plasma; Propionates; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization | 2007 |
Transport of carnitine and acetylcarnitine by carnitine/organic cation transporter (OCTN) 2 and OCTN3 into epididymal spermatozoa.
Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Animals; Betaine; Biological Transport, Active; Carnitine; Epididymis; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Male; Membrane Proteins; Mice; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; Pyrilamine; Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5; Sperm Maturation; Sperm Motility; Spermatozoa | 2007 |
Metabolic profile changes in the testes of mice with streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Creatine; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Fertility; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Principal Component Analysis; Spermatogenesis; Testis | 2009 |
Characterization of L-aminocarnitine, an inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation.
Topics: 3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases; Acetyl-CoA C-Acyltransferase; Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase, Long-Chain; Betaine; Carbon-Carbon Double Bond Isomerases; Carnitine; Carnitine Acyltransferases; Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase; Cells, Cultured; Enoyl-CoA Hydratase; Fibroblasts; Humans; Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors; Racemases and Epimerases; Zellweger Syndrome | 2008 |
Clofibrate treatment up-regulates novel organic cation transporter (OCTN)-2 in tissues of pigs as a model of non-proliferating species.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Body Weight; Carnitine; Clofibrate; Eating; Enterocytes; gamma-Butyrobetaine Dioxygenase; Gene Expression; Homeostasis; Hypolipidemic Agents; In Vitro Techniques; Liver; Male; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; PPAR alpha; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA; RNA, Messenger; Swine; Tissue Distribution; Up-Regulation | 2008 |
Role of betaine:CoA ligase (CaiC) in the activation of betaines and the transfer of coenzyme A in Escherichia coli.
Topics: Betaine; Bioreactors; Carnitine; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cloning, Molecular; Coenzyme A; Coenzyme A Ligases; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Proteins; Gene Expression; Genes, Bacterial; Genetic Vectors; Industrial Microbiology; Industrial Waste; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Substrate Specificity; Trimethyl Ammonium Compounds | 2008 |
PPAR alpha mediates transcriptional upregulation of novel organic cation transporters-2 and -3 and enzymes involved in hepatic carnitine synthesis.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Body Weight; Carnitine; Liver; Lysine; Male; Membrane Proteins; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Organ Size; Organ Specificity; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; PPAR alpha; RNA, Messenger; Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5; Transcription, Genetic; Up-Regulation | 2008 |
Carnitine supplementation induces acylcarnitine production in tissues of very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase-deficient mice, without replenishing low free carnitine.
Topics: Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase, Long-Chain; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Liver; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Muscle, Skeletal; Palmitoyl Coenzyme A; Palmitoylcarnitine; Physical Exertion; Time Factors | 2008 |
Analysis of acetylcholine, choline and butyrobetaine in human liver tissues by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Betaine; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Carnitine; Choline; Chromatography, Liquid; Humans; Liver; Liver Neoplasms; Molecular Structure; Reproducibility of Results; Tandem Mass Spectrometry | 2008 |
A moderate excess of dietary lysine lowers plasma and tissue carnitine concentrations in pigs.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; gamma-Butyrobetaine Dioxygenase; Gene Expression; Kidney; Liver; Lysine; Male; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Muscles; Nutritional Status; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Swine | 2009 |
Effect of inhibiting carnitine biosynthesis on male rat sexual performance.
Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Administration, Oral; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Betaine; Carnitine; Chromatography, Liquid; Chymases; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Male; Methylhydrazines; Rats; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Sperm Motility; Spermatozoa; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Testosterone; Time Factors | 2008 |
Mildronate decreases carnitine availability and up-regulates glucose uptake and related gene expression in the mouse heart.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; C-Peptide; Carnitine; Gene Expression Regulation; Glucose; Glucose Transporter Type 4; Heart; Hexokinase; Male; Methylhydrazines; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Myocardium; RNA, Messenger; Up-Regulation | 2008 |
Activities of gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase and concentrations of carnitine in tissues of pigs.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Diet; Female; gamma-Butyrobetaine Dioxygenase; Heart; Kidney; Liver; Male; Molecular Sequence Data; Muscle, Skeletal; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Messenger; Swine; Tissue Distribution | 2009 |
Mildronate, a regulator of energy metabolism, reduces atherosclerosis in apoE/LDLR-/- mice.
Topics: Animals; Aorta; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Cardiovascular Agents; Carnitine; Energy Metabolism; Female; Lipids; Male; Methylhydrazines; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 2009 |
Identification of genes required for Pseudomonas aeruginosa carnitine catabolism.
Topics: Alcohol Oxidoreductases; Betaine; Carnitine; Coenzyme A-Transferases; DNA Transposable Elements; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Genes, Bacterial; Operon; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Transcription Factors; Transcriptional Activation | 2009 |
Determination of carnitine, its short chain acyl esters and metabolic precursors trimethyllysine and gamma-butyrobetaine by quasi-solid phase extraction and MS/MS detection.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Esters; Humans; Lysine; Male; Solid Phase Extraction; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Swine; Tandem Mass Spectrometry | 2009 |
Rat serum carboxylesterase partly hydrolyses gamma-butyrobetaine esters.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carboxylesterase; Carnitine; Chromatography, Agarose; Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; Esters; Hydrolysis; Mass Spectrometry; Naphthols; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 2009 |
Effects of long-term mildronate treatment on cardiac and liver functions in rats.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Biomarkers; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Cardiovascular Agents; Carnitine; Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Glucose; Heart; Hemodynamics; Lipids; Liver; Liver Glycogen; Male; Methylhydrazines; Myocardium; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Time Factors; Toxicity Tests, Chronic | 2009 |
Hepatic uptake of gamma-butyrobetaine, a precursor of carnitine biosynthesis, in rats.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Biological Transport; Blotting, Western; Carnitine; Cell Line; Chromatography, Liquid; GABA Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Hepatocytes; Humans; Kinetics; Liver; Male; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; Rats; Rats, Wistar; RNA Interference; Sodium; Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Transfection | 2009 |
Specific osmolyte transporters mediate bile tolerance in Listeria monocytogenes.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Betaine; Bile; Carnitine; Carrier Proteins; Female; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Listeria monocytogenes; Listeriosis; Membrane Transport Proteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mutagenesis, Insertional; Mutation; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Promoter Regions, Genetic | 2009 |
The ATP-binding cassette transporter Cbc (choline/betaine/carnitine) recruits multiple substrate-binding proteins with strong specificity for distinct quaternary ammonium compounds.
Topics: ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Bacterial Proteins; Betaine; Carnitine; Carrier Proteins; Choline; Gene Order; Genes, Bacterial; Genome, Bacterial; Kinetics; Models, Biological; Operon; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pseudomonas syringae; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Sinorhizobium meliloti; Substrate Specificity | 2010 |
Expression of OCTN2 and OCTN3 in the apical membrane of rat renal cortex and medulla.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Blocking; Betaine; Biological Transport, Active; Carnitine; Cell Membrane; Epithelial Cells; Immunohistochemistry; Kidney Tubules; Male; Mice; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; Rats; Rats, Wistar; RNA, Messenger; Sodium; Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5; Transport Vesicles | 2010 |
Aminocarnitine ureidic derivatives as inhibitors of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Binding Sites; Carnitine; Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase; Computer Simulation; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Enzyme Inhibitors; Hypoglycemic Agents; Mice; Rats | 2010 |
Low availability of carnitine precursors as a possible reason for the diminished plasma carnitine concentrations in pregnant women.
Topics: Adult; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Betaine; Carnitine; Erythrocyte Indices; Female; Ferritins; Germany; Hemoglobins; Humans; Linear Models; Lysine; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic; Pregnancy Trimester, Third | 2010 |
Structural basis of Na(+)-independent and cooperative substrate/product antiport in CaiT.
Topics: Antiporters; Bacterial Proteins; Betaine; Biological Transport; Carnitine; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Proteins; Models, Molecular; Proteus mirabilis | 2010 |
Covalent modification of gaseous peptide ions with N-hydroxysuccinimide ester reagent ions.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Betaine; Carnitine; Gases; Ions; Oligopeptides; Protons; Succinimides | 2010 |
A role for proline synthesis and transport in Listeria monocytogenes barotolerance.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Culture Media; Food Handling; Food Microbiology; Food Safety; Listeria monocytogenes; Microbial Viability; Pressure; Proline; Sequence Deletion | 2011 |
Mildronate treatment improves functional recovery following middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats.
Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Betaine; Brain Infarction; Carnitine; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Extremities; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery; Locomotion; Male; Methylhydrazines; Psychomotor Performance; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Recovery of Function; Rotarod Performance Test; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Vibrissae | 2011 |
Determination of betaines in vegetable oils by capillary electrophoresis tandem mass spectrometry--application to the detection of olive oil adulteration with seed oils.
Topics: Alkaloids; Betaine; Carnitine; Electrophoresis, Capillary; Linear Models; Olive Oil; Plant Oils; Proline; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tandem Mass Spectrometry | 2011 |
Metabolomes of the psychrotolerant bacterium Listeria monocytogenes 10403S grown at 37 °C and 8 °C.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Amino Acids; Betaine; Carbohydrates; Carnitine; Cold Temperature; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Listeria monocytogenes; Metabolome; Principal Component Analysis; Purines; Pyrimidines | 2011 |
Derivatives of R-aminocarnitine without ammonium moiety as liver carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (L-CPT I) inhibitors.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Enzyme Inhibitors; Hypoglycemic Agents; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Mitochondria, Heart; Mitochondria, Liver; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Rats | 2011 |
The cardioprotective effect of mildronate is diminished after co-treatment with L-carnitine.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Cardiovascular Agents; Carnitine; Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase; Chromatography, Liquid; Drug Interactions; Fatty Acids; Male; Methylhydrazines; Mitochondria, Heart; Mitochondrial Membranes; Myocardial Infarction; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Vitamin B Complex | 2012 |
Carnitine precursor γ-butyrobetaine is a novel substrate of the Na(+)- and Cl(-)-dependent GABA transporter Gat2.
Topics: Acyltransferases; Animals; Betaine; Brain; Carnitine; GABA Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Kidney; Liver; Male; Membrane Transport Proteins; Mice; Oocytes; Protein Transport; Rats; Rats, Wistar; RNA, Messenger; Xenopus laevis | 2011 |
The human OCTN1 (SLC22A4) reconstituted in liposomes catalyzes acetylcholine transport which is defective in the mutant L503F associated to the Crohn's disease.
Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Acetylcholine; Adenosine Triphosphate; Amino Acid Substitution; Betaine; Biological Transport, Active; Carnitine; Catalysis; Crohn Disease; Humans; Kinetics; Liposomes; Mutation, Missense; Nootropic Agents; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; Potassium Channel Blockers; Symporters; Tetraethylammonium | 2012 |
Effect of short- and long-term treatment with valproate on carnitine homeostasis in humans.
Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Adult; Betaine; Biological Transport; Carnitine; Cell Line; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; HEK293 Cells; Homeostasis; Humans; Kidney Tubules, Proximal; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5; Valproic Acid | 2012 |
A conformational switch in a partially unwound helix selectively determines the pathway for substrate release from the carnitine/γ-butyrobetaine antiporter CaiT.
Topics: Antiporters; Arginine; Betaine; Binding Sites; Biophysics; Carnitine; Computer Simulation; Crystallography, X-Ray; Cytoplasm; Escherichia coli Proteins; Models, Molecular; Molecular Conformation; Protein Binding; Protein Conformation; Proteus mirabilis; Solvents; Substrate Specificity | 2012 |
The carnitine biosynthetic pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana shares similar features with the pathway of mammals and fungi.
Topics: Animals; Arabidopsis; Betaine; Biosynthetic Pathways; Carnitine; Chromatography, Liquid; Deuterium; Fungi; Lipid Metabolism; Lysine; Mammals; Plant Extracts; Seedlings; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Vitamin B Complex | 2012 |
Determination of trimethylamine in spinach, cabbage, and lettuce at alkaline pH by headspace solid-phase microextraction.
Topics: Adsorption; Betaine; Brassica; Carnitine; Choline; Dimethylpolysiloxanes; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lactuca; Methylamines; Polyvinyls; Reproducibility of Results; Solid Phase Microextraction; Spinacia oleracea; Taste; Temperature | 2012 |
Plasma betaine concentrations correlate with plasma cortisol but not with C-reactive protein in an elderly population.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Betaine; C-Reactive Protein; Carnitine; Female; Hip Fractures; Homocysteine; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Male; Regression Analysis | 2012 |
Gene cloning and biochemical characterization of 4-N-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase II from Pseudomonas sp. 13CM.
Topics: Aldehyde Oxidoreductases; Betaine; Carnitine; Chromatography, Liquid; Cloning, Molecular; DNA, Bacterial; Enzyme Stability; Escherichia coli; Gene Expression; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Isoelectric Point; Kinetics; Molecular Sequence Data; Molecular Weight; NAD; Protein Multimerization; Pseudomonas; Recombinant Proteins; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Temperature | 2013 |
Elevated vascular γ-butyrobetaine levels attenuate the development of high glucose-induced endothelial dysfunction.
Topics: Animals; Aorta; Betaine; Cardiovascular Agents; Carnitine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Endothelium, Vascular; Glucose; Male; Methylhydrazines; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 2013 |
[Outcomes of patients with combined methylmalonic acidemia and homocystinuria after treatment].
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Betaine; Carnitine; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Homocystine; Homocystinuria; Humans; Hydroxocobalamin; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Methylmalonic Acid; Neonatal Screening; Treatment Outcome; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency; Young Adult | 2013 |
Metabolic characterization of hepatocellular carcinoma using nontargeted tissue metabolomics.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Antioxidants; Betaine; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Carnitine; Citric Acid Cycle; Fatty Acid Desaturases; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Female; Gluconeogenesis; Glutathione; Glycolysis; Hepatitis, Chronic; Humans; Liver Cirrhosis; Liver Neoplasms; Male; Metabolome; Metabolomics; Middle Aged; Phospholipases A2 | 2013 |
Betaine supplementation causes increase in carnitine metabolites in the muscle and liver of mice fed a high-fat diet as studied by nontargeted LC-MS metabolomics approach.
Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Adipose Tissue; Adiposity; Animals; Betaine; Blood Glucose; Carnitine; Chromatography, Liquid; Diet, High-Fat; Dietary Supplements; Fasting; Glucans; Insulin; Leptin; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Male; Mass Spectrometry; Metabolomics; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Muscle, Skeletal; Obesity; Triglycerides; Weight Gain | 2013 |
Efficacy of osmoprotectants on prevention and treatment of murine dry eye.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Cornea; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Progression; Dry Eye Syndromes; Erythritol; Female; In Situ Nick-End Labeling; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Ophthalmic Solutions; Water-Electrolyte Balance | 2013 |
The effect of dietary α-lipoic acid, betaine, l-carnitine, and swimming on the obesity of mice induced by a high-fat diet.
Topics: Adipocytes; Animals; Antioxidants; Betaine; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Diet, High-Fat; Dietary Supplements; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Insulin; Leptin; Liver; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Obesity; Organ Size; Physical Conditioning, Animal; Swimming; Thioctic Acid; Triglycerides | 2014 |
Distribution, molecular structure and functional analysis of carnitine transporter (SLC22A5) in canine lens epithelial cells.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Aqueous Humor; Base Sequence; Betaine; Carnitine; Cell Line; Dogs; Epithelial Cells; Humans; Lens, Crystalline; Male; Mice; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; Protein Transport; Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5 | 2014 |
Radiation stability of cations in ionic liquids. 5. Task-specific ionic liquids consisting of biocompatible cations and the puzzle of radiation hypersensitivity.
Topics: Acoustic Impedance Tests; Betaine; Biocompatible Materials; Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; Carnitine; Cations; Choline; Computer Simulation; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Ionic Liquids; Models, Chemical; Molecular Structure; Oxidation-Reduction; Protons; Pulse Radiolysis | 2014 |
Endogenous functional compounds in Korean native chicken meat are dependent on sex, thermal processing and meat cut.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Inbred Strains; Anserine; Antioxidants; Betaine; Carnitine; Carnosine; Chickens; Cooking; Creatine; Female; Hindlimb; Hot Temperature; Male; Meat; Meat-Packing Industry; Muscle, Skeletal; Republic of Korea; Sex Characteristics; Thorax | 2015 |
Effects of L-carnitine, erythritol and betaine on pro-inflammatory markers in primary human corneal epithelial cells exposed to hyperosmotic stress.
Topics: Betaine; Biomarkers; Carnitine; Cells, Cultured; Cytokines; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Epithelium, Corneal; Erythritol; Humans; Osmolar Concentration; Osmotic Pressure; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Messenger; Signal Transduction; TRPV Cation Channels | 2015 |
Suppression of intestinal microbiota-dependent production of pro-atherogenic trimethylamine N-oxide by shifting L-carnitine microbial degradation.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Biosynthetic Pathways; Carbon Isotopes; Carnitine; Choline; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Gastrointestinal Tract; Methylamines; Methylhydrazines; Microbiota; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Statistics, Nonparametric; Tandem Mass Spectrometry | 2014 |
Deciphering the role of multiple betaine-carnitine-choline transporters in the Halophile Vibrio parahaemolyticus.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Escherichia coli; Gene Deletion; Gene Expression Profiling; Genetic Complementation Test; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Membrane Transport Proteins; Osmotic Pressure; Sodium Chloride; Vibrio parahaemolyticus | 2015 |
Osmoprotectants suppress the production and activity of matrix metalloproteinases induced by hyperosmolarity in primary human corneal epithelial cells.
Topics: Autopsy; Betaine; Carnitine; Cornea; Enzyme Activation; Epithelial Cells; Erythritol; Gene Expression; Humans; Matrix Metalloproteinase 13; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; Matrix Metalloproteinase 3; Matrix Metalloproteinase 7; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; Osmolar Concentration; Primary Cell Culture; Protective Agents; RNA, Messenger; Sodium Chloride | 2014 |
A biomimetic heteroditopic receptor for zwitterions in protic media.
Topics: beta-Alanine; Betaine; Biomimetics; Calixarenes; Carnitine; Crystallography, X-Ray; Cyclization; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Molecular Conformation; Picrates; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds | 2015 |
Mammalian-microbial cometabolism of L-carnitine in the context of atherosclerosis.
Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Female; Gastrointestinal Tract; Methylamines | 2014 |
γ-Butyrobetaine is a proatherogenic intermediate in gut microbial metabolism of L-carnitine to TMAO.
Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Female; Gastrointestinal Tract; Methylamines; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microbiota | 2014 |
Role of sigB and osmolytes in desiccation survival of Listeria monocytogenes in simulated food soils on the surface of food grade stainless steel.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Betaine; Carnitine; Desiccation; Food Additives; Food Handling; Listeria monocytogenes; Microbial Viability; Models, Biological; Osmolar Concentration; Proline; Sigma Factor; Sodium Chloride; Stainless Steel | 2015 |
Determination of trimethylamine-N-oxide in combination with L-carnitine and γ-butyrobetaine in human plasma by UPLC/MS/MS.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Chromatography, Liquid; Humans; Limit of Detection; Methylamines; Reference Standards; Reproducibility of Results; Tandem Mass Spectrometry | 2015 |
Metabolomic responses in caged clams, Ruditapes decussatus, exposed to agricultural and urban inputs in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon (Mar Menor, SE Spain).
Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Agriculture; Animals; Betaine; Biomarkers; Bivalvia; Carnitine; Cities; Environmental Monitoring; Spain; Water Pollutants, Chemical | 2015 |
Methyl-γ-butyrobetaine decreases levels of acylcarnitines and attenuates the development of atherosclerosis.
Topics: Animals; Aorta; Apolipoproteins E; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Disease Progression; Female; Male; Mice | 2015 |
Overexpression of ALDH10A8 and ALDH10A9 Genes Provides Insight into Their Role in Glycine Betaine Synthesis and Affects Primary Metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase; Amino Acids; Arabidopsis; Arabidopsis Proteins; Betaine; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Carnitine; Choline; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Genes, Plant; Germination; Plants, Genetically Modified; Polyamines; Principal Component Analysis; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sodium Chloride; Stress, Physiological | 2015 |
Short-term high-fat diet increases postprandial trimethylamine-N-oxide in humans.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Diet, Atherogenic; Diet, High-Fat; Fasting; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Male; Methylamines; Oxidants; Postprandial Period; Young Adult | 2015 |
Validated method for the quantification of free and total carnitine, butyrobetaine, and acylcarnitines in biological samples.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Humans; Mesylates; Muscle, Skeletal; Rats; Solid Phase Extraction; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Trimethylsilyl Compounds | 2015 |
Quantitative acylcarnitine determination by UHPLC-MS/MS--Going beyond tandem MS acylcarnitine "profiles".
Topics: Acetyl-CoA C-Acyltransferase; Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase; Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Betaine; Carbon-Carbon Ligases; Carnitine; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Isomerism; Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Male; Neonatal Screening; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Urea Cycle Disorders, Inborn | 2015 |
Cation-π Interactions Contribute to Substrate Recognition in γ-Butyrobetaine Hydroxylase Catalysis.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Catalysis; Cations; gamma-Butyrobetaine Dioxygenase; Kinetics; Oxidation-Reduction; Protein Binding; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds | 2016 |
The Carnitine-butyrobetaine-trimethylamine-N-oxide pathway and its association with cardiovascular mortality in patients with carotid atherosclerosis.
Topics: Aged; Betaine; Biomarkers; Carnitine; Carotid Stenosis; Case-Control Studies; Cause of Death; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Female; Humans; Kaplan-Meier Estimate; Lysine; Male; Methylamines; Middle Aged; Myocardial Infarction; Prognosis; Proportional Hazards Models; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Severity of Illness Index; Stroke; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color | 2016 |
Major Increase in Microbiota-Dependent Proatherogenic Metabolite TMAO One Year After Bariatric Surgery.
Topics: Adult; Atherosclerosis; Bariatric Surgery; Betaine; Body Mass Index; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Case-Control Studies; Choline; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Humans; Life Style; Male; Methylamines; Microbiota; Middle Aged; Obesity; Postoperative Period; Time Factors | 2016 |
The impact of altered carnitine availability on acylcarnitine metabolism, energy expenditure and glucose tolerance in diet-induced obese mice.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Dietary Fats; Energy Metabolism; Glucose Intolerance; Insulin Resistance; Liver; Mice; Mice, Obese; Muscle, Skeletal; Obesity | 2016 |
Purification, gene cloning, and characterization of γ-butyrobetainyl CoA synthetase from Agrobacterium sp. 525a.
Topics: Acyl Coenzyme A; Adenosine Diphosphate; Agrobacterium; Amino Acid Sequence; Bacterial Proteins; Betaine; Carnitine; Cloning, Molecular; Coenzyme A Ligases; Escherichia coli; Gene Expression; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kinetics; Sequence Alignment; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; Soil Microbiology; Substrate Specificity | 2016 |
Betaine and Carnitine Derivatives as Herbicidal Ionic Liquids.
Topics: Animals; Anions; Betaine; Carnitine; Cations; Herbicides; Ionic Liquids; Rats; Solubility; Viscosity | 2016 |
Cyclic di-AMP targets the cystathionine beta-synthase domain of the osmolyte transporter OpuC.
Topics: Adenosine Monophosphate; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Bacterial Proteins; Betaine; Biological Transport, Active; Carnitine; Cyclic AMP; Cystathionine beta-Synthase; Dinucleoside Phosphates; Listeria monocytogenes; Osmolar Concentration; Osmotic Pressure | 2016 |
Fluorescent derivatization combined with aqueous solvent-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for determination of butyrobetaine, l-carnitine and acetyl-l-carnitine in human plasma.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Chromatography, Liquid; Fluorescence; Humans; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Limit of Detection; Liquid Phase Microextraction; Reproducibility of Results | 2016 |
Simultaneous targeted analysis of trimethylamine-N-oxide, choline, betaine, and carnitine by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Male; Methylamines; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Tandem Mass Spectrometry | 2016 |
Molecular analysis of the role of osmolyte transporters opuCA and betL in Listeria monocytogenes after cold and freezing stress.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Betaine; Carnitine; Carrier Proteins; Cold Temperature; Cold-Shock Response; Freezing; GABA Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Listeria monocytogenes | 2017 |
Carnitine and γ-Butyrobetaine Stimulate Elimination of Meldonium due to Competition for OCTN2-mediated Transport.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Biological Transport; Carnitine; Furosemide; Male; Methylhydrazines; Mice; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5; Tissue Distribution | 2017 |
Decrease in Long-Chain Acylcarnitine Tissue Content Determines the Duration of and Correlates with the Cardioprotective Effect of Methyl-GBB.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Biotransformation; Cardiotonic Agents; Carnitine; Down-Regulation; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Half-Life; Heart; Male; Membrane Transport Modulators; Molecular Weight; Myocardial Infarction; Myocardium; Perfusion; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Random Allocation; Rats, Wistar; Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5; Time Factors; Tissue Distribution | 2017 |
Impaired renal function and dysbiosis of gut microbiota contribute to increased trimethylamine-N-oxide in chronic kidney disease patients.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Case-Control Studies; Choline; Clostridiaceae; Dysbiosis; Fecal Microbiota Transplantation; Female; Gammaproteobacteria; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Humans; Kidney Function Tests; Male; Methylamines; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Middle Aged; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic | 2017 |
Microbiota-dependent metabolite and cardiovascular disease marker trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) is associated with monocyte activation but not platelet function in untreated HIV infection.
Topics: Adult; Betaine; Biomarkers; Blood Platelets; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Choline; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; Male; Methylamines; Microbiota; Middle Aged; Monocytes; Myocardial Infarction; Platelet Aggregation; Risk Factors | 2017 |
Determination of betaine, l-carnitine, and choline in human urine using a self-packed column and column-switching ion chromatography with nonsuppressed conductivity detection.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Chromatography, Liquid; Humans; Reproducibility of Results | 2017 |
Simple determination of betaine, l-carnitine and choline in human urine using self-packed column and column-switching ion chromatography with nonsuppressed conductivity detection.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Drug Stability; Humans; Limit of Detection; Linear Models; Reproducibility of Results | 2018 |
Serum Carnitine Metabolites and Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Patients With Suspected Stable Angina Pectoris.
Topics: Aged; Angina, Stable; Betaine; Body Mass Index; Carnitine; Chromatography, Liquid; Coronary Artery Disease; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Esters; Female; Humans; Logistic Models; Lysine; Male; Middle Aged; Odds Ratio; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors | 2018 |
The putative compatible solute-binding protein ProX from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv: biochemical characterization and crystallographic data.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Bacterial Proteins; Betaine; Carnitine; Catalytic Domain; Choline; Crystallization; Crystallography, X-Ray; Models, Molecular; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Polyphenols; Protein Conformation; Sequence Homology | 2018 |
PEMT rs12325817 and PCYT1A rs7639752 polymorphisms are associated with betaine but not choline concentrations in pregnant women.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alleles; Betaine; Birth Weight; Carnitine; Choline; Choline-Phosphate Cytidylyltransferase; Diet; Female; Folic Acid; Genotype; Homozygote; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Methylamines; Nutritional Status; Phosphatidylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase; Poland; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Young Adult | 2018 |
Characterization of l-Carnitine Metabolism in Sinorhizobium meliloti.
Topics: Aerobiosis; Betaine; Biotransformation; Carnitine; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Metabolomics; Multigene Family; Sinorhizobium meliloti | 2019 |
Sheathless CE-MS based metabolic profiling of kidney tissue section samples from a mouse model of Polycystic Kidney Disease.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Creatine; Creatinine; Disease Models, Animal; Electrophoresis, Capillary; Glutamine; Kidney; Mass Spectrometry; Metabolomics; Mice; Multivariate Analysis; Polycystic Kidney Diseases | 2019 |
Metabolomic analyses reveal lipid abnormalities and hepatic dysfunction in non-human primate model for Yersinia pestis.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Chlorocebus aethiops; Disease Models, Animal; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Metabolomics; Yersinia pestis | 2018 |
Carnitine Is Associated With Atherosclerotic Risk and Myocardial Infarction in HIV -Infected Adults.
Topics: Adult; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Carotid Artery Diseases; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Choline; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Methylamines; Middle Aged; Myocardial Infarction; Plaque, Atherosclerotic; Sustained Virologic Response; United States | 2019 |
Short communication: Space allocation in intensive Mediterranean buffalo production influences the profile of functional biomolecules in milk and dairy products.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Betaine; Buffaloes; Carnitine; Cheese; Crowding; Endothelial Cells; Female; Glucose; Housing, Animal; Lactation; Lipid Peroxidation; Milk; Reactive Oxygen Species; Reproduction | 2019 |
The carnitine-butyrobetaine-TMAO pathway after cardiac transplant: Impact on cardiac allograft vasculopathy and acute rejection.
Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Aged; Betaine; Carnitine; Coronary Artery Disease; Cyclosporine; Everolimus; Female; Graft Rejection; Heart Transplantation; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Male; Methylamines; Microbiota; Middle Aged; Postoperative Complications | 2019 |
Trimethylamine N-Oxide Metabolites in Early Pregnancy and Risk of Gestational Diabetes: A Nested Case-Control Study.
Topics: Adult; Betaine; Blood Glucose; Carnitine; Case-Control Studies; China; Choline; Diabetes, Gestational; Female; Humans; Methylamines; Pregnancy; Prenatal Care; Risk Factors | 2019 |
Circulating gut microbiota metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide and oral contraceptive use in polycystic ovary syndrome.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Betaine; Blood Glucose; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Choline; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Methylamines; Obesity; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Testosterone; Young Adult | 2019 |
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Drug Design; Enzyme Inhibitors; Fluorine; gamma-Butyrobetaine Dioxygenase; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy | 2019 |
Metabolomic markers of antepartum depression and suicidal ideation.
Topics: 5-Hydroxytryptophan; Adult; Betaine; Biomarkers; Carnitine; Citrulline; Cross-Sectional Studies; Depression; Female; Humans; Logistic Models; Metabolomics; Odds Ratio; Patient Health Questionnaire; Peru; Phenylalanine; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy Trimester, Second; Pregnant Women; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Suicidal Ideation; Triglycerides; Young Adult | 2020 |
Associations of plasma trimethylamine N-oxide, choline, carnitine, and betaine with inflammatory and cardiometabolic risk biomarkers and the fecal microbiome in the Multiethnic Cohort Adiposity Phenotype Study.
Topics: Adiposity; Aged; Bacteria; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Choline; Cohort Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Male; Methylamines; Middle Aged | 2020 |
Population studies of TMAO and its precursors may help elucidate mechanisms.
Topics: Adiposity; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Choline; Humans; Methylamines; Microbiota; Phenotype | 2020 |
Development of biocompatible DES/NADES as co-solvents for efficient biosynthesis of chiral alcohols.
Topics: Alcohols; Betaine; Biocatalysis; Biotechnology; Carnitine; Catalysis; Cell-Free System; Choline; Chromatography, Gas; Escherichia coli; Green Chemistry Technology; Hydrogen Bonding; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lysine; Permeability; Proline; Recombinant Proteins; Solvents; Stereoisomerism; Water | 2020 |
Effects of dietary choline, betaine, and L-carnitine on the generation of trimethylamine-N-oxide in healthy mice.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Intestines; Male; Methylamines; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C | 2020 |
Development of a Biosensor for Crotonobetaine-CoA Ligase Screening Based on the Elucidation of
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Betaine; Biosensing Techniques; Carnitine; Citrobacter; Coenzyme A Ligases; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Proteins; Mutation; Trans-Activators | 2020 |
Investigations of Dimethylglycine, Glycine Betaine, and Ectoine Uptake by a Betaine-Carnitine-Choline Transporter Family Transporter with Diverse Substrate Specificity in
Topics: Amino Acid Motifs; Amino Acid Sequence; Amino Acids, Diamino; Bacterial Proteins; Betaine; Biological Transport; Carnitine; Choline; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Membrane Transport Proteins; Multigene Family; Sarcosine; Vibrio parahaemolyticus | 2020 |
Roles for ALDH10 enzymes in γ-butyrobetaine synthesis, seed development, germination, and salt tolerance in Arabidopsis.
Topics: Animals; Arabidopsis; Arabidopsis Proteins; Betaine; Carnitine; Germination; Salt Tolerance; Seeds | 2020 |
Changes in the concentrations of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and its precursors in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Topics: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Male; Methylamines; Middle Aged; Motor Neurons; Prognosis; Signal Transduction | 2020 |
Renal function is associated with plasma trimethylamine-N-oxide, choline, L-carnitine and betaine: a pilot study.
Topics: Betaine; Biomarkers; Carnitine; Choline; Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Kidney; Male; Methylamines; Middle Aged; Pilot Projects; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Retrospective Studies | 2021 |
Unraveling the Effects of Trimethylamine N-Oxide on Stroke: "The lower, the better?"
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Choline; Diet Therapy; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Ischemic Stroke; Lipotropic Agents; Liver; Methylamines; Oxidants; Risk Factors | 2021 |
Choline Metabolism and Risk of Atrial Fibrillation and Heart Failure in the PREDIMED Study.
Topics: Aged; Atrial Fibrillation; Betaine; Carnitine; Case-Control Studies; Choline; Female; Heart Failure; Humans; Male; Methylamines; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Sarcosine | 2021 |
Causal relationships between gut metabolites and Alzheimer's disease: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.
Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Male; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; Methylamines; Negative Results; Risk | 2021 |
Metabolomics analysis of plasma and adipose tissue samples from mice orally administered with polydextrose and correlations with cecal microbiota.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Betaine; Body Weight; Carnitine; Cecum; Cholesterol; Diet, Western; Dietary Fiber; Eating; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Glucans; Metabolomics; Mice; Triglycerides | 2020 |
Association of gut-related metabolites with outcome in acute heart failure.
Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Acute Disease; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Heart Failure; Hospital Mortality; Humans; Male; Methylamines; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; Risk Factors; Statistics, Nonparametric | 2021 |
Circulating metabolites and lipids are associated with glycaemic measures in South Asians.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Asia, Western; Betaine; Blood Glucose; Carnitine; Chromatography, Liquid; Cohort Studies; Diabetes Mellitus; Diglycerides; Female; Glycated Hemoglobin; Humans; Linear Models; Lipidomics; Logistic Models; Male; Mass Spectrometry; Metabolomics; Middle Aged; Proline; Sphingomyelins; Triglycerides; United States | 2021 |
Triangulating evidence from longitudinal and Mendelian randomization studies of metabolomic biomarkers for type 2 diabetes.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Betaine; Biomarkers; Carnitine; Case-Control Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Early Diagnosis; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Glutamic Acid; Humans; Leucine; Lysine; Male; Mannose; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; Metabolome; Middle Aged; Valine | 2021 |
Associations of circulating choline and its related metabolites with cardiometabolic biomarkers: an international pooled analysis.
Topics: Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Choline; Creatinine; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet; Humans; Sarcosine | 2021 |
Simultaneous quantification of trimethylamine N-oxide, trimethylamine, choline, betaine, creatinine, and propionyl-, acetyl-, and L-carnitine in clinical and food samples using HILIC-LC-MS.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Chromatography, Liquid; Creatinine; Female; Food Analysis; Humans; Limit of Detection; Male; Methylamines; Middle Aged; Tandem Mass Spectrometry | 2021 |
Elucidation of an anaerobic pathway for metabolism of l-carnitine-derived γ-butyrobetaine to trimethylamine in human gut bacteria.
Topics: Anaerobiosis; Betaine; Carbon; Carnitine; Clostridiales; Enzymes; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Humans; Methylamines; Microbiota; Multigene Family | 2021 |
Combined hyperosmolarity and inflammatory conditions in stressed human corneal epithelial cells and macrophages to evaluate osmoprotective agents as potential DED treatments.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Dry Eye Syndromes; Epithelium, Corneal; Flow Cytometry; Humans; Hyaluronic Acid; Hypertonic Solutions; Hypromellose Derivatives; Inflammation; Macrophages; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Osmolar Concentration; Stress, Physiological; Taurine; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha | 2021 |
The MttB superfamily member MtyB from the human gut symbiont Eubacterium limosum is a cobalamin-dependent γ-butyrobetaine methyltransferase.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Betaine; Carnitine; Eubacterium; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Methyltransferases; Symbiosis | 2021 |
Not a "they" but a "we": The microbiome helps promote our well-being.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Eubacterium; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Methylamines; Methyltransferases; Microbiota; Oxides; Vitamin B 12 | 2022 |
Association of gut-related metabolites with respiratory symptoms in COVID-19: A proof-of-concept study.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; COVID-19; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Methylamines | 2022 |
Gut microbiota-dependent metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and cardiovascular risk in patients with suspected functionally relevant coronary artery disease (fCAD).
Topics: Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Choline; Coronary Artery Disease; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Heart Disease Risk Factors; Humans; Methylamines; Risk Factors | 2022 |
Association of Trimethylamine N-Oxide and Metabolites With Mortality in Older Adults.
Topics: Aged; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Choline; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Methylamines; Prospective Studies | 2022 |
Nutritional biomarkers and heart failure requiring hospitalization in patients with type 2 diabetes: the SURDIAGENE cohort.
Topics: Aged; Betaine; Biomarkers; Carnitine; Choline; Cohort Studies; Cysteine; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Heart Failure; Homocysteine; Hospitalization; Humans; Male; Methionine; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors | 2022 |
The associations between TMAO-related metabolites and blood lipids and the potential impact of rosuvastatin therapy.
Topics: Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Cholesterol, LDL; Choline; Humans; Lipids; Methylamines; Rosuvastatin Calcium; Tandem Mass Spectrometry | 2022 |
Late-onset cblC deficiency around puberty: a retrospective study of the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Betaine; Carnitine; Child; Female; Homocystinuria; Humans; Infant; Male; Mutation; Oxidoreductases; Paraplegia; Puberty; Retrospective Studies; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency; Young Adult | 2022 |
Longitudinal Associations of Plasma TMAO and Related Metabolites with Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Older Adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Cognitive Dysfunction; Dementia; Medicare; Methylamines; United States | 2022 |
Associations of plasma TMAO and its precursors with stroke risk in the general population: A nested case-control study.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Case-Control Studies; Choline; Humans; Stroke | 2023 |
Breed and Feeding System Impact the Bioactive Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Bovine Milk.
Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Animal Feed; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Betaine; Carnitine; Cattle; Diet; Female; Interleukin-6; Lactation; Milk; Reactive Oxygen Species; Whey Proteins | 2022 |
TMAO Upregulates Members of the miR-17/92 Cluster and Impacts Targets Associated with Atherosclerosis.
Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Choline; Humans; Inflammation; Methylamines; Mice; MicroRNAs | 2022 |
Topics: Animals; Ascophyllum; Betaine; Carnitine; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Inflammation; Mice; Polysaccharides; RNA, Transfer; Tryptophan | 2023 |
Betaine- and L-Carnitine-Based Ionic Liquids as Solubilising and Stabilising Agents for the Formulation of Antimicrobial Eye Drops Containing Diacerein.
Topics: Animals; Anthraquinones; Anti-Infective Agents; Betaine; Bromides; Carnitine; Esters; Excipients; Ionic Liquids; Mice; Ophthalmic Solutions | 2023 |
Trimethylamine N-Oxide and White Matter Hyperintensity Volume Among Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke.
Topics: Aged; Betaine; Carnitine; Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases; Choline; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Ischemic Stroke; Male; Stroke; Stroke, Lacunar; White Matter | 2023 |