betadex and sarkosyl

Chromatography-based protein refolding is widely used. Detergent is increasingly used for protein solubilization from inclusion bodies. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a refolding method for detergent-denatured/solubilized proteins based on liquid chromatography. In the present work, sarkosyl-denatured/dithiothreitol-reduced lysozyme was used as a model, and a refolding method based on ion exchange chromatography, assisted by β-cyclodextrin, was developed for refolding detergent-denatured proteins. Many factors affecting the refolding, such as concentration of urea, concentration of β-cyclodextrin, pH and flow rate of mobile phases, were investigated to optimize the refolding conditions for sarkosyl-denatured lysozymes. The results showed that the sarkosyl-denatured lysozyme could be successfully refolded using β-cyclodextrin-assisted ion exchange chromatography.

Topics: Animals; beta-Cyclodextrins; Chickens; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Detergents; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Muramidase; Protein Denaturation; Protein Refolding; Sarcosine; Urea

High-throughput screening (HTS) methods for lipases and esterases are generally performed by using synthetic chromogenic substrates (e.g., p-nitrophenyl, resorufin, and umbelliferyl esters) which may be misleading since they are not their natural substrates (e.g., partially or insoluble triglycerides). In previous works, we have shown that soluble nonchromogenic substrates and p-nitrophenol (as a pH indicator) can be used to quantify the hydrolysis and estimate the substrate selectivity of lipases and esterases from several sources. However, in order to implement a spectrophotometric HTS method using partially or insoluble triglycerides, it is necessary to find particular conditions which allow a quantitative detection of the enzymatic activity. In this work, we used Triton X-100, CHAPS, and N-lauroyl sarcosine as emulsifiers, β-cyclodextrin as a fatty acid captor, and two substrate concentrations, 1 mM of tributyrin (TC4) and 5 mM of trioctanoin (TC8), to improve the test conditions. To demonstrate the utility of this method, we screened 12 enzymes (commercial preparations and culture broth extracts) for the hydrolysis of TC4 and TC8, which are both classical substrates for lipases and esterases (for esterases, only TC4 may be hydrolyzed). Subsequent pH-stat experiments were performed to confirm the preference of substrate hydrolysis with the hydrolases tested. We have shown that this method is very useful for screening a high number of lipases (hydrolysis of TC4 and TC8) or esterases (only hydrolysis of TC4) from wild isolates or variants generated by directed evolution using nonchromogenic triglycerides directly in the test.

Topics: Bacterial Proteins; beta-Cyclodextrins; Caprylates; Cholic Acids; Esterases; Fungal Proteins; High-Throughput Screening Assays; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydrolysis; Kinetics; Lipase; Octoxynol; Sarcosine; Substrate Specificity; Triglycerides