beta-carotene and 2-2--azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic-acid

To characterize the chemical profile of methanolic crude extract and its fractions (Ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous) using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis, to evaluate their biological and pharmacological properties: antioxidant (1, 1-diphenyl-2-pycrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic) (ABTS), galvinoxyle free radical scavenging, reducing power, phenanthroline and β carotene-linoleic acid bleaching assays), enzymes inhibitory ability against several enzymes [acetyl-cholinesterase (AChE), buthyrylcholinesterase (BChE), urease and tyrosinase].. Secondary metabolites were extracted from Tamarix africana air-dried powdered leaves by maceration, the crude extract was fractionated using different solvents with different polarities (Ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous). The amount of polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins (hydrolysable and condensed) were determined using colorimetric assays. A variety of biochemical tests were carried out to assess antioxidant and oxygen radical scavenging properties using DPPH, ABTS, galvinoxyle free radical scavenging, reducing power, phenanthroline and β carotene-linoleic acid bleaching methods. Neuroprotective effect was examined against acetylcholinesterase and buthy-rylcholinesterase enzymes. The anti-urease and anti-tyrosinase activities were performed against urease and tyrosinase enzymes respectively. The extract's components were identified using LC-MS and compared to reference substances.. The results indicated that Tamarix africana extracts presented a powerful antioxidant activity in all assays and exhibited a potent inhibitory effect against AChE and BChE as well as urease and tyrosinase enzymes. LC-MS analysis identified amount of eight phenolic compounds were revealed in this analysis; Apigenin, Diosmin, Quercetin, Quercetine-3-glycoside, Apigenin 7-O glycoside, Rutin, Neohesperidin and Wogonin in methanolic extract and its different fractions of Tamarix africana from leaves.. Based on these findings, it is reasonable to assume that Tamarix africana could be considered as a potential candidate for pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and food industries to create innovative health-promoting drugs.

Topics: 1-Butanol; Acetylcholinesterase; Antioxidants; Apigenin; beta Carotene; Flavonoids; Free Radicals; Glycosides; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Monophenol Monooxygenase; Phenanthrolines; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Urease

Asphodelus microcarpus is an important medicinal plant belonging to family Liliaceae. This plant is used in traditional medicine to treat abscesses by local application of the powder; the roots are used against white spots, and specifically used for ear pain.. The aim of the present study was to assess the in vitro antioxidant effects and the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of the different parts methanolic extracts of the Asphodelus microcarpus: aerial part (APME), leaf (LME), stem flowers (SFME) and root (RME).. The antioxidant potency of extracts was evaluated by DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS, β-carotene bleaching assays, iron chelating, free hydroxyl radicals (HO. The estimation of polyphenols and flavonoids showed that the leave methanolic extract contains a high amount of polyphenols and flavonoids: 755.3 ± 0.036 mg Gallic acid equivalent and 42.2 ± 0.043 mg Rutin equivalent/g of dried material, respectively. Oral administration of the APME and RME extract produced significant (p < 0.05) anti-edematogenic effect with a dose of 500 mg/kg in the carrageenan induced paw edema after 6 h (58.04%, 58.75%, respectively). APME, LME; SFME and RME extracts at 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg, exhibited significant (p < 0.05) inhibition of xylene induced ear edema.. the present study confirms the use of A. microcarpus in traditional medicine as anti-inflammatory agent.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Carrageenan; Edema; Female; Hydroxyl Radical; Iron; Liliaceae; Mice; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Components, Aerial; Plant Extracts; Rats, Wistar; Sulfonic Acids; Xylenes

A novel polysaccharide named Sorghum Water-Soluble Polysaccharide (SWSP) was purified from Sorghum bicolor (L.) seeds. It was structurally characterized by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), thin layer chromatography (TLC), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy analysis (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and mass spectroscopy (MS). HPLC and TLC showed that SWSP is a glucose polymer. The FT-IR spectrum proved the polysaccharide characteristic band of SWSP. XRD and microscopy analyses revealed that SWSP is a semi-crystalline polymer. Functional properties of SWSP were determined based on Water Holding Capacity (WHC), Oil Holding Capacity (OHC) and emulsification properties. SWSP showed good WHC and OHC, recorded at 3.01±0.03 and 1.02±0.03g/g, respectively and exhibited excellent emulsion properties even after 168h (61.5±0.02%). The effect of SWSP on oxidative stability of sausage during storage up to 12days at 4°C was investigated. Results showed a high rate (P<0.05) of oxymyoglobin and low lipid oxidation. The antioxidant activities of SWSP were also studied in vitro. Results demonstrated that the polysaccharides exhibited interesting 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ABTS radical scavenging, and ß-carotene bleaching inhibition activities. Overall, this natural polysaccharide was proved to enhance the oxidation stability of sausages, since it can efficiently substitute synthetic antioxidants in meat industry.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Food Storage; Lipids; Meat Products; Myoglobin; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Polysaccharides; Seeds; Solubility; Sorghum; Sulfonic Acids; Water

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Cations; Chromatography, Gas; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydrolysis; Linoleic Acid; Mass Spectrometry; Monosaccharides; Oligosaccharides; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Polysaccharides; Solanum tuberosum; Sulfonic Acids; Temperature; Time Factors; Waste Products

Antioxidant peptides positively regulate oxidative stress in the human body as well as delay, retard or prevent protein and lipid oxidation in food products. Spanish dry-cured ham has been reported as a good source of bioactive peptides, being SNAAC the most active antioxidant peptide identified to date. In this work, the stability of this peptide against in vitro digestion, heat treatments and different salt concentrations was evaluated using three methods for measuring antioxidant activity: β-carotene bleaching assay, ABTS radical scavenging capacity and ORAC assay. The results evidenced a marked decrease in the antioxidant activity of SNAAC after gastrointestinal digestion, and the MALDI-ToF MS analysis revealed the degradation of the peptide after the process, the generation of the fragment SNAA and the presence of a peptide dimer throughout the in vitro digestion. On the other hand, the peptide SNAAC showed good heat stability after exposure to different temperatures (50°C, 72°C, and 90°C), but its antioxidant activity evaluated by ORAC assay decreased substantially when exposed to 100°C as compared with the control at 37°C. SNAAC remained stable in the presence of salt at concentrations ranging from 0 to 8% NaCl as well as it was able to inhibit about 40% of lipid oxidation in an emulsion system. These results reported the stability of the antioxidant peptide SNAAC to several conditions used in meat industry for the processing of dry-cured hams and ham-derived products and its effectiveness to partially prevent the lipid oxidation in these products. However, some strategies would be needed in order to increase the stability of the peptide during gastrointestinal digestion and thus improve its bioavailability to be used as functional food ingredient.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Digestion; Food Analysis; Food Handling; Food Preservation; Food, Preserved; Meat Products; Oligopeptides; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity; Protein Denaturation; Protein Stability; Sodium Chloride; Sulfonic Acids; Sus scrofa; Temperature

Microencapsulation of polyherbal formulation (PHF) extract was carried out by freeze drying method, by employing gum arabic (GA), gelatin (GE), and maltodextrin (MD) with their designated different combinations as encapsulating wall materials. Antioxidant components (i.e., total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoids contents (TFC), and total condensed tannins (TCT)), antioxidant activity (i.e., DPPH, β-carotene & ABTS⁺ assays), moisture contents, water activity (a

Topics: Administration, Oral; alpha-Amylases; Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biological Availability; Biphenyl Compounds; Drug Compounding; Freeze Drying; Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors; Mice; Particle Size; Picrates; Plant Preparations; Polyphenols; Powders; Solubility; Sulfonic Acids; Technology, Pharmaceutical; Transition Temperature; Wettability

Helicteres vegae Cristóbal (Sterculiaceae) (Hv) and Heliopsis sinaloensis B.L. Turner (Asteraceae) (Hs) are endangered and poorly studied plant species; related plants have been used against chronic-degenerative and infectious diseases. Therefore, Hv and Hs could be sources of bioactive compounds against these illnesses.. To determine the chemical composition and biological activities (antioxidant, antimutagenic and antimicrobial) of Hv and Hs leaves (L) and stems (S).. Methanol extracts (ME) of each plant/tissue were evaluated for their phytochemicals; phenolics (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS); antioxidant activity (AA) (0.125-4 mg/mL) (DPPH, ABTS, ORAC and β-carotene discoloration); antimutagenicity (0.5 and 1 mg/plate) (Ames assay, tester strain Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium YG1024, 1-nitropyrene as mutagen); activity against human pathogens (1 mg/mL); and toxicity (0.01-2 mg/mL) (Artemia salina assay).. Both Hv and Hs are potential sources of preventive and therapeutic agents against chronic-degenerative diseases.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Antimutagenic Agents; Antioxidants; Artemia; Asteraceae; Bacteria; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Giardia lamblia; Malvaceae; Methanol; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mutagenicity Tests; Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity; Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Plant Stems; Plants, Medicinal; Salmonella typhimurium; Solvents; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Sulfonic Acids

The antioxidant capacity of 9 pure lipophilic compounds was examined by microplate-ABTS and HPLC-ABTS, using similar experimental conditions. Results obtained showed that HPLC-ABTS method can be used for a rapid determination of individual antioxidant capacity of compounds in standard solutions or complex mixtures. The application of both methods to real lipophilic extracts from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), green and red peppers (Capsicum annuum) reveals possible interactions between antioxidants. Thus, synthetic mixtures of two compounds identified in tomato and peppers were measured using microplate-ABTS and HPLC-ABTS. Synergistic effects were observed between (β-carotene-capsanthin) (1:9) and (1:1), (α-tocopherol-capsanthin) (1:9), (lutein-lycopene) (9:1) and (capsanthin-δ-tocopherol) (9:1). On the contrary, antagonistic effects were observed for (lutein-δ-tocopherol) and (α-tocopherol-δ-tocopherol). The interactions observed with two-compound mixtures are not systematically observed in the natural lipophilic extracts from tomato, green and red peppers, probably since extracts are more complex and are susceptible to cause interferences.

Topics: alpha-Tocopherol; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Capsicum; Carotenoids; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Drug Synergism; Lutein; Plant Extracts; Solanum lycopersicum; Sulfonic Acids; Xanthophylls

The use of many traditional medicinal plants is often hampered by the absence of a proper biochemical characterization, which is essential to identify the bioactive compounds present in it. The essential oils (EOs) of three native species from the La Rioja province were analyzed: Lippia turbinata Griseb and Lippia integrifolia (Griseb.) Hieron (Verbenaceae), and Clinopodium gilliesii (Benth.) Kuntze (Lamiaceae).. The aim of this study was to evaluate their EOs antioxidant activity (AA) and their chemical composition.. EOs were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). To enhance the aqueous solubilization of the EOs, EO-water emulsions were prepared (concentration range of 0.1-6 mg mL(-1)). AA was determined using ABTS, DPPH, and peroxyl radical scavenging assays, as well as by the β-carotene bleaching test.. Piperitenone oxide was a major constituent in L. turbinata, pulegone and piperitenone oxide in C. gilliesii, and β-caryophyllene in L. integrifolia. Lippia turbinata EO was the most active ABTS and DPPH radical scavenger (SC50 values of 0.40 ± 0.14 and 0.74 ± 0.08 mg mL(-1), respectively). Clinopodium gilliesii EO exhibited the highest hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity (SC25 value = 1.52 ± 0.27 mg mL(-1)). In the β-carotene assay, L. turbinata EO was more effective at inhibiting lipid peroxidation than the other two oils (IC25 value = 0.15 ± 0.04 mg mL(-1)).. Our results suggest that the AA observed can be justified by the presence of oxygenated monoterpenes, mainly piperitenone oxide. Finally, L. turbinata EO might be used as a safe natural antioxidant and food preservative in the food and cosmetic industries.

Topics: Argentina; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Emulsions; Free Radical Scavengers; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Lamiaceae; Lipid Peroxidation; Lippia; Oils, Volatile; Oxidation-Reduction; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Components, Aerial; Plant Extracts; Plant Oils; Plants, Medicinal; Sulfonic Acids; Time Factors; Verbenaceae

Context Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq (Sapindaceae) has been used in traditional medicine as antimalarial, antidiabetic and antibacterial agent, but further investigations are needed. Objective This study determines the antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of six compounds (1-6) and two crystals (1A and 3A) isolated from D. viscosa, and discusses their structure-activity relationships. Materials and methods Antioxidant activity was evaluated using six complementary tests, i.e., β-carotene-linoleic acid; DPPH(•), ABTS(•+), superoxide scavenging, CUPRAC and metal chelating assays. Anticholinesterase activity was performed using the Elman method. Results Clerodane diterpenoids (1 and 2) and phenolics (3-6) - together with three crystals (1A, 3A and 7A) - were isolated from the aerial parts of D. viscosa. Compound 3A exhibited good antioxidant activity in DPPH (IC50: 27.44 ± 1.06 μM), superoxide (28.18 ± 1.35% inhibition at 100 μM) and CUPRAC (A0.5: 35.89 ± 0.09 μM) assays. Compound 5 (IC50: 11.02 ± 0.02 μM) indicated best activity in ABTS assay, and 6 (IC50: 14.30 ± 0.18 μM) in β-carotene-linoleic acid assay. Compounds 1 and 3 were also obtained in the crystal (1A and 3A) form. Both crystals showed antioxidant activity. Furthermore, crystal 3A was more active than 3 in all activity tests. Phenol 6 possessed moderate anticholinesterase activity against acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes (IC50 values: 158.14 ± 1.65 and 111.60 ± 1.28 μM, respectively). Discussion and conclusion This is the first report on antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of compounds 1, 2, 5, 6, 1A and 3A, and characterisation of 7A using XRD. Furthermore, the structure-activity relationships are also discussed in detail for the first time.

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Butyrylcholinesterase; Chelating Agents; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Crystallography, X-Ray; Free Radical Scavengers; Linoleic Acid; Molecular Structure; Phytochemicals; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plants, Medicinal; Sapindaceae; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides

Water-soluble polysaccharides were extracted from potato peel waste (PPW). The structure of the polysaccharides from PPW (PPPW) was examined by means of Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis, X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results suggest that the extracted polysaccharides form a semi-crystalline polymer constituted essentially of the functional groups CO, CH and OH. Acid hydrolysis of this polymer yielded glucose (76.25%) as the dominant sugar functional properties (water holding capacity: WHC, oil holding capacity: OHC, foaming, and emulsion properties) of this polymer were studied. The PPPW showed interesting water-holding and fat-binding capacities which were 4.097 ± 0.537 g/g and 4.398 ± 0.04 g/g, respectively. In addition, it presented good foaming and emulsion properties. The antioxidant activity of this polymer was also studied and revealed that the polysaccharides showed interesting 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging capacity (IC50 PPPW=11.578 mg/mL), reducing power and β-carotene bleaching inhibition activities, and also a strong ABTS radical scavenging activity (IC50 PPPW=2mg/mL). Overall, the results suggest that the polysaccharide is a promising source of natural antioxidants and can be used as additive in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Dietary Carbohydrates; Emulsions; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Plant Roots; Polysaccharides; Solanum tuberosum; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Sulfonic Acids; Water

The chemical extraction and the characterization of polysaccharides from mucilage (MC), pectin (PC) and total pectic mucilage fraction (TFC) of Opuntia ficus indica cladodes as well as the evaluation of their antioxidant activities was investigated. The FTIR spectroscopic analysis revealed the presence of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups corresponding to polysaccharides. Uronic acid and the total sugar contents of PC were higher than those of TFC and MC whereas ash content of MC was considerably more important. In addition, the findings showed that all the samples had little protein content and low average molecular weight compared to the results mentioned in literature. Furthermore, MC reached not only the highest water (WHC) and oil holding (OHC) capacities (7.81g/g and 1.34g/g, respectively) but also the highest antioxidant properties (DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities, β-carotene bleaching inhibition activity and reducing power). However, PC had the strongest emulsifying and foaming properties. As for TFC, it had low WHC, OHC and emulsifying properties whereas it had higher foaming properties than MC and greater antioxidant properties compared to PC. These outcomes can encourage the use of PC as a surfactant and MC and TFC as natural antioxidants in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Carbohydrates; Chromatography, Gel; Emulsions; Free Radical Scavengers; Humidity; Molecular Weight; Oils; Opuntia; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Proteins; Polysaccharides; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Sulfonic Acids; Uronic Acids; Water

A comparative analysis of ethanol extracts from peel, pulp and seed of Prunus persica var. platycarpa (Tabacchiera peach) was done. The total phenol, flavonoid and carotenoid content as well as the antioxidant properties by using different in vitro assays (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, Fe-chelating, β-carotene bleaching test) were evaluated. Pulp extract was subjected to liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). Gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, protocatechualdehyde, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid were identified as main constituents. Pulp extract was characterized by the highest total phytonutrients content and exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in all in vitro assays (IC(50) values of 2.2 μg/mL after 60 min of incubation by using β-carotene bleaching test and 2.9 μg/mL by using Fe-chelating assay). Overall, the obtained results suggest that P. persica var. platycarpa displays a good antioxidant activity and its consumption could be promoted.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzaldehydes; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Catechols; Chlorogenic Acid; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Coumaric Acids; Fruit; Gallic Acid; Humans; Hydroxybenzoates; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Propionates; Prunus persica; Seeds; Species Specificity; Sulfonic Acids; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Roots of Rumex hastatus (Polygonaceae) are traditionally used for the treatment of various ailments including liver and lung diseases. In this study, various solvent extracts of R. hastatus roots, like methanolic, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform, butanol and aqueous fractions were assessed through their antioxidant properties in vitro and determination of phenolic contents.. Several parameters like DPPH˙, ABTS˙(+), ˙OH, H2O2, superoxide free radical scavenging, iron chelating power, reducing power, β-carotene bleaching power, antioxidant capacity and total phenolics and flavonoids were evaluated. High Performance liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was also considered.. Though all the fractions exhibited dose dependant activity. The samples with the highest activity were the butanol and methanol fractions in all the assays except hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assay where chloroform fraction showed the highest scavenging aptitude. On the other hand, aquous fraction showed significant beta carotene linoleic acid, while n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions exhibited a lesser antioxidant activity in all the assays. HPLC revealed the presence of rutin, luteolin-7-glucoside, vitexin and luteolin.. These results have to some extent substantiated the use of R. hastatus roots against different diseases, as an excellent basis of potential antioxidant due to the presence of sufficient amount of phenolics such as rutin and luteolin.

Topics: Antioxidants; Apigenin; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Flavonoids; Glucosides; Hydrogen Peroxide; Luteolin; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots; Rumex; Rutin; Sulfonic Acids

This study discusses the similarities and differences between the antioxidant activities of some essential oils: thyme (Thymus vulgaris), basil (Ocimum basilicum), peppermint (Mentha piperita), clove (Caryophyllus aromaticus), summer savory (Satureja hortensis), sage (Salvia hispanica) and lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Burm.) and of their main components (thymol or estragole or menthol or eugenol or carvacrol or camphor or limonene) estimated by using 2,2'-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt and β-carotene bleaching assays. The obtained data show that the antioxidant properties of essential oil do not always depend on the antioxidant activity of its main component, and that they can be modulated by their other components. The conclusions concerning the interaction of essential oil components depend on the type of method applied for assessing the antioxidant activity. When comparing the antioxidant properties of essential oils and their main components, the concepts of synergism, antagonism and additivity are very relevant.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Citrus; Cymenes; Monoterpenes; Ocimum basilicum; Oils, Volatile; Picrates; Satureja; Sulfonic Acids; Syzygium; Thymol; Thymus Plant

In this study, we evaluated total phenolics, condensed tannins, ascorbic acid, lycopene, β-carotene, total antioxidant activity, reducing power, ferric-reducing antioxidant power, and radical scavenging activity (RSA) on ABTS and DPPH as well as metal chelating activity of methanolic and aqueous extract from caps and stipes of Calocybe indica and Pleurotus sajor-caju mushrooms. Per gram of extract, the different mushroom extracts contained 18.09-27.47 mg gallic acid equivalent of phenolics, 5.06-8.89 mg catechins of tannins, and 0.15-0.21 mg ascorbic acid. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that methanolic extract from caps of C. indica and P. sajor-caju contained higher ascorbic acid, total antioxidant activity, β-carotene and radical scavenging activity (RSA) on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) than did the stipes. The aqueous extract from cap and stipe of P. sajor-caju had higher total phenolics and RSA on 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) as well as higher metal-chelating activity and ferric-reducing antioxidant power. The antioxidant potential is higher in the caps of P. sajor-caju and C. indica than in the stipes; the cap contributes most to antioxidant activity.

Topics: Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Basidiomycota; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Carotenoids; Chelating Agents; Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching; India; Lycopene; Picrates; Polyphenols; Sulfonic Acids; Tannins

The recent introduction of the cultivation of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni in Mexico has gained interest for its potential use as a non-caloric sweetener, but some other properties of this plant require studies. Extracts from two varieties of S. rebaudiana Bertoni adapted to cultivation in Mexico were screened for their content of some phytochemicals and antioxidant properties. Total pigments, total phenolic and flavonoids contents of the extracts ranged between 17.7-24.3 mg/g, 28.7-28.4 mg/g, and 39.3-36.7 mg/g, respectively. The variety "Criolla" exhibited higher contents of pigments and flavonoids. Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity ranged between 618.5-623.7 mM/mg and DPPH decolorization assay ranged between 86.4-84.3%, no significant differences were observed between varieties. Inhibition of β-carotene bleaching ranged between 62.3-77.9%, with higher activity in the variety "Criolla". Reducing power ranged between 85.2-86% and the chelating activity ranged between 57.3-59.4% for Cu²⁺ and between 52.2-54.4% for Fe²⁺, no significant differences were observed between varieties. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that polar compounds obtained during the extraction like chlorophylls, carotenoids, phenolic compounds and flavonoids contribute to the antioxidative activity measured. The leaves of S. rebaudiana Bertoni could be used not only as a source of non-caloric sweeteners but also naturally occurring antioxidants.. La reciente introducción del cultivo de Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni en México ha ganado interés debido a su potencial uso como fuente de edulcorantes no calóricos, pero otras propiedades de esta planta aun requieren de estudios. Extractos de hojas de dos variedades de S. rebaudiana Bertoni adaptadas al cultivo en México fueron evaluados en cuanto a su contenido de algunos fitoquímicos y sus propiedades antioxidantes. El contenido de pigmentos, fenoles totales y flavonoides en los extractos, osciló entre 17.7-24.3 mg/g, 28.7-28.4 mg/g, y 39.3-36.7 mg/g, respectivamente. La variedad “Criolla” exhibió los mayores contenidos de pigmentos y flavonoides. La capacidad antioxidante equivalente de Trolox osciló entre 618.5-623.7 mM/mg y el ensayo de decoloración del radical DPPH osciló entre 86.4-84.3%, no observándose diferencias significativas entre ambas variedades. La inhibición de la decoloración del -caroteno osciló entre 62.3-77.9%, siendo mayor en la variedad “Criolla”. El poder reductor osciló entre 85.2-86%, las capacidades quelantes de cobre y hierro oscilaron entre 57.3-59.4% y 52.2-54.4%, respectivamente, no observándose diferencias significativas entre ambas variedades. En conclusión, los resultados de este estudio demuestran que los compuestos de naturaleza polar obtenidos durante la extracción, tales como pigmentos clorofílicos, carotenoides, compuestos fenólicos y flavonoides contribuyen a la actividad antioxidante. Las hojas de S. rebaudiana Bertoni podrían ser empleadas no solo como fuente de edulcorantes no calóricos, sino también como fuente de antioxidantes de origen natural.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Bleaching Agents; Chelating Agents; Chlorophyll; Copper; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Iron; Mexico; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenols; Picrates; Pigments, Biological; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Stevia; Sulfonic Acids

A traditional sweet dessert wine from Saracena (Italy), made with nonmacerated local white grapes (Guarnaccia, Malvasia and Moscato), was analyzed for phenolics and aroma profile and antioxidant activities. The most abundant classes of phenols identified by high-performance liquid chromatography were hydroxybenzoic acids and flavan-3-ols, where gallic acid showed the highest content (376.5 mg/L). The analysis by solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed the presence of superior alcohols (from iso-butanol and iso-amyl alcohol up to 2-phenylethanol) and their ethyl esters, terpenes (such as linalool), furfuryl compounds, and free fatty acids (up to palmitic acid) as the key odorants of this wine. The antioxidant activity, evaluated by different in vitro assays 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), and β-carotene bleaching test), showed that passito wine had a radical scavenging activity (IC50 value of 0.03 v/v against DPPH·) and inhibited linoleic acid oxidation with an IC50 value of 0.4 v/v after 30 min of incubation.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Chemical Phenomena; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Gallic Acid; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Italy; Linoleic Acid; Odorants; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenylethyl Alcohol; Picrates; Polyphenols; Solid Phase Microextraction; Sulfonic Acids; Terpenes; Vitis; Wine

Phytochemicals are extensively found at different levels in many medicinal plants. To investigate the phenolic compound content and in vitro antioxidant activity of hydro-methanolic extract from Prasium majus L. (Lamiaceae). The present investigation comprises, estimation of total polyphenol, flavonoid, tannin, in vitro antioxidant assays such as total antioxidant capacity, DPPH, ABTS, beta-carotene and ferric reducing power. P. majus exhibited 64.25 mg GAE g(-1) extract of polyphenol phenol content and better scavenging activity of DPPH (IC50 = 7.95 microg mL(-1)), ABTS*+ (IC50 = 373.78 microg mL(-1)) and beta-carotene (IC50 = 122.56 microg mL(-1)). Our results clearly demonstrated that hydro-methanolic extract P. majus has antioxidant capacity. Therefore is a valuable source of natural antioxidants.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Flavonoids; Lamiaceae; Methanol; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Polyphenols; Sulfonic Acids; Tannins

The present study evaluates the influence of drying and cooking processes on the health properties of two bell Capsicum annuum L. cultivars Roggiano and Senise compared with fresh peppers. The content of phytochemicals decreased in the order fresh>dried>dried frying processes. HPLC analysis was applied to quantify five flavonoids from peppers. Apigenin was identified as main constituent. Its content was affected by drying and dried frying processes. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH, ABTS, β-carotene bleaching test and Fe-chelating activity assay. A comparable radical scavenging activity was observed for both cultivars. Interestingly, frying process did not influenced this property. Roggiano peppers exhibited the highest antioxidant activity using β-carotene bleaching test with IC(50) values of 38.1 and 24.9 μg/mL for total extract and n-hexane fraction, respectively. GC-MS analysis of lipophilic fraction revealed the presence of fatty acids and vitamin E as major components. In the inhibition of the carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes fresh Senise peppers exerted the strongest activity against α-amylase with an IC(50) value of 55.3 μg/mL. Our results indicate that C. annuum cultivars Roggiano and Senise have an interestingly potential health benefits not influenced by processes that are used before consumption.

Topics: alpha-Amylases; alpha-Glucosidases; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Capsicum; Chelating Agents; Flavonoids; Food Handling; Fruit; Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors; Hexanes; Hypoglycemic Agents; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Iron; Phenols; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids

To elucidate free radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extract Lagenaria siceraria (L. siceraria) (Molina) fruit.. The free radical scavenging activity of the L. siceraria (Molina) fruit extract was assayed by using α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,20-azinobis 3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulfonate (ABTS), FRAP, reducing power, chelating ability and β-carotene bleaching assay.. The IC(50) values of DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging activity was found to be 1.95 mg/mL and 19 mg/mL, respectively. In ferrous chelation assay, the percentage of inhibition was found to be 89.21%. The reducing power of ethanolic extract of L. siceraria (Molina) fruit was 0.068 at 1 mg/mL and increased to 0.192 at 5 mg/mL. The β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay was 46.7% at 5 mg/mL and antioxidant activity using FRAP at 0.305 for 1 mg/mL to 0.969 for 5 mg/mL.. The results indicate that L. siceraria (Molina) fruit could be an important sources of natural radical scavengers.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Cucurbitaceae; Fruit; Iron Chelating Agents; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles

Investigation of the green fruits of Clusia paralicola (Clusiaceae) led to the isolation and characterization of two 3,8"-biflavonoids, 2R, 3S, 2"R, 3"R-GB1-7"-O-beta-glucoside (1) and 2R, 3S, 2"R, 3,8"-binaringenin-7"-O-beta-glucoside (2), together with four known compounds: beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, beta-amyrin, and epicatechin. The structures were established from the IR, LC-ESI-MS and NMR spectral data, including 2D-NMR experiments. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were determined by CD spectra. The total extract and the biflavonoids demonstrated significant antioxidant activity in DPPH, ABTS, and betacarotene/linoleic acid tests.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Circular Dichroism; Clusia; Flavanones; Flavonoids; Fruit; Linoleic Acid; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Picrates; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Spectrophotometry, Infrared; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Sulfonic Acids

Acridocarpus orientalis (AO) is a traditional medicinal plant used for treatment of inflammatory diseases that may have potential in cancer treatment. In the present study, the aqueous ethanolic crude extract of Acridocarpus aerial parts obtained from Al Ain and Oman were evaluated for their antioxidant capability, polyphenolic content, anti-lipoxygenase and anti-histone deacetylase (HDAC) properties. The total antioxidant capacity was estimated by the FRAP, DPPH, ABTS and b-carotene bleaching assays. Acridocarpus-Al Ain exhibited the highest polyphenolic content (184.24 mg gallic acid/g) and the best antioxidant activity (1.1, 1.04, 1.14 mmol ascorbic acid equivalent/g in the FRAP, ABTS and DPPH assays, respectively). Additionally, the same extract showed significant anti-inflammatory properties via lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitory activity (IC(50) = 50.58 µg/mL). Acridocarpus-Al Ain also showed the strongest histone deacetylase (HDACs) inhibitory activity (IC(50) = 93.28 µg/mL). The results reported here suggest that there was a significant influence of location and the plant may be considered a good source of compounds with antioxidant, anti-LOX and HDAC properties for therapeutic, nutraceutical and functional food applications.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Ethanol; Free Radical Scavengers; Glycine max; HeLa Cells; Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; Histone Deacetylases; Humans; Lipoxygenase; Lipoxygenase Inhibitors; Malpighiaceae; Medicine, Traditional; Oman; Picrates; Plant Components, Aerial; Plant Extracts; Plant Proteins; Plants, Medicinal; Polyphenols; Solvents; Sulfonic Acids; United Arab Emirates

Cinnamoylphenethylamine (CNPA) derivatives including feruloylphenethylamine (FRPA), caffeoylphenethylamine (CFPA), cinnamoyltyramine (CNTA), feruloyltyramine (FRTA) and caffeoyltyramine (CFTA) were synthesized in order to investigate the influence of the number and position of hydroxyl group on Cu(2+)/glutathione (GSH) and 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane hydrochloride) (AAPH)-induced oxidation of DNA. The radical-scavenging properties of these CNPA derivatives were also evaluated by trapping 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) cationic radical (ABTS(+•)), 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and galvinoxyl radical. In addition, these CNPA derivatives were tested by linoleic acid (LH)-β-carotene-bleaching experiment. The chemical kinetic was employed to treat the results from AAPH-induced oxidation of DNA and gave the order of antioxidant ability as CFTA > CFPA > FRTA > FRPA. CFTA and CFPA also possessed high abilities to inhibit Cu²(+)/GSH-mediated degradation of DNA, whereas FRPA and FRTA can protect LH against the auto-oxidation efficiently. Finally, CFPA and FRPA exhibited high activity in trapping ABTS(+•), DPPH and galvinoxyl radicals. Therefore, the cinnamoyl group bearing ortho-dihydroxyl or hydroxyl with ortho-methoxyl benefited for CNPA derivatives to protect DNA, while hydroxyl in tyramine cannot enhance the radical-scavenging abilities of CNPA derivatives.

Topics: Amidines; Antioxidants; Benzhydryl Compounds; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Cinnamates; Copper; DNA; Free Radical Scavengers; Glutathione; Hydroxides; Linoleic Acid; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenethylamines; Picrates; Solutions; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids

The fatty acids of Agaricus essettei, Agaricus bitorquis and Agaricus bisporus were investigated by using GC and GC-MS. The dominant fatty acids were found to be linoleic (61.82-67.29%) and palmitic (12.67-14.71%) acids among the 13 fatty acids detected in the oils. Total unsaturation for the oils was calculated as 77.50%, 77.44%, and 79.72%, respectively. In vitro antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antimicrobial activities were also studied. The ethyl acetate extract of Agaricus bitorquis showed the highest activity in β-carotene-linoleic acid, DPPH(·) and ABTS(·)(+) assays, while the hexane extract of Agaricus bisporus exhibited the best metal chelating activity. The ethyl acetate and hexane extract of Agaricus bitorquis and the hexane extract of Agaricus essettei showed meaningful butyrylcholinesterase activity being close to that of galantamine. The extracts were found to be effective on Gram (+) bacteria, especially against Micrococcus luteus, Micrococcus flavus, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus. In conclusion, Agaricus bitorquis and Agaricus essettei demonstrated higher iron content, and better antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antimicrobial activities than those of Agaricus bisporus commonly consumed mushroom. Hence, Agaricus species, particularly Agaricus bitorquis might be useful as antioxidant agents and moderate anticholinesterase agents, and their extracts will probably be used for development of dietary foods, food products and additives.

Topics: Agaricus; Anti-Infective Agents; Antioxidants; Bacteria; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Fatty Acids; Free Radical Scavengers; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Indicators and Reagents; Iron Compounds; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids

Fabiana species (Solanaceae family) extracts have long been used in Argentinean traditional medicine as anti-inflammatories, antiseptic, bone fractures and others diseases, but there is no scientific evidence which supports their use.. The present study was conducted to evaluate the ability of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of four Fabiana species (Fabiana bryoides Phil., Fabiana punensis A.C. Arroyo, Fabiana densa J. Rèmy and Fabiana patagonica Speg.) to inhibit key enzymes in inflammatory processes, free radical scavenging properties and genotoxic effects.. HPLC-DAD of aqueous and ethanolic extracts from four Fabiana species was established. All Fabiana extracts were evaluated on their ability to inhibit hyaluronidase and lipoxygenase enzymes to assess their activity against inflammatory mediators. Antioxidant capacity was determined using the 2,2'-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assays and β-carotene-linolenic acid assay. Genotoxicity was evaluated by the Ames assay.. The results indicated that the chromatographic patterns of four Fabiana species were different in quantity and absorption intensity of peaks. The alcoholic extract of Fabiana punensis was the most active scavenger of DPPH and ABTS(+) radicals (SC(50) values of 3.85 ± 0.24 and 2.56 ± 0.10 μgGAE/mL, respectively). Fabiana patagonica extracts exhibited the highest peroxyl radical scavenging activity compared with the other three taxa (IC(50) values between 1.00 ± 0.04 and 4.46 ± 0.40 μg GAE/mL for all extracts) and anti-lipoxygenase activity with IC(50) values between 12.5 and 15.5 μg GAE/mL. The absence of mutagenicity indicates that the DNA does not seem to be a relevant target for these extracts. Fabiana bryoides ethanolic extract showed an interesting effect: it inhibited spontaneous mutagenesis, which could be considered as an antimutagenic effect in the TA98 (+S9) and TA100 (+S9/-S9) strains. The potency differences found between the species could be consequence of the different phytochemical pattern observed by HPLC.. The inhibitory effects on lipoxygenase and hyaluronidase, free radical scavenging activities and lack of genotoxicity of Fabiana extracts may support the folk use of Fabiana punensis, Fabiana patagonica, Fabiana bryoides and Fabiana densa as inhibitor of inflammatory mediators.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antimutagenic Agents; Argentina; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; DNA Damage; DNA, Bacterial; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ethanol; Ethnopharmacology; Free Radical Scavengers; Hyaluronoglucosaminidase; Kinetics; Lipoxygenase Inhibitors; Medicine, Traditional; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Salmonella typhimurium; Solanaceae; Solvents; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles; Water

Antioxidant, anti-microbial and antimutagenicity activities of pistachio (Ahmadaghaei variety) green hull extracts (crude and purified extracts) were studied. At first, different solvents were compared for determining of the best solvent for extraction of phenolic compounds from pistachio green hull. Water and acetonitrile with 49.32 and 6.22 (mg of gallic acid equivalents/g sample) were the best and the worst solvent in the extraction of phenolic compounds, respectively. The antioxidant capacity of crude and purified extracts were assessed through ABTS assay, DPPH assay and beta-carotene bleaching (BCB) method. A concentration-dependent antioxidative capacity was verified in ABTS, DPPH assays and BCB method. The anti-microbial capacity was screened against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, and fungi. Aqueous and purified extracts inhibited the growth of Gram positive bacteria; Bacillus cereus was the most susceptible one with MIC of 1mg/mL and 0.5mg/mL for the crude and purified extracts, respectively. The results of antimutagenicity test showed that phenolic compounds of pistachio green hull have antimutagenicity activity against direct mutagen of 2-nitrofluorene. The results obtained indicate that pistachio green hull may become important as a cheap and noticeable source of compounds with health protective potential and anti-microbial activity.

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Antimutagenic Agents; Antioxidants; Bacteria; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Colony Count, Microbial; Indicators and Reagents; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phenols; Picrates; Pistacia; Plant Extracts; Salmonella typhimurium; Seeds; Solvents; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Sulfonic Acids

The synthesis of three types of pulvinic acid analogues, using a diversity-oriented strategy starting from a single compound, dimethyl l-tartrate, is described. Lacey-Dieckmann condensation, alcohol dehydration and Suzuki-Miyaura cross-couplings were employed in the course of the analogues syntheses. The evaluation of the antioxidant properties of the 28 synthesized analogues was carried out using antioxidant capacity assays (protection of thymidine and β-carotene) and free radical scavenging assays (DPPH radical and ABTS radical cation). This allowed to assess the relative influence of the groups bonded to the tetronic ring and to the exocyclic double bond on the activity, as well as the importance of this exocyclic double bond. It was shown that the presence of an electron-donating group on the 3-position of the tetronic ring had a beneficial effect. It was shown in several assays that the presence of the exocyclic bond was not crucial to the activity.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Carboxylic Acids; Free Radical Scavengers; Lactones; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids; Tartrates; Thymidine

The antioxidant activity of fresh and dried plant extracts of Paederia foetida and Syzygium aqueum were studied using beta-carotene bleaching and the 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation assay. The percentage of antioxidant activity for all extract samples using both assays was between 58 and 80%. The fresh samples of both plants had higher antioxidant activity than the dried samples. The results of the beta-carotene bleaching assay were correlated (R(2) = 0.9849) with those of the ABTS assay.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Phenols; Plant Extracts; Rubiaceae; Sulfonic Acids; Syzygium

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of 9 winemaking technologies (traditional, delestage, saignée, delayed punching-down, addition of grape seed tannins, addition of ellagic-skin-seed tannins, heating of must-wine, cryo-maceration, and prolonged maceration) on the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Primitivo musts and wines. Three methods for the determination of the antioxidant activity were compared: DPPH, beta-carotene bleaching assay, and ABTS. Oenological parameters and composition of the phenolic fraction of 1-y-aged wines was also determined. The addition of tannins allowed the increase of the phenolic content of musts and wines in a greater amount than the other technologies. The results concerning the antioxidant activity depended on the method applied. Concerning musts, the DPPH assay did not highlight great differences among technologies, whereas the addition of tannins allowed the obtainment of the highest antioxidant activity according to beta-carotene and ABTS assays. The wine aging determined an increase of the antioxidant activity, independently on the method applied. Wine obtained through traditional technology, saignée, and addition of tannins showed the highest antioxidant activities according to DPPH and beta-carotene. The highest correlation coefficients (0.961 and 0.932) were calculated between phenolic content and ABTS values of musts whereas the lowest values (0.413 and 0.517) were calculated between phenolic content and ABTS values of wines. Wines produced through traditional technology were the richest in anthocyanins. The addition of tannins allowed to obtain high content in monomeric anthocyanins, flavonoids, flavans reactive to vanillin, and coumaroylated malvidin and a low content in acetylated malvidin. Practical Applications: It is well known that a moderate consumption (equivalent to 2 glasses per day) of red wine is actually recommended since it appears associated with a decreased incidence of cardiovascular diseases. The mechanisms involved in this protective effect are not completely understood although they appear related to the presence of phenolic compounds. To increase the intake of these compounds without increase of the wine consumption, it is necessary to improve their extraction during maceration. This study could represent a helpful tool for wineries aimed to know the way to increase the antioxidant content of their wines, thus changing them in functional beverages and prolonging their s

Topics: Anthocyanins; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Flavonoids; Food Handling; Food Technology; Phenols; Picrates; Seeds; Sulfonic Acids; Tannins; Vitis; Wine

Teucrium marum and T. subspinosum have been extracted with different polarity solvents, each crude extract was analysed with (1)H-NMR to compare the overall metabolic component. The polar extracts showed antioxidant activity in vitro. Verbascoside and arabinosyl-verbascoside were isolated and identified. Their concentrations were in connection to the antioxidant activity.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Free Radical Scavengers; Molecular Structure; Sulfonic Acids; Teucrium; Thiazoles

The antioxidant capacity of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol), propyl gallate (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid n-propyl ester), resveratrol (trans-3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene), and vitamins C (l-ascorbic acid) and E [(+)-alpha-tocopherol] was studied in chemical and biological systems. The chemical assays evaluated the capacity of these antioxidants to sequester 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS.) and 1,1 diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH.). A new colorimetric method to determine hydroxyl radical scavenging is also described. The biological tests use the eucaryotic cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae treated with the antioxidants in the presence of the stressing agents apomorphine, hydrogen peroxide, and paraquat dichloride (methylviologen; 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride). The results in chemical systems showed that all of the antioxidants were able to significantly inhibit the oxidation of beta-carotene by hydroxyl free radicals. The assays in yeast showed that the antioxidant activity of the tested compounds depended on the stressing agent used and the mechanism of action of the antioxidant.

Topics: Antioxidants; Apomorphine; Ascorbic Acid; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Butylated Hydroxytoluene; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hydroxyl Radical; Oxidation-Reduction; Paraquat; Picrates; Propyl Gallate; Resveratrol; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Stilbenes; Sulfonic Acids; Vitamin E

The antioxidant activities of the leaf and root extracts of Alchornea laxiflora, a plant used locally for the preservation of food items in Nigeria, were evaluated using the ferric thiocyanate method, horseradish peroxidase catalysed oxidation of 2,2 azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), beta-carotene linoleate model system and Fe(2+)/ascorbate/H(2)O(2)-induced rat liver microsomal lipid peroxidation. The crude hexane root (HR), methanol root (MR), methanol leaf (ML) and hexane leaf (HL) extracts from A. laxiflora were tested for antioxidant activities. Antioxidant activity decreased in the following order: HR (76.4%), MR (63%), ML (40%) and HL (38%) at a concentration of 0.05% v/v. The antioxidant activity of HR compared to that of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) (80%), a standard antioxidant. The total antioxidant activity (TAA) of the crude extracts suggests that activity is highest in the HR compared with the others. The TAA value was estimated to be 8.0 measured as mm of vitamin C equivalent. Six column chromatographic fractions (FI-FVI) from HR showed antioxidant activity to varying extents in the beta-carotene model system in the order of FII > FI > FVI > FIII > FIV > FV. FII exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in all model systems utilized, it recorded a higher antioxidant activity than BHA and quercetin in the beta-carotene linoleate and Fe(2+)/ascorbate/H(2)O(2). TLC analysis of fraction II revealed the presence of terpenoid compounds (radiant green coloration with 2,4 dinitrophenylhydrazine). Our results suggest that A. laxiflora contains potent natural antioxidants and may therefore be relevant in the preservation of lipid food products, which are prone to oxidation and rancidity.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Euphorbiaceae; Food Preservatives; Iron; Lipid Peroxidation; Male; Microsomes; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Plant Roots; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sulfonic Acids; Thiocyanates

The biologically active compounds, antioxidant activities, and free radical scavenging effects of black mussel dry matter (Mytilus galloprovincialis)--(BMDM) were investigated. The extract from BMDM with absolute methanol (BMDMAMet) showed the strongest inhibition of lipid peroxidation as a function of its concentration, and was comparable to the antioxidant activity of butylated hydroxyanisole, at the same concentration of 0.2 mg/ml. The extract with 50%methanol/water (BMDM50%Met) had the weakest antioxidant activity, whereas other extracts such as 1.2 M HCl in 50%methanol/water (BMDM50%Met/HCl) exhibited an average inhibition of lipid peroxidation. BMDMAMet extract showed marked activities in free radical scavenging determined by beta-carotene bleaching (beta-carotene), nitric oxide (NO*) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) radical cation (ABTS*+ methods. The antioxidant activities of BMDMAMet extract determined beta-carotene, NO* and ABTS*+ methods showed the highest correlation coefficients (R2) such as 0.998, 0.9976 and 0.6103, respectively, with the presence of total polyphenols. BMDM50%Met had lower antioxidant ability than BMDM50%Met/HCl in different scavenging methods, indicating that the major antioxidant components in these extracts must be derived from the polyphenols. Correlation between proteins and antioxidants was very low (0.0318 and 0.0433). The mussel extracts from polluted areas have shown by all using methods higher antioxidant activity than from the clean ones. The results presented in this report indicate that the antioxidant activities of mussel extracts could possibly be an additional index of pollution characterization.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Bivalvia; Chromatography, Gel; Environmental Monitoring; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Lipid Peroxidation; Mediterranean Sea; Nitric Oxide; Phenols; Polyphenols; Sulfonic Acids

Free-radical scavenging, reducing, and phase II enzyme-inducing activities of aqueous and 5% aqueous ethanol extracts of freeze-dried root tissue of four beet (Beta vulgaris L.) strains (red, white, orange, and high-pigment (red) phenotypes) were determined. Aqueous and ethanolic tissue extracts of the regular and high-pigment red phenotypes were most capable of inhibiting metmyoglobin/H(2)O(2)-mediated oxidation of 2-2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2'-azobis-(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-mediated bleaching of beta-carotene. These same extracts were also most efficient at reducing ABTS radical cation and inducing quinone reductase in murine hepatoma (Hepa 1c1c7) cells in vitro.

Topics: Amidines; Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Beta vulgaris; Enzyme Induction; Ethanol; Free Radicals; Hydrogen Peroxide; Liver Neoplasms, Experimental; Metmyoglobin; Mice; NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone); Phenotype; Pigments, Biological; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids; Tumor Cells, Cultured; Water

The 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical (ABTS(.+)) can be generated by the enzymatic system formed by hydrogen peroxide and horseradish peroxidase in an organic medium. The ABTS radical is easily generated in acidified ethanol medium in about 100 s with a stability of 1.7 x 10(-3) (-deltaabs/min) monitored at 730 nm. Other organic solvents, such as methanol or acetone, have lower radical generation times but the radical is less stable. The addition of Trolox or a lipophilic antioxidant such as alpha-tocopherol or beta-carotene produces a decrease in absorbance that can be used to estimate antioxidant capacity. Using a spectrophotometric end-point method and microplate-reader equipment, we have developed a method that estimates the antioxidant activity of different lipophilic vitamins. The use of Trolox as an antioxidant standard led to a limit of detection of 0.08 nmoles and limit of quantitation of 0.28 nmoles, while similar values were obtained for alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene. The relative antioxidant activity values obtained by different antioxidants showed that alpha-tocopherol has a similar antioxidant potential to Trolox and that beta-carotene has 2.6 times the antioxidant potential of Trolox. In our opinion, this method can be useful for estimating the antioxidant activity in lipophilic samples and as a complement to other methods that measure antioxidant activity in aqueous media.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Calibration; Chromans; Ethanol; Free Radicals; Horseradish Peroxidase; Indicators and Reagents; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity; Solvents; Spectrophotometry; Sulfonic Acids; Vitamin E; Vitamins

The purpose of this study was to assess the relative antioxidant activities of a range of carotenes and xanthophylls through the extent of their abilities to scavenge the ABTS(.+) radical cation. The results show that the relative abilities of the carotenoids to scavenge the ABTS(.+) radical cation are influenced by the presence of functional groups with increasing polarities, such as carbonyl and hydroxyl groups, in the terminal rings, as well as by the number of conjugated double bonds.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Carotenoids; Chromans; Cryptoxanthins; Free Radical Scavengers; Lutein; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids; Xanthophylls