benzofurans and atipamezole

Long-term use of opioid analgesics is limited by tolerance development and undesirable adverse effects. Paradoxically, spinal administration of ultra-low-dose (ULD) G-protein-coupled receptor antagonists attenuates analgesic tolerance. Here, we determined whether systemic ULD α2-adrenergic receptor (AR) antagonists attenuate the development of morphine tolerance, whether these effects extend to the cannabinoid (CB1) receptor system, and if behavioral effects are reflected in changes in opioid-induced spinal gliosis. Male rats were treated daily with morphine (5 mg/kg) alone or in combination with ULD α2-AR (atipamezole or efaroxan; 17 ng/kg) or CB1 (rimonabant; 5 ng/kg) antagonists; control groups received ULD injections only. Thermal tail flick latencies were assessed across 7 days, before and 30 min after the injection. On day 8, spinal cords were isolated, and changes in spinal gliosis were assessed through fluorescent immunohistochemistry. Both ULD α2-AR antagonists attenuated morphine tolerance, whereas the ULD CB1 antagonist did not. In contrast, both ULD atipamezole and ULD rimonabant attenuated morphine-induced microglial reactivity and astrogliosis in deep and superficial spinal dorsal horn. So, although paradoxical effects of ULD antagonists are common to several G-protein-coupled receptor systems, these may not involve similar mechanisms. Spinal glia alone may not be the main mechanism through which tolerance is modulated.

Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Benzofurans; Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists; Cannabinoids; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Tolerance; Gliosis; Imidazoles; Injections, Spinal; Male; Morphine; Neuroglia; Norepinephrine; Pain Measurement; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1; Rimonabant; Spine