bafilomycin-a and 3-methyladenine

Deregulation of the complex interaction among host genetics, gut microbiota and environmental factors on one hand and aberrant immune responses on the other hand, are known to be associated with the development of inflammatory bowel disease. Recent studies provided strong evidence that autophagy plays a key role in the etiology of Crohn's disease (CD). Probiotics may exhibit many therapeutic properties, including anti-inflammatory abilities. While successful results have been obtained in ulcerative colitis patients, probiotics remain inefficient in CD for unknown reason. It remains therefore important to better understand their molecular mechanisms of action.. The activation of autophagy was examined by stimulating bone marrow-derived dendritic cells by the bacteria, followed by confocal microscopy and western blot analysis. The impact of blocking in vitro autophagy was performed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells using 3-methyl adenine or bafilomycin followed by cytokine secretion measurement by ELISA. The role of autophagy in the anti-inflammatory capacities of the bacterial strains was evaluated in vivo using an acute trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced murine model of colitis. The impact of BMDC was evaluated by adoptive transfer, notably using bone marrow cells derived from autophagy-related 16-like 1-deficient mice.. We showed that selected lactobacilli and bifidobacteria are able to induce autophagy activation in BMDCs. Blocking in vitro autophagy abolished the capacity of the strains to induce the release of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10, while it exacerbated the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β. We confirmed in the TNBS-induced mouse model of colitis that autophagy is involved in the protective capacity of these selected strains, and showed that dendritic cells are involved in this process.. We propose autophagy as a novel mechanism involved in the regulatory capacities of probiotics.

Topics: Adenine; Animals; Autophagy; Autophagy-Related Proteins; Bifidobacterium; Bone Marrow Cells; Carrier Proteins; Chemokines; Colitis; Cytokines; Dendritic Cells; Female; Humans; Lactobacillus; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Macrolides; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Knockout

Honokiol, an active natural product derived from Magnolia officinalis, exerted anticancer effects through a variety of mechanisms on multiple types of cancers. In this study, the molecular mechanisms of honokiol in suppressing the human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells were evaluated. Treatment of two OSCC cell lines with honokiol resulted in reducing the cell proliferation and arresting the cell cycle at G1 stage which was correlated with the down-regulation of Cdk2 and Cdk4 and the up-regulation of cell cycle suppressors, p21 and p27. In addition, the caspase-dependent programmed cell death was substantially detected, and the autophagy was induced as the autophagosome formation and autophagic flux proceeded. Modulation of autophagy by autophagic inducer, rapamycin or inhibitors, 3-MA or bafilomycin, potentiated the honokiol-mediated anti-OSCC effects where honokiol exerted multiple actions in suppression of MAPK pathway and regulation of Akt/mTOR or AMPK pathways. As compared to clinical therapeutic agent, 5-FU, honokiol exhibited more potent activity against OSCC cells and synergistically enhanced the cytotoxic effect of 5-FU. Furthermore, orally administrated honokiol exerted effective antitumour activity in vivo in OSCC-xenografted mice. Thus, this study revealed that honokiol could be a promising candidate in preventing human OSCCs.

Topics: Adenine; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Apoptosis; Autophagy; Biphenyl Compounds; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; Fluorouracil; G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; Lignans; Macrolides; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Nude; Mouth Neoplasms; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Signal Transduction; Sirolimus; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; Tumor Burden; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays

As a vital degradation and recycling system, autophagy plays an essential role in regulating the differentiation of stem cells. We previously showed that iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO) could promote the repair ability of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). Here, we investigated the effect of DFO in autophagy and the role of autophagy in regulating the migration and odontoblast differentiation of DPSCs.. Transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence staining and western blotting were performed to evaluate the autophagic activity of DPSCs. Transmigration assay, alkaline phosphatase staining/activity, alizarin red S staining and quantitative PCR were performed to examine the migration and odontoblast differentiation of DPSCs. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and the effects of ROS scavenger in autophagy induction were also detected. Autophagy inhibitors (3-MA and bafilomycin A1) and lentiviral vectors carrying ATG5 shRNA sequences were used for autophagy inhibition.. Early exposure to DFO promoted the mineralization of DPSCs and increased autophagic activity. Autophagy inhibition suppressed DFO-induced DPSC migration and odontoblast differentiation. Furthermore, DFO treatment could induce autophagy partly through hypoxia-inducible factor 1α/B cell lymphoma 2/adenovirus E1B 19K-interacting protein 3 (HIF-1α/BNIP3) pathway in a ROS-dependent manner.. DFO increased DPSC migration and differentiation, which might be modulated through ROS-induced autophagy.

Topics: Adenine; Adolescent; Autophagy; Autophagy-Related Protein 5; Beclin-1; Cell Differentiation; Cell Movement; Cell Proliferation; Cells, Cultured; Deferoxamine; Dental Pulp; Humans; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; Macrolides; Membrane Proteins; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Microtubule-Associated Proteins; Odontoblasts; Proto-Oncogene Proteins; Reactive Oxygen Species; RNA Interference; RNA, Small Interfering; Stem Cells; Young Adult

Cancer is still one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and finding new treatments remains a major challenge. Previous studies showed that modified forms of pectin, a complex polysaccharide present in the primary plant cell wall, possess anticancer properties. Nevertheless, the mechanism of action of modified pectin and the pathways involved are unclear. Here, we show that citrus pectin modified by heat treatment induced cell death in HepG2 and A549 cells. The induced cell death differs from classical apoptosis because no DNA cleavage was observed. In addition, Z-VAD-fmk, a pan-caspase inhibitor, did not influence the observed cell death in HepG2 cells but appeared to be partly protective in A549 cells, indicating that heat-modified citrus pectin might induce caspase-independent cell death. An increase in the abundance of the phosphatidylethanolamine-conjugated Light Chain 3 (LC3) protein and a decrease in p62 protein abundance were observed in both cell types when incubated in the presence of heat-modified citrus pectin. These results indicate the activation of autophagy. To our knowledge, this is the first time that autophagy has been revealed in cells incubated in the presence of a modified form of pectin. This autophagy activation appears to be protective, at least for A549 cells, because its inhibition with 3-methyladenine increased the observed modified pectin-induced cytotoxicity. This study confirms the potential of modified pectin to improve chemotherapeutic cancer treatments.

Topics: Adenine; Apoptosis; Autophagy; Carrier Proteins; Caspase Inhibitors; Caspases; Cell Line, Tumor; Hep G2 Cells; Hot Temperature; Humans; Macrolides; Microfilament Proteins; Pectins; Ubiquitination

Pemetrexed, a multitarget antifolate used to treat malignant mesothelioma and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), has been shown to stimulate autophagy. In this study, we determined whether autophagy could be induced by pemetrexed and simvastatin cotreatment in malignant mesothelioma and NSCLC cells. Furthermore, we determined whether inhibition of autophagy drives apoptosis in malignant mesothelioma and NSCLC cells. Malignant mesothelioma MSTO-211H and A549 NSCLC cells were treated with pemetrexed and simvastatin alone and in combination to evaluate their effect on autophagy and apoptosis. Cotreatment with pemetrexed and simvastatin induced greater caspase-dependent apoptosis and autophagy than either drug alone in malignant mesothelioma and NSCLC cells. 3-Methyladenine (3-MA), ATG5 siRNA, bafilomycin A, and E64D/pepstatin A enhanced the apoptotic potential of pemetrexed and simvastatin, whereas rapamycin and LY294002 attenuated their induction of caspase-dependent apoptosis. Our data indicate that pemetrexed and simvastatin cotreatment augmented apoptosis and autophagy in malignant mesothelioma and NSCLC cells. Inhibition of pemetrexed and simvastatin-induced autophagy was shown to enhance apoptosis, suggesting that this could be a novel therapeutic strategy against malignant mesothelioma and NSCLC.

Topics: Adenine; AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Animals; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Apoptosis; Autophagy; Autophagy-Related Protein 5; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Synergism; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Macrolides; Mesothelioma; Mesothelioma, Malignant; Mice, Nude; Microtubule-Associated Proteins; Pemetrexed; Pepstatins; Protein Kinase Inhibitors; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; RNA Interference; Signal Transduction; Simvastatin; Time Factors; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; Transfection; Tumor Burden; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays

Vascular injury and chronic arterial diseases result in exposure of VSMCs (vascular smooth muscle cells) to increased concentrations of growth factors. The mechanisms by which growth factors trigger VSMC phenotype transitions remain unclear. Because cellular reprogramming initiated by growth factors requires not only the induction of genes involved in cell proliferation, but also the removal of contractile proteins, we hypothesized that autophagy is an essential modulator of VSMC phenotype. Treatment of VSMCs with PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor)-BB resulted in decreased expression of the contractile phenotype markers calponin and α-smooth muscle actin and up-regulation of the synthetic phenotype markers osteopontin and vimentin. Autophagy, as assessed by LC3 (microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 α; also known as MAP1LC3A)-II abundance, LC3 puncta formation and electron microscopy, was activated by PDGF exposure. Inhibition of autophagy with 3-methyladenine, spautin-1 or bafilomycin stabilized the contractile phenotype. In particular, spautin-1 stabilized α-smooth muscle cell actin and calponin in PDGF-treated cells and prevented actin filament disorganization, diminished production of extracellular matrix, and abrogated VSMC hyperproliferation and migration. Treatment of cells with PDGF prevented protein damage and cell death caused by exposure to the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal. The results of the present study demonstrate a distinct form of autophagy induced by PDGF that is essential for attaining the synthetic phenotype and for survival under the conditions of high oxidative stress found to occur in vascular lesions.

Topics: Actins; Adenine; Aldehydes; Animals; Aorta; Autophagy; Biomarkers; Calcium-Binding Proteins; Calponins; Gene Expression Regulation; Macrolides; Male; Microfilament Proteins; Microtubule-Associated Proteins; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle; Osteopontin; Oxidative Stress; Phenotype; Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; Primary Cell Culture; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Signal Transduction; Vimentin

We investigated the ability of 19 recently synthesized arylpiperazine compounds to protect human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells from the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). The compound with the most potent neuroprotective action was N-{3-[2-(4-phenyl-piperazin-1-yl)-ethyl]-phenyl}-picolinamide (6b), which reduced 6-OHDA-induced apoptotic death through stabilization of mitochondrial membrane and subsequent prevention of superoxide production, caspase activation and DNA fragmentation. 6-OHDA-triggered autophagic response was also reduced by 6b, which prevented inactivation of the main autophagy repressor mTOR, upregulation of proautophagic beclin-1, conversion of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-I to autophagosome-associated LC3-II, as well as intracytoplasmic acidification induced by 6-OHDA. The inhibition of autophagy using LC3β gene silencing or pharmacological autophagy blockers 3-methyladenine or bafilomycin A1, mimicked the cytoprotective effect of 6b. While the treatment with 6b had no effect on the phosphorylation of proapoptotic MAP kinases ERK and JNK, it markedly increased the phosphorylation of the prosurvival kinase Akt in 6-OHDA-treated cells. Akt inhibitor DEBC or RNA interference-mediated Akt silencing reduced the ability of 6b to block 6-OHDA-triggered apoptotic and autophagic responses, thus confirming their dependency on Akt activation. The cytoprotective effect of 6b was also observed in 6-OHDA-treated neuronal PC12 cells, but not in SH-SY5Y or PC12 cells exposed to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, indicating that the observed neuroprotection was dependent on the cytotoxic stimulus. Because of the ability to prevent 6-OHDA induced apoptotic/autophagic cell death through activation of Akt, the investigated arylpiperazines could be potential candidates for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

Topics: Adenine; Adrenergic Agents; Analysis of Variance; Apoptosis; Autophagy; Cell Survival; Cytoplasm; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Interactions; Humans; Macrolides; Neuroblastoma; Neuroprotective Agents; Oxidopamine; Piperazines; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Pyridines; RNA, Small Interfering; Signal Transduction; Superoxides; Time Factors

H1-antihistamines induce vacuolation in vascular smooth muscle cells, which may contribute to their cardiovascular toxicity. The CNS toxicity of H1-antihistamines may also be related to their non-receptor-mediated activity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether H1-antihistamines induce vacuolation in astrocytes and the mechanism involved. The H1-antihistamines induced large numbers of giant vacuoles in astrocytes. Such vacuoles were marked with both the lysosome marker Lysotracker Red and the alkalescent fluorescence dye monodansylcadaverine, which indicated that these vacuoles were lysosome-like acidic vesicles. Quantitative analysis of monodansylcadaverine fluorescence showed that the effect of H1-antihistamines on vacuolation in astrocytes was dose-dependent, and was alleviated by extracellular acidification, but aggravated by extracellular alkalization. The order of potency to induce vacuolation at high concentrations of H1-antihistamines (diphenhydramine>pyrilamine>astemizole>triprolidine) corresponded to their pKa ranking. Co-treatment with histamine and the histamine receptor-1 agonist trifluoromethyl toluidide did not inhibit the vacuolation. Bafilomycin A1, a vacuolar (V)-ATPase inhibitor, which inhibits intracellular vacuole or vesicle acidification, clearly reversed the vacuolation and intracellular accumulation of diphenhydramine. The macroautophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine largely reversed the percentage of LC3-positive astrocytes induced by diphenhydramine, while only partly reversing the number of monodansylcadaverine-labeled vesicles. In Atg5⁻/⁻ mouse embryonic fibroblasts, which cannot form autophagosomes, the number of vacuoles induced by diphenhydramine was less than that in wild-type cells. These results indicated that H1-antihistamines induce V-ATPase-dependent acidic vacuole formation in astrocytes, and this is partly mediated by macroautophagy. The pKa and alkalescent characteristic of H1-antihistamines may be the major determinants of vacuolation, which may contribute to their CNS toxicity.

Topics: Adenine; Animals; Astrocytes; Autophagy; Central Nervous System; Enzyme Inhibitors; Histamine; Histamine H1 Antagonists; Immunohistochemistry; Macrolides; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Vacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPases; Vacuoles

Despite recent advancements in therapeutic drugs, multiple myeloma remains an incurable disease. Therefore, a more effective treatment is urgently required. In this study, we show that isobavachalcone (IBC), a natural chalcone compound, induces apoptosis- and autophagy-related cell death in myeloma cells. The inhibition of autophagy by knocking down beclin-1 or by using autophagy inhibitors, such as 3-methyladenine, bafilomycin A and chloroquine significantly enhanced IBC-induced cell death, as demonstrated by the increased number of Annexin V-positive cells. Moreover, we demonstrate that the collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential contributes to chloroquine and IBC-induced cell death, which is accompanied by the activation of caspase-9, and -3, the cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and the proteolytic activation of protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ). Furthermore, the inhibition of the activation of PKCδ by rottlerin, an inhibitor of PKCδ, not only suppressed the activation of PKCδ, but also the apoptosis induced by the co-treatment of chloroquine and IBC, indicating the involvement of PKCδ in chloroquine plus IBC-induced cell death. Finally, the combination of chloroquine and IBC had little effect on the viability of normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells. As both chloroquine and IBC have been shown to be relatively specific for cancer cells, the combination of these two agents at non-toxic or sub-toxic concentrations represents an attractive novel regimen for myeloma treatment and warrants further investigation in preclinical and clinical studies.

Topics: Adenine; Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; Autophagy; Beclin-1; Cells, Cultured; Chalcones; Chloroquine; Gene Knockdown Techniques; HEK293 Cells; Humans; Macrolides; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial; Membrane Proteins; Mitochondria; Multiple Myeloma; Protein Kinase C-delta; Proteolysis

In vivo administration of the mitochondrial inhibitor 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) produces striatal pathology mimicking Huntington disease (HD). However, the mechanisms of cell death induced by metabolic impairment are not fully understood. The present study investigated contributions of p53 signaling pathway to autophagy activation and cell death induced by 3-NP. Rat striatum was intoxicated with 3-NP by stereotaxic injection. Morphological and biochemical analyses demonstrated activation of autophagy in striatal cells as evidenced by increased formation of autophagosomes, the expression of active lysosomal cathepsin B and D, microtubule associate protein light chain 3 (LC3) and conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II. 3-NP upregulated the expression of tumor suppressor protein 53 (p53) and its target genes including Bax, p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) and damage-regulated autophagy modulator (DRAM). 3-NP-induced elevations in pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and PUMA, autophagic proteins LC3-II and DRAM were significantly reduced by the p53 specific inhibitor pifithrin-alpha (PFT). PFT also significantly inhibited 3-NP-induced striatal damage. Similarly, 3-NP-induced DNA fragmentation and striatal cell death were robustly attenuated by the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and bafilomycin A1 (BFA). These results suggest that p53 plays roles in signaling both autophagy and apoptosis. Autophagy, at least partially, contributes to neurodegeneration induced by mitochondria dysfunction.

Topics: Adenine; Animals; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; Autophagy; bcl-2-Associated X Protein; Benzothiazoles; Cell Death; Corpus Striatum; Enzyme Inhibitors; Humans; Macrolides; Membrane Proteins; Neurons; Neurotoxins; Nitro Compounds; Propionates; Proteins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Signal Transduction; Toluene; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53

We studied the in vitro mechanism of etoposide-induced cell death in cervical cancer cells. Etoposide is cytotoxic to these cells, causing cell death by both apoptosis and autophagy, which has recently been described as a possible mechanism for nonapoptotic cell death. Electron microscopy revealed that autophagosomes/autolysosomes exhibited an autophagic appearance in the presence of etoposide. When autophagy was blocked by inhibitors of autophagy, including 3-methyladenine, both the expression of beclin 1 protein and the antitumor effect of etoposide were suppressed. Benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone, a pan-caspase inhibitor, reduced etoposide-induced cytotoxicity in CaSki cells. Hence, autophagy and apoptosis likely occur concurrently in etoposide-treated cervical cancer cells.

Topics: Adenine; Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Apoptosis; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; Autophagy; Beclin-1; Caspase Inhibitors; Caspases; Cell Line, Tumor; Etoposide; Female; Humans; Macrolides; Membrane Proteins; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms