azoxystrobin and tebuconazole

Continuous fungicide spraying is required to eliminate fungal pathogens on grapes. However, this practice is associated with several risks, including contamination and environmental imbalance, as well as toxicity to operators and the induction of resistance in pathogens. In addition, a strong correlation has been reported between the presence of fungicides and the occurrence of issues during alcoholic fermentation, resulting in negative impacts on the sensory quality of the final products. Numerous studies have evaluated residue concentrations of phytosanitary products in grapes, juices, and wines, and a significant number of studies have assessed the impact of different agrochemicals on bioprocesses. However, a review compiling the key results of these studies is currently lacking. This review incorporates results obtained in the last decade from research on the presence of fungicide residues, including azoxystrobin, boscalid, captan, copper, fenhexamid, folpet, pyraclostrobin, pyrimethanil and tebuconazole, and their effects on fermentation kinetics. Practical solutions to mitigate these problems, both in vineyards and industry, are also presented and discussed. This review highlights the constant high fungicidal agent concentrations (greater than 1 or 2 mg L

Topics: Fermentation; Food Contamination; Fungicides, Industrial; Humans; Pyrimidines; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Strobilurins; Triazoles; Wine

The use of fungicides in agriculture has been playing a role in the enhancement of agricultural yields through the control of pathogens causing serious diseases in crops. Still, adverse environmental and human health effects resulting from its application have been reported. In this study, the possibility of readjusting the formulation of a commercial product combining azoxystrobin and tebuconazole (active ingredients - AIs; Custodia®) towards environmentally safer alternative(s) was investigated. Specifically, the sensitivity of non-target aquatic communities to each AI was first evaluated by applying the Species Sensitivity Distributions (SSDs) approach. Then, mixtures of these AIs were tested in a non-target organism (Raphidocelis subcapitata) denoting sensitivity to both AIs as assessed from SSDs. The resulting data supported the design of the last stage of this study, where mixtures of those AIs at equivalent vs. alternative ratios and rates as in the commercial formulation were tested against two target fungal species: Pyrenophora teres CBS 123929 and Rhynchosporium secalis CBS 110524. The comparison between the sensitivity of non-target aquatic species and the corresponding efficacy towards target fungi revealed that currently applied mixture and rates of these AIs are generally environmentally safe (antagonistic interaction; concentrations below the EC

Topics: Fungi; Fungicides, Industrial; Humans; Strobilurins; Water Pollutants, Chemical

In this study, the fungicidal activities of the fungicides azoxystrobin, difenoconazole + propiconazole, carbendazim, flutriafol, fluopyram + tebuconazole, mancozeb and thiophanate-methyl against rice blast and dirty panicle pathogens were evaluated under laboratory and field conditions. Mancozeb exhibited the highest level of fungicidal activity against the blast pathogen Pyricularia oryzae, with an EC

Topics: Antifungal Agents; Ascomycota; Benzamides; Benzimidazoles; Carbamates; Dioxolanes; Maneb; Oryza; Plant Diseases; Pyridines; Pyrimidines; Strobilurins; Thailand; Triazoles; Zineb

Sensitivity of 24 isolates of

Topics: Colletotrichum; Fungal Proteins; Fungicides, Industrial; Medicago sativa; Plant Diseases; Pyrimidines; Serbia; Strobilurins; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Triazoles

Excess fungicides can pose a serious threat to the soil environment. Fungicides can lower the microbiological and biochemical activity of soil and lead to yield declines. Soils contaminated with fungicides have to be remediated to maintain the optimal function of soil ecosystems. This study evaluates the effect of neutralizing substances on soil enzymatic activity and the yield of Triticum aestivum L. in soil contaminated with fungicides. Sandy loam (Eutric Cambisols) with pH

Topics: Bentonite; Crops, Agricultural; Enzymes; Fungicides, Industrial; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Pyrimidines; Soil; Soil Microbiology; Soil Pollutants; Spiro Compounds; Strobilurins; Triazoles; Triticum

Slow-release fungicide formulations (azoxystrobin, epoxiconazole, and tebuconazole) shaped as pellets and granules in a matrix of biodegradable poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and natural fillers (clay, wood flour, and peat) were constructed. Infrared spectroscopy showed no formation of chemical bonds between components in the experimental formulations. The formulations of pesticides had antifungal activity against

Topics: Clay; Delayed-Action Preparations; Drug Carriers; Drug Compounding; Epoxy Compounds; Fungicides, Industrial; Fusarium; Hydroxybutyrates; Kinetics; Polyesters; Pyrimidines; Soil; Strobilurins; Triazoles; Wood

Plant protection products (PPPs) are applied in China and many other developing countries with knapsack sprayers at high volumes with coarse spray quality, resulting in a high percentage of pesticide losses. In this study, a new air-assisted electric knapsack sprayer and two conventional knapsack sprayers were evaluated in terms of pesticide deposition, residues and loss into the soil. Artificial targets fixed to the upper side and underside of the leaf surface in six zones (at two depths and three heights) were used to collect the deposition, which were analyzed by liquid chromatography triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry.. The air-assisted electric knapsack sprayer produced more deposition and better penetrability and uniformity than the two traditional spraying methods. In particular, the air-assisted electric knapsack sprayer reduced pesticide losses to the soil by roughly 37% to 75% and deposited 1.18 and 1.24 times more pesticide than the manual air-pressure and battery-powered knapsack sprayers, respectively. The residues of azoxystrobin and tebuconazole in tomato and cucumber were below the maximum residue limits (MRLs).. In general, use of the the air-assisted electric knapsack sprayer in tomato and cucumber crops could improve the effectiveness of PPPs, reduce the risk of contamination and protect food safety. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Topics: Agriculture; Cucumis sativus; Fungicides, Industrial; Pesticide Residues; Pyrimidines; Soil; Solanum lycopersicum; Strobilurins; Triazoles

In this study, a self-propelled high-energy ultrasonic atomizer was evaluated in terms of deposition on the canopy, the loss to the ground, and fungicide residues in cherry tomato and tomato. Artificial collectors fixed to the upper side and underside of the leaves at different depths and heights were used to collect the depositions. A reliable analytical method for determination of azoxystrobin and tebuconazole in artificial collectors and residue samples was developed by using liquid chromatography triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry. The results showed that the atomizer distributed the droplets evenly throughout the greenhouse with good uniformity (CVs below 39%). The ratio of depositions on the internal and external sides was 66⁻83%, and the ratio of depositions on the underside and upper side was 39⁻50%. There were no significant differences in depositions between two different height crops. The residues of azoxystrobin and tebuconazole in tomato and cherry tomato fruits were far below the maximum residue limits at harvest time. In general, self-propelled high-energy ultrasonic atomizer used in a greenhouse could increase the depositions, especially on the underside and internal side of the canopies, and lead to a reduction of operator exposure risk.

Topics: Chromatography, Liquid; Crop Production; Fruit; Fungicides, Industrial; Nebulizers and Vaporizers; Pesticide Residues; Plant Leaves; Pyrimidines; Solanum lycopersicum; Strobilurins; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Triazoles; Ultrasonics

Postharvest disease is a major factor in the limited shelf life of many fruits and vegetables, and it is often managed using fungicidal spraying or soaking. In this study, we first tested the efficiency of six common fungicides on postharvest head cabbage ( Brassica oleracea var. capitata) against Botrytis cinerea. Afterward, the elimination abilities of these six fungicides on different layers of cabbage heads were examined, and the effects of the household processes on residue removal were evaluated. Results showed that very low contents of residues reached the inner layers and that peeling the three outmost leaves of cabbage could eliminate most of the investigated fungicides. All six fungicides disappeared during washing, stir-frying, or boiling, among which cyprodinil was the easiest to be eliminated. Furthermore, the combined processes reduced the residues below the limits of quantification for all six investigated fungicides, even after 2 days of spraying.

Topics: Aminopyridines; Benzimidazoles; Biodegradation, Environmental; Botrytis; Brassica; Carbamates; Consumer Product Safety; Food Preservation; Fungicides, Industrial; Half-Life; Humans; Kinetics; Nitriles; Pesticide Residues; Plant Leaves; Pyrimidines; Strobilurins; Triazoles

Venturia effusa, which causes pecan scab, has developed resistance to fungicides that were once effective. Over 2 years, laboratory-based sensitivity of fentin hydroxide (TPTH) and tebuconazole in V. effusa and their efficacy under field conditions were compared. Leaf and nut scab were assessed on pecan trees receiving 10 applications of TPTH, tebuconazole, azoxystrobin, azoxystrobin plus tebuconazole, TPTH plus tebuconazole, or no fungicide (NTC) per year. Sensitivity of V. effusa on leaflets collected from treated and nontreated trees was assessed in June and September, respectively. The mean relative germination (RGe) on TPTH at 30 µg/ml was 10.9 and 40.9% in 2016 and 4.2 and 0.6% in 2017. Mean relative growth (RGr) on tebuconazole at 1 µg/ml was 45.5 and 34.6% in 2016 and 69.3 and 56.3% in 2017. In both years, leaf and nut scab were significantly lower on trees treated with azoxystrobin, azoxystrobin + tebuconazole, or TPTH + tebuconazole when compared with NTC and tebuconazole-treated trees. Compared with the NTC, tebuconazole did not significantly reduce leaf scab in 2017 or nut scab in either year, indicating that an RGr value between 34.6 and 69.3% is likely to result in a control failure on tebuconazole-treated trees. Although better activity was expected, TPTH reduced scab with RGe values between 0.6 and 40.9%. These results are valuable for developing fungicide sensitivity thresholds to better predict fungicide performance.

Topics: Ascomycota; Carya; Fungicides, Industrial; Nuts; Organotin Compounds; Plant Diseases; Plant Leaves; Pyrimidines; Strobilurins; Trees; Triazoles

The level of protection provided by the present environmental risk assessment (ERA) of fungicides in the European Union for fungi is unknown. Therefore, we assessed the structural and functional implications of five fungicides with different modes of action (azoxystrobin, carbendazim, cyprodinil, quinoxyfen, and tebuconazole) individually and in mixture on communities of aquatic hyphomycetes. This is a polyphyletic group of fungi containing key drivers in the breakdown of leaf litter, governing both microbial leaf decomposition and the palatability of leaves for leaf-shredding macroinvertebrates. All fungicides impaired leaf palatability to the leaf-shredder Gammarus fossarum and caused structural changes in fungal communities. In addition, all compounds except for quinoxyfen altered microbial leaf decomposition. Our results suggest that the European Union’s first-tier ERA provides sufficient protection for the tested fungicides, with the exception of tebuconazole and the mixture, while higher-tier ERA does not provide an adequate level of protection for fungicides in general. Therefore, our results show the need to incorporate aquatic fungi as well as their functions into ERA testing schemes to safeguard the integrity of aquatic ecosystems.

Topics: Amphipoda; Animals; Aquatic Organisms; Benzimidazoles; Carbamates; Ecosystem; European Union; Fungi; Fungicides, Industrial; Methacrylates; Plant Leaves; Pyrimidines; Quinolines; Risk Assessment; Strobilurins; Triazoles; Water Pollutants, Chemical

Although there is some evidence regarding the effect of solarization and biosolarization on pesticide degradation, information is still scarce. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of these disinfection techniques on the degradation of eight fungicides (azoxystrobin, kresoxin methyl, tebuconazole, hexaconazole, triadimenol, cyprodinil, pyrimethanil and fludioxonil) commonly used in pepper crops under greenhouse cultivation. Seventy-five 17-L pots filled with clay-loam soil were placed in a greenhouse during the summer season and then contaminated with the studied fungicides. Treatments consisted of different disinfection treatments, including a control without disinfection, solarization and biosolarization. For the solarization and biosolarization treatments, low-density polyethylene film was used as cover. Five pots per treatment were sampled periodically up to 90d after the beginning of each treatment and fungicide residues were analyzed by GC/MS. The results showed that both solarization and biosolarization enhanced fungicide dissipation rates with regard to the control treatment, an effect which was attributed to the increased soil temperature. Most of the fungicides studied showed similar behavior under solarization and biosolarization conditions. However, triadimenol was degraded to a greater extent in the biosolarization than in the solarization treatment, while fludioxonil behaved in the opposite way. The results confirm that both solarization and biosolarization contribute to pesticide dissipation and can therefore be considered alongside other soil disinfection techniques, as a bioremediation tool for pesticide-polluted soils.

Topics: Dioxoles; Environmental Restoration and Remediation; Fungicides, Industrial; Hot Temperature; Methacrylates; Phenylacetates; Photochemical Processes; Pyrimidines; Pyrroles; Soil; Soil Pollutants; Strobilurins; Triazoles

The impacts of the fungicides azoxystrobin, tebuconazole and chlorothalonil on microbial properties were investigated in soils with identical mineralogical composition, but possessing contrasting microbial populations and organic matter contents arising from different management histories. Degradation of all pesticides was fastest in the high OM/biomass soil, with tebuconazole the most persistent compound, and chlorothalonil the most readily degraded. Pesticide sorption distribution coefficient (K(d)) did not differ significantly between the soils. Chlorothalonil had the highest K(d) (97.3) but K(d) for azoxystrobin and tebuconazole were similar (13.9 and 12.4, respectively). None of the fungicides affected microbial biomass in either soil. However, all fungicides significantly reduced dehydrogenase activity to varying extents in the low OM/biomass soil, but not in the high OM/biomass soil. The mineralization of subsequent applications of herbicides, which represents a narrow niche soil process was generally reduced in both soils by azoxystrobin and chlorothalonil. 16S rRNA-PCR denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) indicated that none of the fungicides affected bacterial community structure. 18S rRNA PCR-DGGE analysis revealed that a small number of eukaryote bands were absent in certain fungicide treatments, with each band being specific to a single fungicide-soil combination. Sequencing indicated these represented protozoa and fungi. Impacts on the specific eukaryote DGGE bands showed no relationship to the extent to which pesticides impacted dehydrogenase or catabolism of herbicides.

Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Benzothiadiazines; Biodegradation, Environmental; DNA; Eukaryota; Fungi; Fungicides, Industrial; Herbicides; Methacrylates; Nematoda; Nitriles; Oxidoreductases; Phenylurea Compounds; Pyrimidines; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; Soil Microbiology; Soil Pollutants; Strobilurins; Triazoles

Strobilurin fungicides have a broad spectrum activity against all major foliar pathogens of wheat. In addition to this extraordinary fungicidal activity side-effects have been reported which result in higher yields of cereals, e.g. the reduction of respiration, delayed leaf senescence, activation of nitrogen metabolism as well as increased tolerance against abiotic stress factors. In the vegetation period 2000/2001 field trials were carried out at three sites in North Rhine-Westphalia to study the effects of three strobilurin fungicides on the yield formation of six winter wheat varieties. The strobilurins were applied two times as the commercial products Stratego (trifloxystrobin + propiconazole), Amistar/Pronto Plus (azoxystrobin/spiroxamine + tebuconazole) and Juwel Top (kresoxim-methyl + epoxiconazole + fenpropimorph. Fungicide-treated plants were kept disease-free by an initial azole-application in GS 31 in order to exclude disease effects on physiological parameters relevant to yield formation. Photosynthetic electron transport of strobilurin-treated wheat, was improved as early as at GS 65 compared to azole-treated plants. Differences often increased with growth stage and were closely related to a delay in leaf senescence. A higher photosynthetic activity of strobilurin-treated plants was confirmed by gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements under field conditions. The yield benefit of wheat from strobilurin treatments varied from 2% to 9% depending on an improved photosynthetic capacity due to a higher and/or prolonged activity. Neither yield potential nor disease susceptibility of the cultivar had an effect on the height of the extra yield which, in contrast was modified by location and wheat genotype.

Topics: Acetates; Acrylates; Azoles; Chlorophyll; Epoxy Compounds; Fungicides, Industrial; Germany; Imines; Methacrylates; Morpholines; Phenylacetates; Photosynthesis; Pyrimidines; Strobilurins; Triazoles; Triticum

A new bioassay has been developed combining the simplicity of direct bioautography with the improved chromatographic resolution of 2D-TLC. Mixtures of structurally diverse antifungal agents were tested to establish the validity and utility of this method in the discovery of new natural products with activity against agriculturally important fungal pathogens.

Topics: Acrylates; Aniline Compounds; Antifungal Agents; Ascomycota; Benzimidazoles; Biological Assay; Captan; Carbamates; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Colletotrichum; Dimethyldithiocarbamate; Fungicides, Industrial; Guanidines; Maneb; Methacrylates; Nitriles; Nitrobenzenes; Oxazoles; Piperazines; Plant Diseases; Plants; Pyrimidines; Strobilurins; Thiabendazole; Thiophanate; Triazoles