azadirachtin and decamethrin

The goal of this study was to determinate toxicity mechanism of biopesticide with antioxidant enzymes parameters such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, oxidative DNA damage (8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)), transcriptional changes of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), and cytochromes P4501A (CYP1A), sod, cat, and gpx in liver and gill tissues of Oncorhynchus mykiss. For this aim, plant-based (natural pesticides, azadirachtin (AZA)) and synthetic pesticides (deltamethrin (DLM)) were exposed on the fish at different concentrations (0.0005 and 0.00025ppm of DLM; 0.24 and 0.12ppm of AZA) for 21 days. According to the results of the study, the activity of SOD, CAT and GPx decreased, but malondialdehyde (MDA) level and activity of 8-OHdG increased in the gill and liver of rainbow trout (p<0.05). Additionally sod, cat and gpx were down regulated; HSP70 and CYP1A were up regulated for transcriptional observation. The downwards regulation of antioxidant (sod, cat and gpx) and the upregulation of HSP70 and CYP1A was obvious with doses of AZA or DLM (p<0.05). The findings of this study suggest that biopesticide can cause biochemical and physiological effects in the fish gill and liver by causing enzyme inhibition, an increase in 8-OHdG levels and changes in both transcriptional parameters (sod, cat, gpx, HSP70 and CYP1A). We found that excessive doses of plant-based pesticide are nearly as toxic as chemical ones for aquatic organisms. Moreover, 8-OHdG, HSP70 and CYP1A used as a biomarker to determinate toxicity mechanism of biopesticide in aquatic environment.

Topics: 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; Animals; Antioxidants; Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; Catalase; Deoxyguanosine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Glutathione Peroxidase; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; Limonins; Nitriles; Oncorhynchus mykiss; Oxidative Stress; Pesticides; Pyrethrins; Superoxide Dismutase; Water Pollutants, Chemical

Chrysoperla externa and Coleomegilla quadrifasciata are important biological control agents in peach orchards. However, orchard management with these predatory insects is viable only by using selective agrochemicals. The objective of this study is to evaluate the toxicity of nine agrochemicals used in peach orchards in larval and adult stages of the C. externa and C. quadrifasciata in laboratory conditions. The bioassays followed the methodologies proposed by the International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control (IOBC). Larvae and adults of C. externa and C. quadrifasciata were exposed to the dry residues of these products. Lethal and sublethal effects were evaluated in bioassays with the larval and adult stages of both predators. The agrochemicals were classified according to the IOBC guidelines. The insecticide chlorantraniliprole was harmless (class 1) to the larval stage of C. externa and C. quadrifasciata. Azadirachtin, copper 25% + calcium 10%, and deltamethrin were harmless to the adult stage of both insect species. The organophosphates fenitrothion and malathion were harmful (class 4) to both species in the larval and adult stages and should not be used in peach orchards. Therefore, this study demonstrates the importance of toxicity and the lethal and sublethal effects of these agrochemicals to better determine their compatibility with IPM in peach production.

Topics: Agriculture; Agrochemicals; Animals; Biological Control Agents; Coleoptera; Insecta; Insecticides; Larva; Limonins; Malathion; Nitriles; ortho-Aminobenzoates; Prunus persica; Pyrethrins

The aim of this study was to investigate neurophysiological responses in rainbow trout brain tissue exposed to natural/botanical pesticides. Fish were exposed to botanical and synthetic pesticides over a 21-day period. At the end of the treatment period, oxidative DNA damage (indicated by 8-OHdG (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine), AChE activity (acetylcholinesterase) and transcriptional parameters (gpx (glutathione peroxidase), sod (superoxide dismutase), cat (catalase), HSP70 (heat shock protein 70) and CYP1A (cytochromes P450)) was investigated in control and application groups. Our results indicated that brain AChE activities decreased very significantly in fish treated with both insecticide types when compared with control (p < 0.05). 8-OHdG activity increased in a dose/time-dependent situation in the brain tissues of Oncorhynchus mykiss (p < 0.05). In addition, with regards to gene expression, gpx sod and, cat expressions were down-regulated, whereas CYP1A and HSP70 gene expression were up-regulated in fish treated with both insecticides when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The data for this study suggests that bio-pesticides can cause neurophysiological changes in fish brain tissue.

Topics: 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; Acetylcholinesterase; Animals; Biological Control Agents; Brain; Brain Chemistry; Catalase; Deoxyguanosine; DNA Damage; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Glutathione Peroxidase; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; Limonins; Nitriles; Oncorhynchus mykiss; Pyrethrins; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Superoxide Dismutase

Eco-toxicological risk and impact of pesticides was estimated on three important parasitoids of butterflies viz., Hyposoter ebeninus, Cotesia glomerata and Pteromalus puparum. Four commonly used pesticides were evaluated using standard protocol (of IOBC/WPRS-group). In laboratory tests, the survival of the female wasps decreased significantly on fresh contact and ingestion of deltamethrin, spinosad and azadirachtin; whereas Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki (Btk) was found harmless pesticide. Under semi-field conditions, parasitoid mortality decreased significantly on fresh contact with the pesticides. Although, at 72 h after treatment, spinosad and deltamethrin were found harmful (Class-IV) and azadirachtin was moderately harmful (Class-III), whereas Btk was harmless (Class-I). Furthermore, 15-day-old residues of pesticides (except deltamethrin) were harmless to all parasitoid species under semi-field conditions. Notably, adult emergence and pupal duration in pesticide-treated cocoons were not significantly affected; however, their survival decreased after emergence except in Btk. The contact and oral toxicity trends of the pesticides were almost similar for three species of parasitoid females and pupae; however little variability was observed in toxicity to the host caterpillars parasitized by H. ebeninus (HCPHE) and C. glomerata (HCPCG). In semi-field tests, fresh residues of all the pesticides were harmful to HCPHE and HCPCG. However, action of Btk was slightly delayed and toxicity was rather low for HCPCG. In 15-day-old residues, deltamethrin and azadirachtin were slightly harmful to the parasitized caterpillars, whereas those of Btk and spinosad were harmless. Since, Btk appeared to be safe for parasitoids; it could be used for managing cabbage butterflies in brassicaceous crops.

Topics: Animals; Bacillus thuringiensis; Brassica; Butterflies; Drug Combinations; Ecosystem; Environmental Monitoring; Female; Limonins; Macrolides; Nitriles; Pesticides; Pupa; Pyrethrins; Risk Assessment; Toxicity Tests; Wasps

The botanical insecticides, growth regulators, and pyrethroids have an effect on the biology of Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith). However, no emphasis has been given to the effect of these insecticides on embryonic development of insects, in histological level. Thus, this research aimed to examine by light and scanning electron microscopy S. frugiperda eggs and to describe the embryonic development, before and after immersion treatment, using commercial concentrations and lower concentrations than commercial ones, of the compounds lufenuron (Match), azadirachtin (AzaMax), and deltamethrin (Decis-positive control). For light microscopy semithin sections of eggs were used, and for scanning electron microscopy, images of the surface of eggs, treated and untreated with insecticides. The morphological characteristics of S. frugiperda eggs, in general, were similar to those described in the literature for most of the insects in the order Lepidoptera. Spherical eggs slightly flattened at the poles, with chorion, yolk, vitelline membrane, and embryo formation. In both microscopic analysis, we observed that insecticides acted immediately and independent of concentration, resulting absence, or incomplete embryo, presented yolk granules widely dispersed, without vitellophage formation, chorion disintegration, disorganized blastoderm, presenting vacuoles, yolk region with amorphous cells, and formation of completely uncharacterized appendages. Thus, we conclude that the compounds lufenuron and azadirachtin interfere on S. frugiperda embryonic development.

Topics: Animals; Benzamides; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Insecticides; Limonins; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Nitriles; Ovum; Pyrethrins; Spodoptera