amicarbalide-diisethionate and diminazene-aceturate

A quick, simple and reliable analysis method has been developed in order to determine berenil, phenamidine, diampron and dibromopropamidine by capillary zone electrophoresis in samples of serum and urine. In order to define the operation parameters in CZE, we have carried out a study on how the apparent electrophoretic mobility (mu(app)) varies when pH, buffer concentration, voltage and temperature are modified. Ohm's law plot has been studied, too. With the data obtained from this study we have determined the optimum work conditions, which are: citrate buffer 25 mM, pH=3.70, 14 kV, 30 degrees C, wavelength of the UV detector: 200 nm, capillary tube: 570 mm x 75 microm. Under these conditions, all the products appear in times between: 7.6 min phenamidine and 8.8 min dibromopropamidine, limits of detection being: berenil: 0.50, phenamidine: 0.25, diampron: 0.40 and dibromopropamidine: 0.80 microg ml(-1). We have carried out a recovery study with three kinds of extraction cartridges: Sep-pak C-18 plus, Sep-pak C-8 plus and Oasis HBL for each one of the products in blood and urine.

Topics: Animals; Benzamidines; Carbanilides; Diminazene; Electrolytes; Electrophoresis, Capillary; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity; Temperature

It was found that surprisingly low doses of four babesicides were effective against Babesia divergens in gerbils and it was concluded that this was due to the involvement of host resistance, which may be of a non-specific nature. The efficacy of the drugs relative to each other was the same in gerbils as in cattle and this host-parasite system is evidently more suitable for the screening of babesicides than are other rodent babesia systems. The prophylactic dose of imidocarb dipropionate required to provide a similar degree of protection in gerbils as in cattle was found to be much higher and was very close to toxic levels. Challenge infections resulted in sterile immunity. Acute babesiosis in gerbils could be cured with all four drugs if parasitaemias were below approximately 45 per cent and packed cell volumes above 18 per cent at treatment.

Topics: Animals; Antiprotozoal Agents; Babesiosis; Carbanilides; Diminazene; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Gerbillinae; Imidocarb; Male; Quinolinium Compounds; Urea

Eight dogs, given imidocarb dipropionate subcutaneously at a dose of 6 mg/kg, were challenged with a sporozoite stabilate of a French strain of Babesia canis, prepared from infected Dermacentor reticulatus ticks, 2, 3, 4 or 5 weeks after treatment. Three control dogs were similarly infected but not preventively treated. One of the controls and one of the dogs treated 5 weeks prior to challenge died of babesiosis. Prepatent and incubation periods were similar in treated and control dogs, and all dogs showed important reductions in the packed cell volume. Relapses were commonly seen after recovery from the initial reaction. Although further work is needed before a final conclusion can be drawn to whether imidocarb is suitable as a chemoprophylactic against B. canis infection, it can be used as a curative drug.

Topics: Amidines; Animals; Antiprotozoal Agents; Babesiosis; Carbanilides; Diminazene; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Hematocrit; Imidocarb; Injections, Intramuscular; Injections, Subcutaneous; Male

Treatment of anaplasmosis and babesiosis in cattle is practical and effective when given early in the course of infection, before the onset of severe anemia or neurologic disorders. The tetracyclines (usually oxytetracycline or chlortetracycline) are the only effective specific compounds approved for use against anaplasmosis in the United States. Oxytetracycline, at the rate of 6.6 to 11 mg/kg of body weight given one to three times IM or IV, effectively moderates the course of infection. Chlortetracycline administered orally in dosages as small a 1.1 mg/kg will prevent infection and in dosages ranging from 2.2 to 11 mg/kg for 30 to 90 days will eliminate carrier infection. Babesiosis in cattle is effectively treated by a large number of babesiacidal compounds, but in practice, diminazene aceturate (3 to 5 mg/kg, IM), amicarbalide (5 to 10 mg/kg, IM), and imidocarb (1 to 3 mg/kg, IM) are most often used. However, none of these compounds is approved for use in treating babesiosis in cattle in the United States. Larger amounts of these compounds are usually required for the treatment of babesiosis in the horse and in the dog, and the elimination of babesiosis in these species is much more difficult than it is for babesiosis in cattle.

Topics: Amidines; Anaplasmosis; Animals; Babesiosis; Carbanilides; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Diminazene; Imidocarb; Tetracyclines