alpha-chymotrypsin and carfilzomib

A series of novel non-covalent piperidine-containing dipeptidyl derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated as proteasome inhibitors. All target compounds were tested for their proteasome chymotrypsin-like inhibitory activities, and selected derivatives were evaluated for the anti-proliferation activities against two multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines RPMI 8226 and MM-1S. Among all of these compounds, eight exhibited significant proteasome inhibitory activities with IC

Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Cell Line, Tumor; Chymotrypsin; Drug Design; Drug Stability; Humans; Mice; Oligopeptides; Piperidines; Proteasome Inhibitors; Structure-Activity Relationship

Proteasome inhibitors (e.g., bortezomib, MG132) are known to enhance adeno-associated virus (AAV) transduction; however, whether this results from pleotropic proteasome inhibition or off-target serine and/or cysteine protease inhibition remains unresolved. Here, we examined recombinant AAV (rAAV) effects of a new proteasome inhibitor, carfilzomib, which specifically inhibits chymotrypsin-like proteasome activity and no other proteases. We determined that proteasome inhibitors act on rAAV through proteasome inhibition and not serine or cysteine protease inhibition, likely through positive changes late in transduction.

Topics: Cell Line; Chymotrypsin; Dependovirus; Humans; Oligopeptides; Parvoviridae Infections; Proteasome Inhibitors; Transduction, Genetic

Primary Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia (WM) cells present with a significantly higher level of the immunoproteasome compared with the constitutive proteasome. It has been demonstrated that selective inhibition of the chymotrypsin-like (CT-L) activity of constitutive-(c20S) and immuno-(i20S) proteasome represents a valid strategy to induce antineoplastic effect in hematologic tumors. We therefore evaluated carfilzomib, a potent selective, irreversible inhibitor of the CT-L activity of the i20S and c20S in WM cells.. We tested the effect of carfilzomib on survival and proliferation of primary WM cells, as well as of other IgM-secreting lymphoma cell lines. Carfilzomib-dependent mechanisms of induced apoptosis in WM cells, and its effect on WM cells in the context of bone marrow (BM) microenvironment have been also evaluated. Moreover, the combinatory effect of carfilzomib and bortezomib has been investigated. In vivo studies have been performed.. We demonstrated that carfilzomib targeted the CT-L activity of both i20S and c20S, which led to the induction of toxicity in primary WM cells, as well as in other IgM-secreting lymphoma cells. Importantly, carfilzomib targeted WM cells even in the context of BM milieu. In addition, carfilzomib induced apoptosis through c-jun-N-terminal-kinase activation, caspase cleavage, and initiation of unfolded protein response. Importantly, the combination of carfilzomib and bortezomib synergistically inhibited CT-L activity, as well as caspase-, PARP-cleavage and GRP94 expression. Antitumor activity of carfilzomib has been validated in vivo.. These findings suggest that targeting i20S and c20S CT-L activity by carfilzomib represents a valid antitumor strategy in WM and other IgM-secreting lymphomas.

Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; Bone Marrow Cells; Boronic Acids; Bortezomib; Caspases; Cell Adhesion; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Movement; Cell Survival; Chemokine CXCL12; Chymotrypsin; Coculture Techniques; DNA Fragmentation; Drug Synergism; Enzyme Activation; Female; Humans; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; Lymphoma; Mice; Mice, SCID; Oligopeptides; Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; Proteasome Inhibitors; Pyrazines; Serine Proteinase Inhibitors; Unfolded Protein Response; Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia

Interactions between histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) and the novel proteasome inhibitor carfilzomib (CFZ) were investigated in GC- and activated B-cell-like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (ABC-DLBCL) cells. Coadministration of subtoxic or minimally toxic concentrations of CFZ) with marginally lethal concentrations of HDACIs (vorinostat, SNDX-275, or SBHA) synergistically increased mitochondrial injury, caspase activation, and apoptosis in both GC- and ABC-DLBCL cells. These events were associated with Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38MAPK activation, abrogation of HDACI-mediated nuclear factor-kappaB activation, AKT inactivation, Ku70 acetylation, and induction of gammaH2A.X. Genetic or pharmacologic JNK inhibition significantly diminished CFZ/vorinostat lethality. CFZ/vorinostat induced pronounced lethality in 3 primary DLBCL specimens but minimally affected normal CD34(+) hematopoietic cells. Bortezomib-resistant GC (SUDHL16) and ABC (OCI-LY10) cells exhibited partial cross-resistance to CFZ. However, CFZ/vorinostat dramatically induced resistant cell apoptosis, accompanied by increased JNK activation and gammaH2A.X expression. Finally, subeffective vorinostat doses markedly increased CFZ-mediated tumor growth suppression and apoptosis in a murine xenograft OCI-LY10 model. These findings indicate that HDACIs increase CFZ activity in GC- and ABC-DLBCL cells sensitive or resistant to bortezomib through a JNK-dependent mechanism in association with DNA damage and inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB activation. Together, they support further investigation of strategies combining CFZ and HDACIs in DLBCL.

Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; Boronic Acids; Bortezomib; Cell Cycle; Chymotrypsin; DNA Damage; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Drug Synergism; Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; Humans; Hydroxamic Acids; In Vitro Techniques; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Mice; Mice, Nude; Mitochondria; NF-kappa B; Oligopeptides; Protease Inhibitors; Proteasome Inhibitors; Pyrazines; Vorinostat; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays

Carfilzomib is a proteasome inhibitor in clinical development that primarily targets the chymotrypsin-like (CT-L) subunits in both the constitutive proteasome (c20S) and the immunoproteasome (i20S). To investigate the impact of inhibiting the CT-L activity with carfilzomib, we set out to quantitate the levels of CT-L subunits beta5 from the c20S and LMP7 from the i20S in normal and malignant hematopoietic cells. We found that the i20S is a major form of the proteasome expressed in cells of hematopoietic origin, including multiple myeloma (MM) CD138+ tumor cells. Although specific inhibition of either LMP7 or beta5 alone was insufficient to produce an antitumor response, inhibition of all proteasome subunits was cytotoxic to both hematologic tumor cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. However, selective inhibition of both beta5 and LMP7 was sufficient to induce an antitumor effect in MM, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and leukemia cells while minimizing the toxicity toward nontransformed cells. In MM tumor cells, CT-L inhibition alone was sufficient to induce proapoptotic sequelae, including proteasome substrate accumulation, Noxa and caspase 3/7 induction, and phospho-eIF2alpha suppression. These data support a hypothesis that hematologic tumor cells are uniquely sensitive to CT-L inhibition and provide a mechanistic understanding of the clinical safety profile and antitumor activity of proteasome inhibitors.

Topics: Apoptosis; Caspase 3; Caspase 7; Catalytic Domain; Cell Line, Tumor; Chymotrypsin; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Enzyme Induction; Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Hematologic Neoplasms; Humans; Oligopeptides; Protease Inhibitors; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; Proteasome Inhibitors; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2

Clinical studies with bortezomib have validated the proteasome as a therapeutic target for the treatment of multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. However, significant toxicities have restricted the intensity of bortezomib dosing. Here we describe the antitumor activity of PR-171, a novel epoxyketone-based irreversible proteasome inhibitor that is currently in clinical development. In comparison to bortezomib, PR-171 exhibits equal potency but greater selectivity for the chymotrypsin-like activity of the proteasome. In cell culture, PR-171 is more cytotoxic than bortezomib following brief treatments that mimic the in vivo pharmacokinetics of both molecules. Hematologic tumor cells exhibit the greatest sensitivity to brief exposure, whereas solid tumor cells and nontransformed cell types are less sensitive to such treatments. Cellular consequences of PR-171 treatment include the accumulation of proteasome substrates and induction of cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis. Administration of PR-171 to animals results in the dose-dependent inhibition of the chymotrypsin-like proteasome activity in all tissues examined with the exception of the brain. PR-171 is well tolerated when administered for either 2 or 5 consecutive days at doses resulting in >80% proteasome inhibition in blood and most tissues. In human tumor xenograft models, PR-171 mediates an antitumor response that is both dose and schedule dependent. The antitumor efficacy of PR-171 delivered on 2 consecutive days is stronger than that of bortezomib administered on its clinical dosing schedule. These studies show the tolerability, efficacy, and dosing flexibility of PR-171 and provide validation for the clinical testing of PR-171 in the treatment of hematologic malignancies using dose-intensive schedules.

Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; Boronic Acids; Bortezomib; Chymotrypsin; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Male; Mice; Neoplasm Transplantation; Oligopeptides; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; Pyrazines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley