all-bond-2 and phosphoric-acid

To investigate whether masticatory fatigue affects the fracture resistance and pattern of lower premolars restored with quartz-fiber post-core and full crown, 44 single rooted lower premolars recently extracted from orthodontic patients were divided into two groups of 22 each. The crowns of all teeth were removed and endodontically treated and then restored with quartz-fiber post-core and full crown. Twenty-two teeth in one group were selected randomly and circularly loaded at 45° to the long axis of the teeth of 127.4 N at a 6 Hz frequency, and the other group was not delivered to cyclic loading and considered as control. Subsequently, all teeth in two groups were continually loaded to fail at 45° to the long axis of the teeth at a crosshead speed of 1 mm⋅min(-1). The mean destructive force values were (733.88±254.99) and (869.14±280.26) N for the experimental and the control group, respectively, and no statistically significant differences were found between two groups (P>0.05). Bevel fracture and horizontal fracture in the neck of root were the major fracture mode of the specimens. Under the circumstances of this study, it seems that cyclic loading does not affect the fracture strength and pattern of the quartz-fiber post-core-crown complex.

Topics: Acid Etching, Dental; Adult; Bicuspid; Bite Force; Chromium Alloys; Crowns; Dental Prosthesis Design; Dental Restoration Failure; Dental Stress Analysis; Humans; Materials Testing; Methacrylates; Phosphoric Acids; Post and Core Technique; Quartz; Resin Cements; Stress, Mechanical; Tooth Fractures; Tooth Root; Tooth, Nonvital

In endodontically treated teeth, cuspal coverage plays a fundamental role in reducing the risk of fracture. However, the adhesive techniques with or without fiber post increased the possibilities in restoring root-filled teeth. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the fiber post and/or post length and/or cuspal coverage on the fracture resistance of endodontically treated maxillary premolars. Seventy intact single-rooted maxillary premolars were selected and divided in seven groups of ten each: "intact teeth" (control), "inlay without fiber post" (G1), "inlay with long fiber post" (G2), "inlay with short fiber post" (G3), "onlay without fiber post" (G4), "onlay with long fiber post" (G5), and "onlay with short fiber post" (G6). Except for intact teeth, all specimens were prepared with a mesio-occluso-distal (MOD) cavity, endodontically treated and restored with or without long or short post, with or without cusp coverage. All specimens were thermal-cycled, exposed to a cyclic loading, and then submitted to the static fracture resistance test. Fracture loads and mode of failure were evaluated. A statistically significant difference in fracture resistance was found between group 1 and the other groups (p < 0.001). χ2 test showed statistically significant differences in the patterns of fractures between the groups (p < 0.001). The highest number of favorable fractures was observed in groups 3 and 4. Similar fracture resistance was detected in maxillary premolars endodontically treated with MOD cavity preparations, restored with either direct resin composite with fiber post or cusp capping. The "short post" direct restoration may be a valid alternative in the restoration of root-filled premolars.

Topics: Acid Etching, Dental; Bicuspid; Composite Resins; Dental Cavity Preparation; Dental Materials; Dental Prosthesis Design; Dental Restoration Failure; Dentin-Bonding Agents; Humans; Inlays; Materials Testing; Maxilla; Methacrylates; Nanocomposites; Phosphoric Acids; Post and Core Technique; Root Canal Preparation; Stress, Mechanical; Temperature; Time Factors; Tooth Fractures; Tooth, Nonvital; Water

To determine if etching technique influences the bond strength of resin cement to root canal dentin.. Fifty-five extracted teeth were endodontically treated, dowel space prepared, and divided into five groups. Each group was treated with different etchant consistencies: acid gel, semi-gel, low-viscosity gel, liquid, and a self-etching primer. After dowel cementation, four sections were removed from each root and a push-out test was performed.. Significant effects were found for etching procedure and for location within the root canal. The apical segment produced the lowest bond strength. Self-etching primer showed the highest bond strength.. The consistency of etchant material influenced the bond strength of a prefabricated dowel in the canal.

Topics: Acid Etching, Dental; Barium Compounds; Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; Cementation; Composite Resins; Dental Bonding; Dental Prosthesis Retention; Dental Pulp Cavity; Dentin-Bonding Agents; Humans; Materials Testing; Methacrylates; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Organophosphonates; Phosphoric Acids; Post and Core Technique; Resin Cements; Root Canal Preparation; Silicon Dioxide; Stress, Mechanical; Surface Properties; Tooth Apex; Tooth, Nonvital; Viscosity

The aim of this in vivo study was to clarify how blistering formation occurs along intraradicular dentin bonded interfaces.. Patients were selected and post space was prepared in vivo in endodontically treated teeth. Post space was etched, dried with ethanol, and bonded with one of the following adhesive systems: All Bond 2, XP-Bond, Clearfil SE Bond, Xeno III. The four adhesives were considered as representative of each bonding system class. An additional group was prepared with phosphoric acid treatment + application of Pre-Bond unfilled resin of All Bond 2, without the use of the primer agent. Etching was avoided for self-etching materials. Replicas of the post space were taken (1) after post space preparation; (2) after etching, rinsing, and drying; (3) after ethanol drying, and (4) after adhesive application. Replicas were analyzed with SEM and blisters were counted by independent observers. Statistical analysis was performed with Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA and Dunn's multiple comparison tests at p = 0.05.. No blister formation occurred on replicas taken prior to adhesive application, while blister formation was evident in all replicas of bonded interfaces, irrespective of the adhesive system. No statistical difference in the number of droplets was found between All Bond 2, XP-Bond, and Clearfil SE Bond. Xeno III exhibited the highest number of blisters. Specimens bonded with Pre-Bond unfilled resin of All Bond 2 without primer application showed no blister formation.. This study revealed that blister formation occurs only if the priming agent of the adhesive system was applied, thus supporting the hypothesis that blistering occurs due to adhesive phase separation or insufficient solvent evaporation.

Topics: Acid Etching, Dental; Adult; Aged; Dental Bonding; Dental Pulp Cavity; Dentin; Dentin-Bonding Agents; Ethanol; Humans; Methacrylates; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Middle Aged; Phosphoric Acids; Post and Core Technique; Replica Techniques; Resin Cements; Solvents; Surface Properties; Tooth, Nonvital

This study investigates the influence of surface treatment of contaminated lithium disilicate and leucite glass ceramic restorations on the bonding efficacy of universal adhesives. Lithium disilicate and leucite glass ceramics were contaminated with saliva, and then cleaned using distilled water (SC), or 37% phosphoric acid (TE), or hydrofluoric acid (CE). Specimens without contamination served as controls. The surface free energy was determined by measuring the contact angles formed when the three test liquids were placed on the specimens. Bond strengths of the universal adhesives were also measured. Saliva contamination and surface treatment of ceramic surfaces significantly influenced the surface free energy. The bond strengths of universal adhesives were also affected by surface treatment and the choice of adhesive materials. Our data suggest that saliva contamination of lithum disilicate and leucite glass ceramics significantly impaired the bonding of the universal adhesives, and reduced the surface free energy of the ceramics.

Topics: Acid Etching, Dental; Aluminum Silicates; Ceramics; Dental Bonding; Dental Porcelain; Dental Stress Analysis; Dentin-Bonding Agents; Hydrofluoric Acid; Light-Curing of Dental Adhesives; Materials Testing; Methacrylates; Phosphoric Acids; Resin Cements; Saliva; Surface Properties

To evaluate the effects of three adhesion boosters--All-Bond 2, Enhance LC, and Ortho Solo--on the shear bond strength of new and rebonded (previously debonded) brackets.. One hundred new and 100 sandblasted debonded brackets were bonded to 200 extracted human premolars and divided into eight groups.. The new brackets/Ortho Solo group yielded the highest bond strength, followed by the new brackets/All-Bond 2 and the new brackets/Enhance LC groups. During rebonding, Ortho Solo improved the bond strength significantly; however, All-Bond 2 and Enhance LC did not.. (1) Bond strength is significantly improved when new brackets are bonded with an adhesion booster; (2) without any adhesion booster, sandblasted rebonded brackets yield a significantly lower bond strength than new brackets; (3) Enhance LC failed to improve the bond strength of rebonded brackets; (4) Ortho Solo increased the bond strength of rebonded brackets significantly; and (5) brackets rebonded with Ortho Solo yielded comparable bond strength as new brackets without any adhesion booster.

Topics: Acid Etching, Dental; Aluminum Oxide; Dental Bonding; Dental Cements; Dental Debonding; Dental Enamel; Dental Etching; Dental Stress Analysis; Dentin-Bonding Agents; Humans; Materials Testing; Methacrylates; Orthodontic Brackets; Phosphoric Acids; Resin Cements; Shear Strength; Stress, Mechanical; Surface Properties; Temperature; Time Factors; Water

To determine the antimicrobial properties of a selection of dentine bonding agents [DBAs] using the disc diffusion and direct contact methods and an ex vivo method using extracted carious permanent molar teeth.. DBAs (n=15) were tested using Streptococcus mutans UA159 in disc diffusion and direct contact methods. In the ex vivo study 6 DBAs were selected and pre- and post-treatment samples of carious dentine (n< or =12) were taken. Samples were also taken post-acid-etching. The number of microorganisms in dentine sample was determined and compared.. The inhibition zones and percent growth inhibition were related to the pH of the culture medium containing the DBA (p<0.01). Clearfill Protect Bond exhibited the greatest bacterial killing followed by ibond (99.8%+/-0.08 and 98.2+/-1.4, respectively). The phosphoric acid etchant alone resulted in an 83% killing. The in vitro tests results did not correlate. The ex vivo killing reflected the percent growth inhibition observed in the direct contact method.. A guide to the potential antimicrobial activity of a DBA may be gained from an assessment of its pH when added to bacteriological culture medium. The direct contact method gives a better reflection of the killing of bacteria in infected dentine than the disk diffusion method. Killing in the ex vivo model gives a more realistic and more reliable method for determining the antibacterial activity of a given DBA and that comparisons of the relative inhibitory activity of DBAs should be tested using this ex vivo model.

Topics: Acid Etching, Dental; Anti-Infective Agents; Bacteriological Techniques; Colony Count, Microbial; Culture Media; Dental Caries; Dentin; Dentin-Bonding Agents; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Materials Testing; Methacrylates; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phosphoric Acids; Polymethacrylic Acids; Resin Cements; Streptococcus mutans

To examine the cytotoxicity of dentin conditioners and primers on human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells in vitro.. Primary PDL cells were plated in 96 well culture plates and exposed to 100 microL of test solutions. Undiluted Cavity Conditioner (CC), Vitremer Primer (VP), Uni-Etch (UE), All-Bond 2 (AB), Gluma conditioner (GC), and Gluma primer (GP) were examined at full strength and at 1/100 and 1/1000 dilutions in culture medium. Cytotoxicity of the undiluted material was determined immediately following exposure of the cells to the test substance. Cytotoxicity of the diluted materials was determined immediately following a 300-second exposure of the cells to the test solution, as well as 24 hours after removal of the test solution. Cytotoxicity was expressed as lactate dehydrogenase activity retained within the cells following exposure divided by the activity in unexposed control cells.. Exposure to each undiluted test substance resulted in severe damage to the cells (78.2-100%). At 1/100 dilution, only exposure to UE resulted in significant cytotoxicity (72.9%) immediately following removal of the solution. But significant cytotoxicity (21-100%) was evident in cells 24 hours after removal of each of the materials. At 1/1000 dilution, exposure to UE (14.8%) and GP (27.2%) resulted in mild cytotoxicity. Twenty-four hours after removal of the solutions, there was a mild but significant cytotoxic effect of each of the test substances (18.5-49.4%).

Topics: Acid Etching, Dental; Acrylic Resins; Analysis of Variance; Cells, Cultured; Composite Resins; Dentin-Bonding Agents; Glass Ionomer Cements; Glutaral; Humans; Materials Testing; Methacrylates; Periodontal Ligament; Phosphoric Acids; Polymethacrylic Acids

The purpose of the present study was to compare ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid conditioning and phosphoric acid conditioning of dentin in combination with two principally different commercial dentin bonding systems.. Twenty-one extracted human third molars were used. All teeth were caries free, and no teeth were root filled. In total, 29 pairs of dentin surfaces were obtained from 21 teeth. One dentin surface in each pair was etched with a 32% phosphoric acid gel for 15 seconds, and the opposite surface was etched with a 24% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid gel for 3 minutes. One experimental group of 15 dentin surface pairs was subsequently bonded with All-Bond 2, a two-component system, and the other group of 14 pairs was bonded with Prime & Bond NT, a one-bottle adhesive. A flowable resin composite was inserted in the experimental cavity and light cured. Shear bond strength testing was performed according to the protocol of the International Organization for Standardization.. The combination of conditioning with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and bonding with All-Bond 2 was significantly better than all other combinations, providing a shear bond strength that was 61% to 123% greater.. Use of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in combination with All-Bond 2 resulted in a significantly greater bond strength to dentin than did conventional acid etching.

Topics: Acid Etching, Dental; Analysis of Variance; Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; Composite Resins; Dental Bonding; Dental Restoration, Permanent; Dentin; Dentin-Bonding Agents; Edetic Acid; Humans; Materials Testing; Methacrylates; Molar, Third; Phosphoric Acids; Polymethacrylic Acids; Random Allocation; Statistics, Nonparametric; Tensile Strength

On the basis of previous studies, it was hypothesized that a chelating agent such as ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA) in a saturated aqueous solution (24%) can function as a dentin conditioning agent with exposure times comparable to that of phosphoric acid without compromising shear bond strength. Thirty caries-free human third molars, divided equally between two groups, were used. In group one, four experimental surfaces were prepared on each tooth, and cylindrical copper matrixes with a diameter of 5 mm were attached to the prepared surfaces. The experimental surfaces were then treated with a 24% EDTA gel for 30, 60, 120, or 240 sec, respectively. Dentin was bonded with All Bond 2, after which a flowable composite was added and light-cured. In group two, which served as control, two surfaces were prepared on each tooth. One surface was left unetched, whereas the other side was treated with 24% EDTA-gel for 30 sec. A shear bond strength test was performed at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min until the composite debonded. There was no statistically significant difference (P< 0.89) between results of the shear bond strength test for the different EDTA conditioning times. The control group showed a significant difference in shear bond strength between untreated surfaces and surfaces conditioned for 30 sec with EDTA. Thus, the results indicate that the duration of EDTA gel conditioning of dentin surfaces need not exceed that of phosphoric acid in clinical practice to obtain an acceptable level of bond strength.

Topics: Acid Etching, Dental; Analysis of Variance; Chelating Agents; Composite Resins; Dentin; Dentin-Bonding Agents; Edetic Acid; Humans; Materials Testing; Methacrylates; Molar; Phosphoric Acids; Stress, Mechanical; Tensile Strength; Time Factors

To present the ultrastructural features of the pulpal responses, following the application of All-Bond 2 to acid-conditioned, deep, unexposed coronal dentin and exposed pulps in human teeth.. Cylindrical Class V cavities were prepared in human premolars. In the non-exposure group an attempt was made to prepare the floor of the cavity to +/- 0.5 mm from the pulp. In the exposure group, the pulps were intentionally exposed. After hemostasis, the preparation was etched with 10% phosphoric acid. The teeth were restored with All-Bond 2. Histological evaluation was done at 0-7, 28-35, and > 90 days.. A typical connective tissue response to injury was observed in the majority of the specimens. Irreversible injury to the odontoblasts closest to the site of cavity preparations resulted in the death of these cells. This was followed by an early neutrophilic response, a subsequent macrophage response and a fibroblastic response that led to the deposition of either reparative dentin or calcific bridge formation by odontoblast-like cells. However, another notable feature was the consistent observation of resin particulates within the dentin-pulp complex. These resin particulates could have been indirectly introduced into the pulp through the pertubation of the junctional complexes or the death of the odontoblasts. They may also enter the pulp directly through a pulpal exposure. In some specimens, the presence of these resin particulates appeared to have triggered a foreign body response, characterized by the presence of a mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate as well as the appearance of multinuclear giant cells. The persistence of unresolved chronic inflammation was associated with the lack of calcific bridge formation in these specimens.

Topics: Acid Etching, Dental; Dental Pulp; Dental Pulp Capping; Dentin Permeability; Dentin-Bonding Agents; Fibroblasts; Foreign-Body Reaction; Humans; Methacrylates; Microscopy, Electron; Odontoblasts; Phosphoric Acids; Pulpitis; Time Factors

To determine by means of a histopathological study in sub-human primates whether etching of an exposed pulp (the "Total Etch" technique) followed by capping with dentin bonding agents is a viable clinical treatment modality.. In six sub-human primates, 147 Class V preparations were made for five experimental and two control groups. After exposing the pulps, the preparations were intentionally contaminated, rinsed, dried and then disinfected with a 2% chlorhexidine solution for 60 s. In the five experimental groups, the entire preparation including the exposed pulp was etched with a 35% phosphoric acid gel, which was rinsed after 20 s. This was followed by a second application of chlorhexidine. In Groups 1-3, All Bond 2, ProBond and Permagen A&B dentin bonding agents were applied as pulp capping materials. In Group 4, a light-cured calcium hydroxide was tested while Group 5 was treated with a chemically-cured calcium hydroxide. Groups 6 and 7, the controls, were also contaminated, rinsed, dried and disinfected. After the exposed pulps had been protected with a chemically-cured calcium hydroxide (Group 6) or a light-cured calcium hydroxide (Group 7) the preparations were etched and restored with a bonded resin composite. The effect of the above described treatments were evaluated at 5, 25 and 75 days. After sacrifice and routine histological preparation, histological sections were graded among other parameters for inflammatory response, bridge formation, maintenance of vitality, presence of dentin chips and evidence of microleakage microorganisms.. The 2% chlorhexidine applied immediately after exposure was an effective hemostatic agent. After subsequent etching, the hemostatic effectiveness was greatly reduced. Exposure size for all seven groups ranged from 0.13-1.55 mm. The average at 5, 25 and 75 days measured 0.74, 0.66 and 0.77 mm, respectively. In the five experimental groups, the 25- and 75-day groups had a total of 68 teeth of which 24 (35%) became non-vital and 23 (33%) teeth demonstrated bridge formation. In the three experimental groups using a bonding agent, the 25- and 75-day groups had a total of 40 teeth of which 18 (45%) became non-vital and 10 (25%) exhibited bridge formation. In the "No Etch" control groups, the 25- and 75-day groups had 28 teeth of which two (7%) became non-vital and 23 (82%) exhibited bridge formation. Microorganisms were found in a large percentage of all groups, although their numbers were few. However, they were present in vital and non-vital teeth, in the presence and absence of bridge formation and had no direct bearing on the success or failure of the pulp capping procedure.

Topics: Acid Etching, Dental; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Calcium Hydroxide; Chlorhexidine; Dental Disinfectants; Dental Materials; Dental Pulp Capping; Dental Pulp Necrosis; Dentin-Bonding Agents; Dentin, Secondary; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Hemostasis; Methacrylates; Minerals; Organic Chemicals; Papio; Phosphoric Acids; Pulpitis

The purpose of this pilot study was to determine how lactic acid solution at various concentrations and etching times affected prepared human enamel and dentin surfaces and to assess whether it could be used in place of phosphoric or maleic acid as an etchant. The occlusal surfaces of extracted molar teeth were ground wet with 600-grit silicon carbide paper and treated with various aqueous solutions of lactic acid. Random samples were prepared for observation by scanning electron microscopy. The rest were used to determine shear bond strength of bonded dental composite cylinders. The micrographs revealed that lactic acid dissolved the smear layer with various degrees of etching and demineralization. The degree of smear layer and matrix removal was proportional to the concentration of the acid and the length of application time. A 20% lactic acid concentration applied for 10 seconds produced a clearly etched surface with minimal demineralization. A 30% concentration not only removed the smear layer and enlarged the dentin tubule orifices but also appeared to affect the collagen matrix. The shear bond strength to enamel treated with 50% lactic acid (17.5 +/- 1.5 MPa) and All-Bond 2 etchant (18.9 +/- 1.3 MPa) were not significantly different (p > 0.05). However, mean dentin bond strengths for all groups of lactic acid etchant and All-Etch etchant (10% phosphoric acid) were statistically similar.

Topics: Acid Etching, Dental; Analysis of Variance; Dental Enamel; Dentin; Dentin-Bonding Agents; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lactic Acid; Materials Testing; Methacrylates; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Phosphoric Acids; Pilot Projects; Smear Layer; Surface Properties; Tensile Strength