adenosine diphosphate ribose has been researched along with cyclic gmp in 39 studies
| Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 7 (17.95) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 24 (61.54) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 8 (20.51) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 0 (0.00) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 0 (0.00) | 2.80 |
| Authors | Studies |
|---|---|
| Kowluru, A; Kowluru, RA; Yamazaki, A | 1 |
| Ho, YK; Lee, RH; Lieberman, BS; Lolley, RN; Ting, TD; Tobias, DE | 1 |
| Ahlner, J; Andersson, RG; Axelsson, KL; Friedman, RL; Karlsson, JO; Ljusegren, ME; Magnusson, BR | 1 |
| Bianchini, GM; Carricarte, VC; Farber, DB; Flawia, MM; Giusto, N; Martinetto, HE; Muschietti, JP; Torres, HN | 1 |
| Crane, JK; Hewlett, EL; Weikel, CS | 1 |
| Falk, G; Shiells, RA | 1 |
| Considine, RV; Ohishi, I; Sherwin, JR; Simpson, LL; Smith, HL; Zepeda, H | 1 |
| Aiyar, N; Crooke, ST; Nambi, P; Whitman, M | 1 |
| Amar, S; Bozou, JC; Kitabgi, P; Vincent, JP | 1 |
| Burns, DL; Guerrant, RL; Hewlett, EL; Hsia, JA; Moss, J; Vaughan, M | 1 |
| Dawson, TM; Dawson, VL; Linden, DJ | 1 |
| Galione, A; Potter, BV; Turner, M; Watson, SP; White, A; Willmott, N | 1 |
| Gimmel'brant, AA | 1 |
| Dufour, MN; Gil-Longo, J; Guillon, G; Lugnier, C | 1 |
| Aloui, R; Biot, N; Charpin, G; Desbos, A; Gallet, H; Gormand, F; Lagarde, M; Nemoz, G; Perrin-Fayolle, M; Prigent, AF | 1 |
| Berridge, MJ | 1 |
| Delgado, R; Fratelli, M; Galli, G; Ghezzi, P; Rolland, Y; Zinetti, M | 1 |
| Galione, A; Lee, HC; Sethi, JK; Walseth, TF; White, AM; Willmott, N | 1 |
| Mansfield, PJ; Suchard, SJ | 1 |
| Clementi, E; Meldolesi, J; Nisticò, G; Riccio, M; Sciorati, C | 1 |
| Dissing, S; Gromada, J; Jorgensen, TD | 1 |
| Cockram, CS; Ho, SK; Nicholls, MG; Tsang, DS; Yeung, VT | 1 |
| Crawford, JH; Scott, RH; Seabrook, GR; Wootton, JF | 1 |
| Imai, Y; Kitagawa, T; Tomita, T; Tsuyama, S | 1 |
| De Flora, A; Franco, L; Graeff, RM; Lee, HC | 1 |
| Gilad, E; Matzkin, H; Pick, E; Zisapel, N | 1 |
| Ashcroft, SJ | 1 |
| Galione, A; Wilson, HL | 1 |
| Biancani, P | 1 |
| Lee, SJ; Madden, PJ; Shen, SS | 1 |
| Dissing, S; Looms, D; Nauntofte, B | 1 |
| MacLean, MR; Mullaney, I; Vaughan, DM | 1 |
| Kanda, Y; Katada, T; Kontani, K; Kuroda, H; Kuroda, R; Satoh, Y; Suzuki, N | 1 |
| Epel, D | 1 |
| Durner, J; Klessig, DF; Pugin, A; Wendehenne, D | 1 |
| Beligni, MV; Lamattina, L | 1 |
| Kanda, Y; Katada, T; Kontani, K; Kuroda, H; Kuroda, R; Nakano, T; Satoh, Y; Suzuki, N | 1 |
| Clarke, A; Desikan, R; Hancock, JT; Neill, SJ | 1 |
| Arebi, N; Bliss, PW; Calam, J; Ghatei, M; Healey, ZV; Playford, RJ; Van Noorden, S | 1 |
3 review(s) available for adenosine diphosphate ribose and cyclic gmp
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
NIH conference. Cyclic nucleotides: mediators of bacterial toxin action in disease.
Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; Adenylyl Cyclases; Animals; Bacillus anthracis; Bacterial Toxins; Bordetella pertussis; Cell Membrane; Cholera Toxin; Cyclic GMP; Enterotoxins; Enzyme Activation; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Guanylate Cyclase; Humans; Intestinal Diseases; Intestinal Mucosa; Nucleotides, Cyclic; Organ Specificity; Virulence Factors, Bordetella | 1984 |
Intracellular second messengers.
Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Cyclic ADP-Ribose; Cyclic AMP; Cyclic GMP; Diglycerides; Humans; Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate; Islets of Langerhans; Second Messenger Systems | 1997 |
Nitric oxide: comparative synthesis and signaling in animal and plant cells.
Topics: Aconitate Hydratase; Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; Animals; Cyclic GMP; Mammals; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Plants; Reactive Oxygen Species; Salicylic Acid; Signal Transduction | 2001 |
36 other study(ies) available for adenosine diphosphate ribose and cyclic gmp
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Functional alterations of G-proteins in diabetic rat retina: a possible explanation for the early visual abnormalities in diabetes mellitus.
Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; Adenylate Cyclase Toxin; Animals; Cyclic GMP; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetic Retinopathy; Glucose; Glycosylation; GTP Phosphohydrolases; GTP-Binding Proteins; Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate); Guanosine Triphosphate; Kinetics; Pertussis Toxin; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Retina; Rod Cell Outer Segment; Transducin; Virulence Factors, Bordetella | 1992 |
Regulation of retinal cGMP cascade by phosducin in bovine rod photoreceptor cells. Interaction of phosducin and transducin.
Topics: 3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases; Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Brain; Cattle; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cyclic GMP; Eye Proteins; GTP Phosphohydrolases; GTP-Binding Protein Regulators; GTP-Binding Proteins; Guanosine Triphosphate; Kinetics; Macromolecular Substances; Molecular Sequence Data; NAD; Pertussis Toxin; Phosphoproteins; Protein Binding; Rod Cell Outer Segment; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; Transducin; Virulence Factors, Bordetella | 1992 |
Effects of pertussis toxin on vasodilation and cyclic GMP in bovine mesenteric arteries and demonstration of a 40 kD soluble protein ribosylation substrate for pertussis toxin.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; Adenylate Cyclase Toxin; Animals; Atrial Natriuretic Factor; Calcimycin; Cattle; Culture Techniques; Cyclic GMP; Mesenteric Arteries; Muscle Relaxation; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Pertussis Toxin; Vasodilation; Virulence Factors, Bordetella | 1990 |
Reconstitution of a light-stimulated adenylate cyclase from retina and Neurospora crassa preparations. Characterization of the heterologous systems using normal and degenerative retinas.
Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; Adenylyl Cyclases; Animals; Cattle; Cyclic GMP; Light; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neurospora; Neurospora crassa; Retina | 1989 |
Failure of pertussis toxin to inhibit activation of guanylate cyclase by the heat-stable enterotoxin of Escherichia coli (STa) in the T84 cell line.
Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; Animals; Bacterial Toxins; Cell Line; Cyclic GMP; Dithiothreitol; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Enterotoxins; Enzyme Activation; Escherichia coli Proteins; Guanylate Cyclase; Humans; Male; Pertussis Toxin; Rabbits; Virulence Factors, Bordetella | 1989 |
Block of light responses of salamander rods by pertussis toxin and reversal by nicotinamide.
Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; Animals; Cyclic GMP; Light; Membrane Proteins; Niacinamide; Pertussis Toxin; Photic Stimulation; Photoreceptor Cells; Transducin; Type C Phospholipases; Urodela; Virulence Factors, Bordetella | 1988 |
Actions of the Clostridium botulinum binary toxin on the structure and function of Y-1 adrenal cells.
Topics: Actins; Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; Adrenal Gland Neoplasms; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Animals; Botulinum Toxins; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Cyclic AMP; Cyclic GMP; Mice; Tumor Cells, Cultured | 1988 |
Inhibition of formation of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP by vasopressin in smooth-muscle cells is insensitive to pertussis toxin.
Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; Adenylate Cyclase Toxin; Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibitors; Animals; Arginine Vasopressin; Cells, Cultured; Cyclic AMP; Cyclic GMP; Depression, Chemical; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Guanosine Triphosphate; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Pertussis Toxin; Rats; Thrombin; Virulence Factors, Bordetella | 1988 |
Neurotensin-mediated inhibition of cyclic AMP formation in neuroblastoma N1E115 cells: involvement of the inhibitory GTP-binding component of adenylate cyclase.
Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; Adenylate Cyclase Toxin; Adenylyl Cyclases; Animals; Brain; Cell Line; Cyclic AMP; Cyclic GMP; GTP-Binding Proteins; Guanine Nucleotides; Lithium; Mice; Neuroblastoma; Neurotensin; Pertussis Toxin; Potassium; Receptors, Neurotensin; Receptors, Neurotransmitter; Virulence Factors, Bordetella | 1986 |
An evaluation of the nitric oxide/cGMP/cGMP-dependent protein kinase cascade in the induction of cerebellar long-term depression in culture.
Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; Animals; Cells, Cultured; Cerebellum; Cyclic ADP-Ribose; Cyclic GMP; Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; Electric Stimulation; Glutamic Acid; Long-Term Potentiation; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Nitric Oxide; Purkinje Cells; Signal Transduction | 1995 |
cGMP mobilizes intracellular Ca2+ in sea urchin eggs by stimulating cyclic ADP-ribose synthesis.
Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; Aniline Compounds; Animals; Calcium; Cyclic ADP-Ribose; Cyclic GMP; Fluorometry; In Vitro Techniques; Microsomes; NAD; Ovum; Ruthenium Red; Sea Urchins; Signal Transduction; Xanthenes | 1993 |
[Mobilization of intracellular calcium: how to take another path].
Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; Animals; Calcium; Calcium Channels; Cyclic GMP; Cytoplasm; Enzyme Activation; Guanylate Cyclase; Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate; Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors; Ion Transport; Muscle Proteins; NAD; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel; Sea Urchins; Signal Transduction | 1994 |
G proteins in aortic endothelial cells and bradykinin-induced formation of nitric oxide.
Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; Animals; Aorta; Bradykinin; Cattle; Cells, Cultured; Cholera Toxin; Cyclic GMP; GTP-Binding Proteins; Guanosine Triphosphate; Immunoblotting; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Nitric Oxide; Pertussis Toxin; Virulence Factors, Bordetella | 1993 |
Impaired G-proteins and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity in T-lymphocytes from patients with sarcoidosis.
Topics: 2',3'-Cyclic-Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases; Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; Adult; Cell Membrane; Cyclic AMP; Cyclic GMP; Female; GTP-Binding Proteins; Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Kinetics; Lymphocyte Activation; Male; Middle Aged; Sarcoidosis; T-Lymphocytes | 1993 |
Cell signalling. A tale of two messengers.
Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; Animals; Calcium Channels; Cyclic ADP-Ribose; Cyclic GMP; Muscle Proteins; Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel; Sea Urchins; Second Messenger Systems | 1993 |
Chlorpromazine inhibits nitric oxide-mediated increase in intracellular cGMP in a mouse teratocarcinoma cell line.
Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; Animals; Antipsychotic Agents; Autoradiography; Cell Survival; Chlorpromazine; Cyclic GMP; Hippocampus; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Methylene Blue; Mice; Nitric Oxide; Nitroprusside; Teratocarcinoma; Testicular Neoplasms; Tumor Cells, Cultured | 1995 |
Nitric oxide-induced mobilization of intracellular calcium via the cyclic ADP-ribose signaling pathway.
Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; ADP-ribosyl Cyclase; ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1; Animals; Antigens, CD; Antigens, Differentiation; Calcium; Cyclic ADP-Ribose; Cyclic GMP; Enzyme Inhibitors; Female; Guanosine Triphosphate; Isomerism; Kinetics; Mammals; Models, Biological; N-Glycosyl Hydrolases; NAD; Niacinamide; Nitric Oxide; Ovum; Sea Urchins; Signal Transduction; Thionucleotides; Time Factors | 1996 |
Neutrophil thrombospondin receptors are linked to GTP-binding proteins.
Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; CD36 Antigens; Cell Membrane; Cells, Cultured; Chemotaxis, Leukocyte; Cholera Toxin; Cyclic GMP; GTP Phosphohydrolases; GTP-Binding Proteins; Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate); Humans; Membrane Glycoproteins; N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine; Neutrophils; Pertussis Toxin; Protein Binding; Signal Transduction; Thrombospondins; Virulence Factors, Bordetella | 1996 |
The type 2 ryanodine receptor of neurosecretory PC12 cells is activated by cyclic ADP-ribose. Role of the nitric oxide/cGMP pathway.
Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; Alkaloids; Animals; Biomarkers; Caffeine; Calcium; Calcium Channels; Carbazoles; Cyclic ADP-Ribose; Cyclic GMP; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Indoles; Ionomycin; Muscle Proteins; Neurosecretory Systems; Nitric Oxide; Nitroprusside; PC12 Cells; Penicillamine; Rats; Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel; S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine; Signal Transduction; Terpenes; Thapsigargin | 1996 |
Cyclic GMP potentiates phenylephrine but not cyclic ADP-ribose-evoked calcium release from rat lacrimal acinar cells.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; Aminoquinolines; Animals; Arginine; Calcium; Cells, Cultured; Cyclic ADP-Ribose; Cyclic GMP; Dibutyryl Cyclic GMP; Enzyme Inhibitors; Guanylate Cyclase; Kinetics; Lacrimal Apparatus; Male; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitroarginine; Phenylephrine; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 1996 |
Endothelin-3 attenuates the cyclic GMP responses to C-type natriuretic peptide in cultured mouse astrocytes.
Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; Animals; Astrocytes; Atrial Natriuretic Factor; Binding, Competitive; Calcimycin; Calcium; Cells, Cultured; Cyclic GMP; Cycloheximide; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Endothelin-3; Enzyme Inhibitors; Indoles; Ionophores; Mice; Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type; Phospholipase D; Phospholipases A; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases; Protein Kinase C; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; Proteins; Staurosporine; Type C Phospholipases | 1996 |
Activation of Ca2+-dependent currents in dorsal root ganglion neurons by metabotropic glutamate receptors and cyclic ADP-ribose precursors.
Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; Animals; Calcium; Calcium Channels; Cells, Cultured; Cyclic ADP-Ribose; Cyclic GMP; Ganglia, Spinal; Glutamic Acid; Membrane Potentials; Muscle Proteins; NAD; Neurons; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate; Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel; Synaptic Transmission | 1997 |
Purification of bovine soluble guanylate cyclase and ADP-ribosylation on its small subunit by bacterial toxins.
Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate; Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; Animals; Bacterial Toxins; Cattle; Cyclic GMP; Guanosine Triphosphate; Guanylate Cyclase; Heme; Kinetics; Lung; Macromolecular Substances; Manganese; NAD; Nitric Oxide; Sensitivity and Specificity; Solubility | 1997 |
Cyclic GMP-dependent and -independent effects on the synthesis of the calcium messengers cyclic ADP-ribose and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate.
Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; Adenosine Triphosphate; ADP-ribosyl Cyclase; ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1; Animals; Antigens, CD; Antigens, Differentiation; Calcium; Cyclic ADP-Ribose; Cyclic GMP; Kinetics; NAD+ Nucleosidase; NADP; Ovum; Sea Urchins | 1998 |
Melatonin receptors in benign prostate epithelial cells: evidence for the involvement of cholera and pertussis toxins-sensitive G proteins in their signal transduction pathways.
Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cells, Cultured; Cholera Toxin; Cyclic AMP; Cyclic GMP; DNA; Epithelial Cells; GTP-Binding Proteins; Humans; Male; Melatonin; Middle Aged; Pertussis Toxin; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Receptors, Cell Surface; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; Receptors, Melatonin; Signal Transduction; Virulence Factors, Bordetella | 1998 |
Differential regulation of nicotinic acid-adenine dinucleotide phosphate and cADP-ribose production by cAMP and cGMP.
Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; Animals; Calcium; Cyclic ADP-Ribose; Cyclic AMP; Cyclic GMP; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kinetics; NAD; NADP; Niacin; Oocytes; Sea Urchins; Second Messenger Systems; Temperature | 1998 |
Diversity of Ca(2+)-mobilizing mechanisms focus on "cGMP-mediated Ca2+ release from IP3-insensitive Ca2+ stores in smooth muscle".
Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; Animals; Biological Transport; Calcium; Cyclic ADP-Ribose; Cyclic GMP; Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate; Muscle, Smooth; NADP | 1998 |
U73122 blocked the cGMP-induced calcium release in sea urchin eggs.
Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; Animals; Calcium; Cyclic ADP-Ribose; Cyclic GMP; Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; Dithiothreitol; Enzyme Activation; Enzyme Inhibitors; Estrenes; Histones; Isoquinolines; NAD+ Nucleosidase; Niacinamide; Ovum; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; Protein Kinase C; Pyrrolidinones; Sea Urchins; Sulfhydryl Reagents; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; Thimerosal; Thionucleotides; Type C Phospholipases | 1998 |
ADP ribosyl cyclase activity in rat parotid acinar cells.
Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; ADP-ribosyl Cyclase; ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1; Animals; Antigens, CD; Antigens, Differentiation; Calcium; Cyclic ADP-Ribose; Cyclic GMP; Male; Membrane Glycoproteins; NAD+ Nucleosidase; Parotid Gland; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 1998 |
Regional modulation of cyclic nucleotides by endothelin-1 in rat pulmonary arteries: direct activation of G(i)2-protein in the main pulmonary artery.
Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; Animals; Azepines; Cell Membrane; Cholera Toxin; Cyclic AMP; Cyclic GMP; Endothelin Receptor Antagonists; Endothelin-1; Endothelium, Vascular; GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go; In Vitro Techniques; Indoles; Male; Muscle Contraction; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Oligopeptides; Piperidines; Pulmonary Artery; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptor, Endothelin A; Receptor, Endothelin B; Signal Transduction | 2000 |
Role of guanylyl cyclase in fertilisation of sea urchin eggs.
Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; Aminoquinolines; Animals; Calcimycin; Calcium Signaling; Cyclic ADP-Ribose; Cyclic GMP; Enzyme Inhibitors; Female; Fertilization; Guanylate Cyclase; Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate; Ionophores; Male; Models, Biological; Nitric Oxide; Oocytes; Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel; Sea Urchins; Seawater; Zygote | 2000 |
How the sperm triggers development of the egg: what have we learned and what can we expect in the next millennium?
Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; Animals; Calcium Signaling; Cyclic ADP-Ribose; Cyclic GMP; Embryology; Forecasting; Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate; Microinjections; NAD; Nitric Oxide; Oocytes; Phosphatidylinositol Diacylglycerol-Lyase; Sea Urchins; Sperm-Ovum Interactions; Type C Phospholipases; Zygote | 2000 |
Nitric oxide: a non-traditional regulator of plant growth.
Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cyclic GMP; Nitric Oxide; Plant Growth Regulators; Plant Structures; Signal Transduction | 2001 |
Increase of cGMP, cADP-ribose and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate preceding Ca(2+) transients in fertilization of sea urchin eggs.
Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Calcium Signaling; Cyclic ADP-Ribose; Cyclic GMP; Fertilization; Guanylate Cyclase; Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate; Molecular Sequence Data; Nucleotides, Cyclic; Ovum; Sea Urchins; Second Messenger Systems; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; Time Factors | 2001 |
Nitric oxide is a novel component of abscisic acid signaling in stomatal guard cells.
Topics: Abscisic Acid; Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; Cyclic ADP-Ribose; Cyclic GMP; Nitric Oxide; Plant Growth Regulators; Plant Structures; Signal Transduction | 2002 |
Nitric oxide regulates the release of somatostatin from cultured gastric rabbit primary D-cells.
Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; Amino Acids; Animals; Cells, Cultured; Cyclic GMP; Gastric Mucosa; Immunohistochemistry; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Donors; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Oxyhemoglobins; Rabbits; Rats; Sincalide; Somatostatin; Tumor Cells, Cultured | 2002 |