acid-phosphatase and tungstate

Acid phosphatases (ACPases) are produced by a variety of fungi and have gained attention due their biotechnological potential in industrial, diagnosis and bioremediation processes. These enzymes play a specific role in scavenging, mobilization and acquisition of phosphate, enhancing soil fertility and plant growth. In this study, a new ACPase from Trichoderma harzianum, named ACPase II, was purified and characterized as a glycoprotein belonging to the acid phosphatase family. ACPase II presents an optimum pH and temperature of 3.8 and 65 °C, respectively, and is stable at 55 °C for 120 min, retaining 60% of its activity. The enzyme did not require metal divalent ions, but was inhibited by inorganic phosphate and tungstate. Affinity for several phosphate substrates was observed, including phytate, which is the major component of phosphorus in plant foods. The inhibition of ACPase II by tungstate and phosphate at different pH values is consistent with the inability of the substrate to occupy its active site due to electrostatic contacts that promote conformational changes, as indicated by fluorescence spectroscopy. A higher affinity for tungstate rather than phosphate at pH 4.0 was observed, in accordance with its highest inhibitory effect. Results indicate considerable biotechnological potential of the ACPase II in soil environments.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Biotechnology; Fungal Proteins; Glycosylation; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Industrial Microbiology; Phosphates; Protein Conformation; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; Static Electricity; Temperature; Trichoderma; Tungsten Compounds

Homologs of the Escherichia coli surE gene are present in many eubacteria and archaea. Despite the evolutionary conservation, little information is available on the structure and function of their gene products. We have determined the crystal structure of the SurE protein from Thermotoga maritima. The structure reveals the dimeric arrangement of the subunits and an active site around a bound metal ion. We also demonstrate that the SurE protein exhibits a divalent metal ion-dependent phosphatase activity that is inhibited by vanadate or tungstate. In the vanadate- and tungstate-complexed structures, the inhibitors bind adjacent to the divalent metal ion. Our structural and functional analyses identify the SurE proteins as a novel family of metal ion-dependent phosphatases.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Amino Acid Sequence; Bacterial Proteins; Binding Sites; Cations, Divalent; Crystallography, X-Ray; Escherichia coli Proteins; Metals; Models, Molecular; Molecular Sequence Data; Mutation; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases; Protein Structure, Secondary; Protein Structure, Tertiary; Sequence Alignment; Thermotoga maritima; Tungsten Compounds; Vanadates

Molybdate and tungstate are strong inhibitors of the purple acid phosphatases. The binding modes of these anions to the FeZn derivative of uteroferrin, the purple acid phosphatase from porcine uterus (FeZnUf), have been characterized by X-ray absorption spectroscopy at both the iron and zinc K-edges. Pre-edge data show that both FeZnUf.MoO4 and FeZnUf.WO4 have six-coordinate iron sites. Analysis of the EXAFS regions shows that the iron sites of both molybdate and tungstate complexes are best simulated by a shell of three O or N atoms at 2.08-2.09 A and a shell of two O or N atoms at 1.93-1.95 A. On the other hand, the zinc sites have shells of five O or N atoms at approximately 2.1 A and one O or N atom at approximately 2.5 A. Because of the higher resolution of the FeZnUf. MoO4 data, the main shell at approximately 2.1 A can be further split into shells of four O or N at 2.04 A and one O or N at 2.22 A, the latter being associated with a molybdate oxygen. Outer-sphere EXAFS analysis indicates an Fe-Zn separation of approximately 3.4 A for both FeZnUf.MoO4 and FeZnUf.WO4, Fe-Mo/W distances of 3.2 A, and Zn-Mo/W distances of 3.6-3.7 A. Thus, molybdate and tungstate bridge the FeZn active site like phosphate, but do so unsymmetrically. The asymmetric bidentate bridging mode of molybdate and tungstate helps explain the effect of these anions on the redox properties of the diiron uteroferrin.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Anions; Binding Sites; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Iron; Isoenzymes; Kinetics; Metalloproteins; Molybdenum; Spectrum Analysis; Synchrotrons; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Tungsten Compounds; X-Rays; Zinc

Bovine spleen purple acid phosphatase (BSPAP) is a dinuclear iron protein with two stable redox states. The Fe3+Fe2+ state is the active state, while the fully oxidized protein (BSPAPox) has been reported to retain 5-10% activity, corresponding to a kcat of ca. 150 s-1 [Dietrich, M., Münstermann, D., Suerbaum, H., and Witzel, H. (1991) Eur. J. Biochem. 199, 105-113]. Here we show that this activity does not originate from Fe3+Fe3+-BSPAP, but rather from an 'impurity' of FeZn-BSPAP. The FeZn form of BSPAP was prepared from apo-BSPAP following a new procedure, and its kinetic properties were carefully determined for comparison to those of BSPAPox. For the hydrolysis of p-NPP at pH 6.00, both kcat and KM were affected by the Fe2+-to-Zn2+-substitution [Fe3+Fe2+-BSPAP, kcat = (1.8 +/- 0.1) x 10(3) s-1 and KM = 1.2 +/- 0.2 mM; Fe3+Zn2+-BSPAP; kcat = (2.8 +/- 0.2) x 10(3) s-1 and KM = 3.3 +/- 0.4 mM]. The KM of BSPAPox was the same as that of FeZn-BSPAP. pH profiles of BSPAPox and FeZn-BSPAP were both shifted to lower pH compared to that of BSPAPred. FeZn-BSPAP, FeZn-BSPAP.PO4, and FeZn-BSPAP.MoO4 all showed characteristic EPR spectra similar to the corresponding complexes of FeZn-Uf. The same species could also be observed in concentrated samples of native BSPAP. Spin integration of these spectra showed a quantitative relation between the spin concentration of the FeZn-BSPAP 'impurity' and the residual phosphatase activity after oxidation. Since all activity found after oxidation of BSPAP could be attributed to FeZn-BSPAP, there is no direct evidence that Fe3+Fe3+-BSPAP is catalytically active. These results set an upper limit to the possible catalytic activity of the Fe3+Fe3+ form of

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Apoenzymes; Arsenates; Binding, Competitive; Catalysis; Cattle; Edetic Acid; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Enzyme Activation; Ferric Compounds; Glycoproteins; Kinetics; Molybdenum; Oxidation-Reduction; Phosphates; Spleen; Tungsten Compounds; Zinc

Purple acid phosphatase is a widely distributed non-specific phosphomonoesterase. X-ray structures of the dimeric 111-kDa Fe(III)-Zn(II) kidney bean purple acid phosphatase (kbPAP) complexed with phosphate, the product of the reaction, and with tungstate, a strong inhibitor of the phosphatase activity, were determined at 2.7 and 3.0 angstroms resolution, respectively. Furthermore the resolution of the unligated enzyme, recently solved at 2.9 angstroms could be extended to 2.65 angstroms with completely new data. The binding of both oxoanions is not accompanied by larger conformational changes in the enzyme structure. Small movements with a maximal coordinate shift of 1 angstroms are only observed for the active site residues His295 and His296. In the inhibitor complex as well as in the product complex, the oxoanion binds in a bidentate bridging mode to the two metal ions, replacing two of the presumed solvent ligands present in the unligated enzyme form. As also proposed for the unligated structure a bridging hydroxide ion completes the coordination spheres of both metal ions to octahedral arrangements. All three structures reported herein support a mechanism of phosphate ester hydrolysis involving interaction of the substrate with Zn(II) followed by a nucleophilic attack on the phosphorus by an Fe(III)-coordinated hydroxide ion. The negative charge evolving at the pentacoordinated transition state is probably stabilized by interactions with the divalent zinc and the imidazole groups of His202, His295, and His296, the latter protonating the leaving alcohol group.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Amino Acid Sequence; Binding Sites; Computer Graphics; Crystallization; Crystallography, X-Ray; Enzyme Inhibitors; Fabaceae; Glycoproteins; Histidine; Iron; Models, Molecular; Molecular Sequence Data; Phosphates; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Plant Proteins; Plants, Medicinal; Protein Binding; Sequence Alignment; Tungsten Compounds; Zinc

Uteroferrin, the purple acid phosphatase from porcine uterine fluid, is noncompetitively inhibited by vanadate in a time-dependent manner under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. This time-dependent inhibition is observed only with the diiron enzyme and is absent when the FeZn enzyme is used. The observations are attributed to the sequential formation of two uteroferrin-vanadium complexes. The first complex forms rapidly and reversibly, while the second complex forms slowly and results in the production of catalytically inactive oxidized uteroferrin and V(IV), which is observed by EPR. The redox reaction can be reversed by treatment of the oxidized enzyme first with (V(IV)) and then EDTA to generate a catalytically active uteroferrin. Multiple inhibition kinetics suggests that vanadate is mutually exclusive with molybdate, tungstate, and vanadyl cation. The binding site for each of these anions is distinct from the site to which the competitive inhibitors phosphate and arsenate bind. The time-dependent inhibition by vanadate of uteroferrin containing the diiron core represents a new type of mechanism by which vanadium can interact with proteins and gives additional insight into the binding of anions to uteroferrin.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Anions; Arsenates; Binding Sites; Cations; Edetic Acid; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Female; Iron; Isoenzymes; Kinetics; Metalloproteins; Molybdenum; Oxidation-Reduction; Phosphates; Rhenium; Swine; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; Tungsten; Tungsten Compounds; Vanadates; Vanadium

The inhibition constants for vanadate, chromate, molybdate, and tungstate have been determined with Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase, potato acid phosphatase, and Helix pomatia aryl sulfatase. Vanadate was a potent inhibitor of all three enzymes. Inhibition of both phosphatases followed the order WO4(2-) greater than MoO4(2-) greater than CrO4(2-). The Ki values for potato acid phosphatase were about 3 orders of magnitude lower than those for alkaline phosphatase. Aryl sulfatase followed the reverse order of inhibition by group VI oxyanions. Phenol enhanced inhibition of alkaline phosphatase by vanadate and chromate but did not affect inhibition of acid phosphatase. Phenol enhanced inhibition of aryl sulfatase by metal oxyanions in all cases following the order H2VO4- greater than CrO4(2-) greater than MoO4(2-) greater than WO4(2-), and N-acetyltyrosine ethyl ester enhanced inhibition of aryl sulfatase by H2VO4- and CrO4(2-) more strongly than did phenol. It is apparent that the effectiveness of metal oxyanions as inhibitors of phosphatases and sulfatases can be selectively enhanced in the presence of other solutes. The relevance of these observations to the effects of transition metal oxyanions on protein phosphatases in vivo is discussed.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Arylsulfatases; Binding Sites; Chromates; Escherichia coli; Helix, Snails; Kinetics; Molybdenum; Plants; Protein Binding; Sulfatases; Tungsten; Tungsten Compounds; Vanadates

A novel vanadate- and molybdate-sensitive human skin epidermal acid phosphatase was purified and characterized. The enzyme was extracted from epidermal sheets with a 0.1% Triton X-100 solution buffered at pH 7.0. The purification procedure consisted of molecular permeation chromatography on Sephadex G-200 followed by chromatography on hydroxylapatite using an ammonium sulfate gradient. The molecular weight of the enzyme was 82,000 and the isoelectric point was at pH 5.6. At the optimum pH (5.1) the enzyme hydrolyzed most rapidly 1-naphthyl phosphate (Km = 0.28 mM) and 4-nitrophenyl phosphate (Km = 0.28 mM). In general, the best substrates had an aromatic leaving group. Fluoride (Ki = 39 microM; noncompetitive) and phosphate (competitive) inhibited by binding to different binding sites of the enzyme. The most potent inhibitors were vanadate (Ki = 1.9 X 10(-6)M), tungstate (Ki = 1.4 X 10(-7)M), and molybdate (Ki = 2.0 X 10(-9)M). Chemical modification and kinetic experiments suggested that the activity of the enzyme is based on imidazole, tyrosyl, and carboxyl groups. Benzoyl peroxide was a relatively potent inhibitor (Ki = 5.0 X 10(-5)M; noncompetitive). This enzyme resembled the prostatic acid phosphatase with regard to substrate specificity, inhibition characteristics, and functional groups.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Benzoyl Peroxide; Enzyme Inhibitors; Epidermis; Female; Fluorides; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Male; Molybdenum; Substrate Specificity; Tartrates; Tungsten; Tungsten Compounds; Vanadates; Vanadium