5-hydroxymethylfurfural and zinc-chloride

Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Studie sollte der Einfluss des Weichteilschadens auf das klinische Ergebnis nach offener Ellenbogenluxation untersucht werden.. Von Oktober 2008 bis August 2015 wurden insgesamt 230 Patienten mit Ellenbogenluxation behandelt. Diese retrospektive Studie umfasst 21 Fälle von offenen Ellenbogenluxationen. Das Durchschnittsalter der Patienten betrug 49 Jahre alt (20–83 Jahre), 6 Patienten waren weiblich (29%), 15 männlich (71%). Das Bewegungsausmaß des verletzten und unverletzten Ellenbogens wurde erhoben und das funktionelle Ergebnis u. a. mittels Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS), Mayo Wrist Score (MWS) und dem Disability of Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) Score erfasst. Zusätzlich wurden Komplikationen und Revisionsoperationen aufgezeichnet. Der Einfluss des Weichteilschadens (I°/II° offen vs. III° offen) und des Luxationstyps (einfach vs. komplex) auf das klinische Ergebnis wurde analysiert.. Offene Ellenbogenluxationen können mit einem zufriedenstellenden klinischen Ergebnis einhergehen. Insbesondere komplexe offene Ellenbogenluxationen sind jedoch sehr komplikationsbehaftet, wobei neurovaskuläre Komplikationen am häufigsten auftreten.. The current high rate of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria infections among hospitalised patients with cUTIs in the studied area is alarming. Our predictive model could be useful to avoid inappropriate antibiotic treatment and implement antibiotic stewardship policies that enhance the use of carbapenem-sparing regimens in patients at low risk of multidrug-resistance.. The results indicated differential patterns of Inhibition of Return between the High and Low shape/weight based self-worth groups. The High group displayed increased inhibition of return for the shape/weight stimuli relative to control stimuli, while the Low group displayed reduced inhibition of return for the shape/weight stimuli compared to control stimuli. The ED group displayed a similar pattern of results to the High group, but this did not reach significance.. The current findings indicate that young women without an eating disorder who base their self-worth on shape/weight display a pattern of avoidance of shape/weight stimuli that is in direct contrast to those at low risk of developing eating disorders. The possible implications of these specific patterns of inhibition of return across those at varying levels of risk for an eating disorder are discussed along with their implications for intervention approaches.. These results indicated that Sr. An unusually high HbA

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The dehydration of inulin biomass to the platform chemicals, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) and levulinic acid (LA), in ZnCl2 molten salt hydrate medium was investigated. The influence of the Lewis acid catalyst, SnCl4, on the product distribution was examined. An in situ(1)H NMR technique was employed to follow the reaction at the molecular level. The experimental results revealed that only 5-HMF was obtained from degradation of inulin biomass in ZnCl2 molten salt hydrate medium, while the LA was gradually becoming the main product when the reaction temperature was increased in the presence of the Lewis acid catalyst SnCl4. In situ NMR spectroscopy could monitor the reaction and give valuable insight.

Topics: Biomass; Catalysis; Chlorides; Furaldehyde; Inulin; Levulinic Acids; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Salts; Sucrose; Temperature; Tin Compounds; Zinc Compounds

The base-free aqueous-phase oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-furandicarboxilic acid (FDCA) was performed at 140 °C and 20 bar of synthetic air as the oxidant. Ru clusters supported on covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) enabled superior conversion (99.9%) and FDCA yields in comparison to other support materials such as activated carbon and γ-Al2O3 after only 1 h. The properties of the CTFs such as pore volume, specific surface area, and polarity could be tuned by using different monomers. These material properties influence the catalytic activity of Ru/CTF significantly as mesoporous CTFs showed superior activity compared to microporous materials, whereas high polarities provide further beneficial effects. The recyclability of the prepared Ru/CTF catalysts was comparable to that of Ru/C at high conversions and product yields. Nevertheless, minor deactivation in five successive recycling experiments was observed.

Topics: Catalysis; Chlorides; Dicarboxylic Acids; Furaldehyde; Furans; Oxidation-Reduction; Polymerization; Ruthenium; Triazines; Water; Zinc Compounds

The direct conversion of chitin biomass to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) in ZnCl2 aqueous solution was studied systemically. D-Glucosamine (GlcNH2) was chosen as the model compound to investigate the reaction, and 5-HMF could be obtained in 21.9% yield with 99% conversion of GlcNH2. Optimization of the reaction parameters including the screening of 8 co-catalysts was carried out. Among them, AlCl3 and B(OH)3 improved 5-HMF yield, whereas CdCl2, CuCl2 and NH4Cl had no effect. CrCl3, SnCl4 and SnCl2 showed negative effects, i.e. lower yields. Consequently, the optimal reaction conditions were found to be 67 wt.% ZnCl2 aqueous solution, at 120 °C without co-catalyst. The reactions were further studied by in situ NMR, and no intermediate or other byproducts, except humins, were observed. Finally, the substrate scope was expanded from GlcNH2 to N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and various chitosan polymers with different molecular weights, 5-HMF yield from polymers were generally lower than that from GlcNH2.

Topics: Biomass; Catalysis; Chitin; Chlorides; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Furaldehyde; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Mass Spectrometry; Solutions; Water; Zinc Compounds

The incompletely coordinated zinc ions in the concentrated aqueous ZnCl(2) solution catalyze the direct conversion of carbohydrates into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, and a moderate HMF yield up to 50% can be achieved.

Topics: Biomass; Catalysis; Cellulose; Chlorides; Fructose; Furaldehyde; Glucose; Kinetics; Maltose; Solutions; Starch; Water; Zinc Compounds