4-maleimido-2-2-6-6-tetramethylpiperidinooxyl and thiazolyl-blue

Given the increasing evidence of oxidative stress in AD brain and studies from different perspectives that appear to show a converging, central role for A beta in the pathogenesis and etiology of AD, insight into A beta-associated free radical oxidative stress will likely lead to a greater understanding of AD and, potentially, to better therapeutic strategies in this disorder. This article outlined methods to investigate markers of oxidative stress induced by A beta in brain membrane systems. Especially important are markers for protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, and ROS generation by A beta. Oxidative stress and its sequelae are likely related to both necrotic and apoptotic mechanisms of neurotoxicity, and A beta-associated free radical oxidative stress may be of fundamental importance in Alzheimer's disease etiology and pathogenesis. The methods described here provide some means for investigating this possibility.

Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Biomarkers; Cell Count; Cerebral Cortex; Creatine Kinase; Cyclic N-Oxides; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Free Radicals; Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase; Hippocampus; Humans; Mitochondria; Neurons; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Reactive Oxygen Species; Spin Labels; Synaptosomes; Tetrazolium Salts; Thiazoles; Trypan Blue