4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and heptanal

The process of lipid oxidation generates a diverse array of small aldehydes and carbonyl-containing compounds, which may occur in free form or esterified within phospholipids and cholesterol esters. These aldehydes mostly result from fragmentation of fatty acyl chains following radical oxidation, and the products can be subdivided into alkanals, alkenals (usually α,β-unsaturated), γ-substituted alkenals and bis-aldehydes. Isolevuglandins are non-fragmented di-carbonyl compounds derived from H

Topics: Acrolein; Aldehydes; Animals; Humans; Isoprostanes; Lactoglobulins; Lipid Peroxidation; Oxidative Stress; Protein Processing, Post-Translational

Lipid peroxidation has been linked to the etiology of several diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). End products of this phenomenon include low molecular weight, water-soluble aldehydes, compounds that covalently modify proteins and nucleic acids, thereby altering function. Aliphatic aldehydes (C3-C10) are generated during lipid peroxidation, along with alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes, including acrolein and 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE). The Hantzsch reaction was used to produce heterocyclic aldehyde derivatives that can be conveniently analyzed with mass spectrometry. Liquid chromatographic analyses revealed increasing retention times from derivatized methanal to octanal. HNE derivatives were observed to elute between heptanal and octanal derivatives, while the acrolein derivatives had a retention time similar to the propanal derivative. Smaller aliphatic aldehyde derivatives fragmented in a similar manner to produce a base peak of m/z 273, while the larger derivatives yielded m/z 274 as the base peak. Acrolein and HNE derivatives fragmented in a slightly different manner compared to their aliphatic counterparts. Calibration plots of aliphatic and unsaturated aldehydes were linear (r2 >/= 0.99) in the concentration range explored (approximately 5-1500 pg on column). The LC-MS/MS methodology developed here will be used in subsequent studies to determine aldehyde concentrations for comparing age-matched controls to AD tissues from human subjects.

Topics: Acrolein; Aldehydes; Alzheimer Disease; Biomarkers; Chromatography, Liquid; Humans; Lipid Peroxidation; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Tissue Distribution

To indicate the extent of lipid peroxidation induced by oxidative stress, by measuring aldehyde end products in biological samples.. A highly specific gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method was used to measure plasma concentrations of aliphatic aldehydes within the first week of life in 13 premature infants who subsequently developed chronic lung disease (CLD) and 11 infants without CLD (non-CLD). The oxime-tert-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives of aldehydes were analysed using 2,2,6,6-d4-cyclohexanone as the internal standard.. All of the aldehydes measured were raised in those infants with CLD compared with non-CLD infants. Plasma concentrations of heptanal, 2-nonenal, and 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) were significantly increased in CLD infants on the day of birth, while the differences in all aldehydes between the two groups were not significant at 4-6 days of age. Logistic regression analysis showed that the increase in these three aldehydes within the first 24 hours of life independently showed significant associations with the development of CLD. In particular, an HNE concentration of > or = 200 nM on day 0 was the best predictor for the early detection of CLD (odds ratio = 32.0), followed by a 2-nonenal concentration of > or = 150 nM (odds ratio = 16.0).. These findings suggest that lipid peroxidation may have a role in the pathogenesis of neonatal CLD.

Topics: Aldehydes; Antioxidants; Bilirubin; Female; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Lipid Peroxidation; Lung Diseases, Obstructive; Male; Predictive Value of Tests; Prognosis; Regression Analysis; Respiration, Artificial; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn; Statistics, Nonparametric; Vitamin E