3-n(4)-ethanocytosine and 8-hydroxyguanine

Oxidative DNA damage may be a risk factor for development of various pathologies, including malignancy. We studied inflammation triggered modulation of repair activity in the intestines of three weeks old rats injected i.p. with E.coli or S. typhimurium lipopolysaccharides (LPS) at doses of 1, 5 or 10 mg/kg. Subsequent formation in these animals of colonic preneoplastic lesions, aberrant crypt foci (ACF) was also investigated. Five days after LPS administration no differences were observed in repair rate of 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine (εA), 3,N(4)-ethenocytosine (εC) and 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) in intestines of these rats, as measured by the nicking assay. However a significant increase in all three repair activities was found within one and two months after S. typhimurium LPS treatment. E. coli LPS significantly increased only the 8-oxoG repair. S. typhimurium LPS stimulated mRNA transcription of pro-inflammatory proteins, lipooxygenase-12 and cyclooxygenase-2, as well as some DNA repair enzymes like AP-endonuclease (Ape1) and εC-glycosylase (Tdg). mRNA level of DNA glycosylases excising εA (MPG) and 8-oxoG (OGG1) was also increased by LPS treatment, but only at the highest dose. Transcription of all enzymes increased for up to 30 days after LPS, and subsequently decreased to the level observed before treatment, with the exception of APE1, which remained elevated even two months after LPS administration. Thus, the repair efficiency of εA, εC and 8-oxoG depends on the availability of APE1, which increases OGG1 and TDG turnover on damaged DNA, and presumably stimulates MPG. One and two months after administration of E. coli or S. typhimurium LPS, the number of aberrant crypt foci in rat colons increased in a dose and time dependent manner. Thus, inflammation stimulates the repair capacity for εA, εC and 8-oxoG, but simultaneously triggers the appearance of preneoplastic changes in the colons. This may be due to increased oxidative stress and imbalance in DNA repair.

Topics: Adenine; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase; Colon; Colonic Neoplasms; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cytosine; DNA Damage; DNA Repair; Escherichia coli; Guanine; Inflammation; Lipopolysaccharides; Oxidative Stress; Precancerous Conditions; Rats, Wistar; Salmonella typhimurium

Oxidative-stress-driven lipid peroxidation (LPO) is involved in the pathogenesis of several human diseases, including cancer. LPO products react with cellular proteins changing their properties, and with DNA bases to form mutagenic etheno-DNA adducts, removed from DNA mainly by the base excision repair (BER) pathway. One of the major reactive aldehydes generated by LPO is 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE). We investigated the effect of HNE on BER enzymes in human cells and in vitro. K21 cells pretreated with physiological HNE concentrations were more sensitive to oxidative and alkylating agents, H2O2 and MMS, than were untreated cells. Detailed examination of the effects of HNE on particular stages of BER in K21 cells revealed that HNE decreases the rate of excision of 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine (ɛA) and 3,N(4)-ethenocytosine (ɛC), but not of 8-oxoguanine. Simultaneously HNE increased the rate of AP-site incision and blocked the re-ligation step after the gap-filling by DNA polymerases. This suggested that HNE increases the number of unrepaired single-strand breaks (SSBs) in cells treated with oxidizing or methylating agents. Indeed, preincubation of cells with HNE and their subsequent treatment with H2O2 or MMS increased the number of nuclear poly(ADP-ribose) foci, known to appear in cells in response to SSBs. However, when purified BER enzymes were exposed to HNE, only ANPG and TDG glycosylases excising ɛA and ɛC from DNA were inhibited, and only at high HNE concentrations. APE1 endonuclease and 8-oxoG-DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1) were not inhibited. These results indicate that LPO products exert their promutagenic action not only by forming DNA adducts, but in part also by compromising the BER pathway.

Topics: Adenine; Aldehydes; Cell Line; Cytosine; DNA Breaks, Single-Stranded; DNA Glycosylases; DNA Repair; DNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase; Guanine; Humans; Lipid Peroxidation

It has previously been reported that 1,N6-ethenoadenine (epsilonA), deaminated adenine (hypoxanthine, Hx), and 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG), but not 3,N4-ethenocytosine (epsilonC), are released from DNA in vitro by the DNA repair enzyme alkylpurine-DNA-N-glycosylase (APNG). To assess the potential contribution of APNG to the repair of each of these mutagenic lesions in vivo, we have used cell-free extracts of tissues from APNG-null mutant mice and wild-type controls. The ability of these extracts to cleave defined oligomers containing a single modified base was determined. The results showed that both testes and liver cells of these knockout mice completely lacked activity toward oligonucleotides containing epsilonA and Hx, but retained wild-type levels of activity for epsilonC and 8-oxoG. These findings indicate that (i) the previously identified epsilonA-DNA glycosylase and Hx-DNA glycosylase activities are functions of APNG; (ii) the two structurally closely related mutagenic adducts epsilonA and epsilonC are repaired by separate gene products; and (iii) APNG does not contribute detectably to the repair of 8-oxoG.

Topics: Adenine; Animals; Cell-Free System; Cytosine; DNA Glycosylases; DNA Repair; Guanine; Hydrolysis; Hypoxanthine; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Knockout; N-Glycosyl Hydrolases; Recombinant Proteins; Substrate Specificity