3-methylquinoxaline-2-carboxylic-acid and quinoxaline-2-carboxylic-acid

A novel rapid method based on a background fluorescence quenching immunochromatographic assay (bFQICA) was established to achieve simultaneously the quantitative detection of 3-methyl-quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid (MQCA) and quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid (QCA), which were efficiently extracted and enriched 4 times using immunomagnetic beads from pork. The analysis of field pork samples by bFQICA was in accordance with that of LC-MS/MS; especially, the proposed bFQICA exhibited great advantages in convenience and efficiency, which only takes 30 min for the detection of MQCA and QCA.

Topics: Animals; Fluorescence; Food Contamination; Immunoassay; Quinoxalines; Red Meat; Swine

We have reported a sensitive chemiluminescent competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CL-ciELISA) based on immunomagnetic beads separation, purification and enrichment for the simultaneous determination of 3-methyl-quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid (MQCA) and quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid (QCA) in edible animal tissues. Forty field samples were analyzed with the developed CL-ciELISA, and the results correlated well with those obtained in liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), confirming the utility of CL-ciELISA for the quantitation of MQCA and QCA in fish, shrimp, pork and chicken with a good accuracy.

Topics: Animals; Food Contamination; Immunoassay; Immunomagnetic Separation; Limit of Detection; Luminescent Measurements; Meat; Quinoxalines

For the treatment of rabbit dysentery and bacterial enteritis, veterinary practitioners often adopt veterinary medicinal products authorised for other food-producing species, but in some cases non-authorised drugs frequently used in the past, such as carbadox and olaquindox, might be illegally adopted. To verify the carbadox and olaquindox distribution and persistence in rabbit tissues, two independent in vivo studies were carried out. In the first study, 24 healthy rabbits received water medicated with carbadox at 100 mg l(-1) over a period 28 days, whereas in the second one, 24 healthy rabbits were administered water containing olaquindox at 100 mg l(-1). In each study rabbits were randomly assigned to four groups to be sacrificed respectively at 0, 5, 10 and 20 days from treatment withdrawal, for depletion studies. A control group of six animals was adopted for control and as a reservoir of blank tissues. Muscle and liver samples collected from each treated animal were stored at -20°C pending the analysis. Sensitive and robust liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analytical methods were set up for the parent compounds and their main metabolites quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid, desoxycarbadox and 3-methylquinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid to verify their residual. Data collected demonstrate that the combination of liver as target matrix, quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid and 3-methylquinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid as marker residue and enzymatic digestion is strategic to evidence carbadox and/or olaquindox illegal treatments in rabbits, even 20 days after treatment withdrawal at concentration levels higher than 0.5 µg kg(-1). This findings suggests that liver should be proposed as target matrix for official control in national monitoring plan.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Biotransformation; Carbadox; Carcinogens; Chromatography, Liquid; Drug Residues; Food Analysis; Liver; Male; Muscle, Skeletal; Quinoxalines; Rabbits; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Veterinary Drugs

Immunoassays contribute greatly to food safety. Yet there are no reported immunoassays that simultaneously detect MQCA and QCA, the marker residues for olaquindox and carbadox, respectively. Here, a broad-specificity mAb was successfully produced, and the mAb showed good cross-reactivity with both MQCA and QCA, having IC50 values in buffer of 4.8 and 9.6 ng/mL, respectively. The calibration curves ranged from 0.3 to 81 μg/kg. The average recoveries ranged from 76% to 108% at different spiked levels (2, 4, and 8 μg/kg for MQCA; and 4, 10, and 20 μg/kg for QCA), and the intra-/interday coefficients of variation were 4.2-13.3%. The limits of detection of MQCA and QCA in chicken, fish, pork, and shrimp were 1.76, 1.32, 1.90, and 1.18 μg/kg, respectively. This method was verified by LC-MS/MS, with a correlation coefficient above 0.98. The immunoassay was rapid and reliable for simultaneous screening analysis of MQCA and QCA residues.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chickens; Drug Residues; Fishes; Food Contamination; Immunoassay; Meat; Quinoxalines; Seafood; Swine

A high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/ MS) method was developed for the simultaneous quantitative determination of 3-methyl-quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid (MQCA) and quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid (QCA) as the marker residues for carbadox (CBX) and olaquindox (OLA), respectively, in the muscles and livers of porcine and chicken and in the muscles of fish and shrimp. The MQCA and QCA were deproteinated with 5% metaphosphoric acid in 10% methanol followed by liquid-liquid extraction. Further clean-up was performed by solid phase extraction (SPE) through mixed mode anion-exchange columns (Oasis MAX SPE). The separation of the compounds was carried on a Waters Xterra MS C18 column (150 mm x 2.1 mm, 5 microm) by a gradient elution using methanol and 0.2% formic acid as mobile phases. The analytes were detected by tandem mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with positive electrospray ionization. The MQCA and QCA were quantified by internal standard method. The linear ranges were 1.0-20.0 microg/L and the correlation coefficients were not less than 0.9996. The average recoveries and relative standard deviations ranged from 62.4%-118% and 1.48%-28.1% respectively at the spiked levels of 0.1, 0.2 and 1.0 microg/kg for the both markers. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 0.1 microg/kg. The method is sensitive, accurate and suitable for the determination and confirmation of MQCA and QCA in animal origin foods.

Topics: Animals; Chickens; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Drug Residues; Fishes; Food Contamination; Meat Products; Quinoxalines; Swine; Tandem Mass Spectrometry