2-2--azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic-acid and vanillin

The non-nutritional health benefits of sprouts are unconfirmed. Thus, nine sprout methanolic extracts were tested for phytoconstituents and antioxidant activity. The TPC, TCC, TFC, TAC, and TALC were measured. ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power assays were used to assess the antioxidant activity. HPLC detected gallic acid, vanillin, syringic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and rutin in the extracts. The sprout extracts contained six compounds, with caffeic acid being the most abundant. Gallic acid, syringic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, vanillin, and rutin were highest in soybean, black sesame, mustard, sunflower, white radish, and black sesame sprouts, respectively. Sunflower sprouts had the highest level of TCC while soybean sprouts had the highest level of TFC, Taiwanese morning glory had the highest level of TPC, mustard sprouts had the highest level of TALC, and black sesame sprouts had the highest level of TAC. Taiwanese morning glories scavenged the most DPPH and ABTS radicals. Colored and white radish sprouts had similar ferric-reducing antioxidant power. Antioxidation mechanisms varied by compound. Our findings demonstrated that sprouts have biological effects, and their short time for mass production offers an alternative food source for health benefits, and that they are useful for future research development of natural products and dietary supplements.

Topics: Antioxidants; Cambodia; Chlorogenic Acid; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Gallic Acid; Glycine max; Plant Extracts; Rutin; Talc

The present study aimed at preparing novel free-radical scavenging and water-soluble compounds derived from gelatin. Specifically, gelatin−syringaldehyde, gelatin−anisaldehyde, and gelatin−vanillin were synthesized and thoroughly studied for their physicochemical properties. In particular, the compounds were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Notably, as demonstrated by thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry, all three derivatives exhibited higher thermal stability than gelatin itself. Free-radical scavenging activities of the examined compounds were explored by (i) a standard spectrophotometric ABTS assay and (ii) an assay of oxidative degradation of hyaluronic acid monitored by rotational viscometry. We found that gelatin and gelatin−syringaldehyde demonstrated the highest efficacy in scavenging •OH radicals, whereas gelatin−anisaldehyde was the least effective. The efficacy of scavenging alkyloxy- and alkylperoxy-type free radicals via hydrogen-atom-transferring property was in the following order: gelatin > gelatin−vanillin > gelatin−syringaldehyde > gelatin−anisaldehyde. Electron-donor properties determined using the ABTS assay revealed the following order in one-electron reduction of ABTS•+: gelatin > gelatin−anisaldehyde > gelatin−vanillin > gelatin−syringaldehyde.

Topics: Aldehydes; Free Radicals; Gelatin; Hyaluronic Acid; Hydrogen; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Water

The present study aimed to explore the ability of vanillin to ameliorate the adverse effects induced by potassium bromate (KBrO3) in the renal tissue. Our results showed a significant increase in hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, malondialdehyde, advanced oxidation protein product and protein carbonyl levels in the kidney of KBrO3 treated mice, compared with the control group. Nephrotoxicity was evidenced by a decrease in plasma uric acid and kidney glutathione levels, Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase, lactate dehydrogenase and catalase activities. Additionally, creatinine and urea levels significantly increased in the plasma and declined in the urine. Also, Kidney glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, metallothionein (MT1 and MT2) mRNA expression remarkably increased. These modifications in biochemical and molecular values were substantiated by histopathological data. Co-treatment with vanillin restored these parameters to near control values. Interestingly, vanillin proved to possess, in vitro, a stronger scavenging radical activity than vitamin C and Trolox. Thus, vanillin inhibited KBrO3-induced damage via its antioxidant and antiradical activities as well as its capacity to protect genes expression and histopathological changes.

Topics: Adenosine Triphosphatases; Animals; Antioxidants; Benzaldehydes; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Bromates; Environmental Pollutants; Hair Preparations; Kidney; Lipid Peroxidation; Metallothionein; Mice; Oxidative Stress; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids; Up-Regulation

Vanillin, a compound widely used in foods, beverages, cosmetics and drugs, has been reported to exhibit multifunctional effects such as antimutagenic, antiangiogenetic, anti-colitis, anti-sickling, and antianalgesic effects. However, results of studies on the antioxidant activity of vanillin are not consistent.. We systematically evaluated the antioxidant activity of vanillin using multiple assay systems. DPPH radical-, galvinoxyl radical-, and ABTS(+)-scavenging assays, ORAC assay and an oxidative hemolysis inhibition assay (OxHLIA) were used for determining the antioxidant activity.. Vanillin showed stronger activity than did ascorbic acid and Trolox in the ABTS(+)-scavenging assay but showed no activity in the DPPH radical- and galvinoxyl radical-scavenging assays. Vanillin showed much stronger antioxidant activity than did ascorbic acid and Trolox in the ORAC assay and OxHLIA. In the ABTS(+)-scavenging assay, ORAC assay and OxHLIA, vanillin reacted with radicals via a self-dimerization mechanism. The dimerization contributed to the high reaction stoichiometry against ABTS(+) and AAPH-derived radicals to result in the strong effect of vanillin. Oral administration of vanillin to mice increased the vanillin concentration and the antioxidant activity in plasma. These data suggested that antioxidant activity of vanillin might be more beneficial than has been thought for daily health care.. Based on the results of the present study, we propose the addition of antioxidant capacity to the multifunctionality of vanillin.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Benzaldehydes; Benzhydryl Compounds; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromans; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Erythrocytes; Free Radical Scavengers; Hemolysis; Mice; Molecular Structure; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Sheep; Sulfonic Acids

The raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) is an economically important berry crop that contains many phenolic compounds with potential health benefits. In this study, important pomological features, including nutrient content and antioxidant properties, of a domesticated and 3 wild (Yayla, Yavuzlar, and Yedigöl) raspberry fruits were evaluated. Also, the amount of total phenolics and flavonoids in lyophilized aqueous extracts of domesticated and wild ecotypes of raspberry fruits were calculated as gallic acid equivalents (GAEs) and quercetin equivalents (QE). The highest phenolic compounds were found in wild Yayla ecotype (26.66 ± 3.26 GAE/mg extract). Whilst, the highest flavonoids were determined in wild Yedigöl ecotype (6.09 ± 1.21 QA/mg extract). The antioxidant activity of lyophilized aqueous extracts of domesticated and wild ecotypes of raspberry fruits were investigated as trolox equivalents using different in vitro assays including DPPH(•), ABTS(•+), DMPD(•+), and O(•-)(2) radical scavenging activities, H(2)O(2) scavenging activity, ferric (Fe(3+)) and cupric ions (Cu(2+)) reducing abilities, ferrous ions (Fe(2+)) chelating activity. In addition, quantitative amounts of caffeic acid, ferulic acid, syringic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin, α-tocopherol, pyrogallol, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillin, p-coumaric acid, gallic acid, and ascorbic acid in lyophilized aqueous extracts of domesticated and wild ecotypes of raspberry fruits were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). The results clearly show that p-coumaric acid is the main phenolic acid responsible for the antioxidant and radical scavenging activity of lyophilized aqueous extracts of domesticated and wild ecotypes of raspberry fruits.

Topics: Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Benzaldehydes; Benzothiazoles; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Coumaric Acids; Ecotype; Ellagic Acid; Fruit; Gallic Acid; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hydroxybenzoates; Plant Extracts; Polyphenols; Propionates; Pyrogallol; Rosaceae; Sulfonic Acids; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Laccase from basidiomycete fungus Cyathus bulleri was evaluated for its ability to decolorize a number of reactive and acidic dyes in the presence of natural and synthetic mediators. The extent of decolorization was monitored at different mediator/dye concentrations and incubation time. Among the synthetic mediators, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) was effective at low mediator/dye ratios and resulted in 80-95% decolorization at rates that varied from 226 +/- 4 nmol min(-1) mg(-1) for Reactive Orange 1 to 1,333 +/- 15 nmol min(-1) mg(-1) for Reactive Red 198. Other synthetic mediators like 1-hydroxybenzotriazole and violuric acid showed both concentration- and time-dependent increases in percent decolorization. Natural mediators like vanillin, on the other hand, were found to be less effective on all the dyes except Reactive Orange 1. Computed rates of decolorization were about twofold lower than that with ABTS. The laccase-ABTS system also led to nearly 80% decolorization for the simulated dye mixture. No clear correlation between laccase activity on the mediator and its ability to decolorize dyes was found, but pH had a significant effect: Optimum pH for decolorization coincided with the optimum pH for mediator oxidation. The treated samples were also evaluated for toxicity in model microbial systems. The laccase-mediator system appears promising for treatment of textile wastewaters.

Topics: Azo Compounds; Barbiturates; Benzaldehydes; Benzothiazoles; Color; Coloring Agents; Cyathus; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Industrial Waste; Laccase; Mutagenicity Tests; Naphthalenesulfonates; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxygen Consumption; Pseudomonas putida; Sulfonic Acids; Sulfuric Acid Esters; Textile Industry; Triazines; Triazoles; Water Pollutants, Chemical

Laccases have low redox potentials limiting their environmental and industrial applications. The use of laccase mediators has proven to be an effective approach for overcoming the low redox potentials. However, knowledge about the role played by the mediator cocktails in such a laccase-mediator system (LMS) is scarce. Here, we assembled different dual-agent mediator cocktails containing 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS), vanillin, and/or acetovanillone, and compared their mediating capabilities with those of each individual mediator alone in oxidation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) by Ganoderma lucidum laccase. Cocktails containing ABTS and either vanillin or acetovanillone strongly promoted PCP removal compared to the use of each mediator alone. The removal enhancement was correlated with mediator molar ratios of the cocktails and incubation times. Analysis of the kinetic constants for each mediator compound showed that G. lucidum laccase was very prone to react with ABTS rather than vanillin and acetovanillone in the cocktails. Moreover, the presence of the ABTS radical (ABTS+*) and vanillin or acetovanillone significantly enhanced PCP removal concomitant with electron transfer from vanillin or acetovanillone to ABTS+*. These results strongly suggest that vanillin and acetovanillone mediate the reaction between ABTS and PCP via multiple sequential electron transfers among laccase and its mediators.

Topics: Acetophenones; Benzaldehydes; Benzothiazoles; Fungal Proteins; Kinetics; Laccase; Oxidation-Reduction; Pentachlorophenol; Reishi; Sulfonic Acids

Laccase from 5 white-rot fungal strains (4 Trametes and 1 Pycnoporus strains) were evaluated in the removal spectra with/without mediators against 11 EDCs. Purified laccase from Trametes sp. was also used to reveal the precise degradation spectra and degradation profiles in time course against 20 EDCs with/without mediators. In addition, effectivity of laccase for the purification of complex EDCs contamination was evaluated combining several EDCs. The removal characteristics among tested strains were almost the same and crude/purified laccase could remove various EDCs. Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfone, diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP), pyrene (PY), anthracene, 3,5-dichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol could not be removed by laccase. DEHP and PY could not be removed even with mediators. Vanillin and vanillic acid revealed to be possible naturally occurring mediators. Laccase-mediator system could expand the degradation spectrum and enhance the EDCs removal ratio and rate. When complex mixtures of EDCs were treated with laccase, the removal ratio was enhanced in comparison to that of single application. Some coexisting EDCs could act as mediators. Thus, the availability of laccase and the effectivity of a mediator on EDCs treatment were indicated.

Topics: Benzaldehydes; Benzothiazoles; Carboxylic Acids; Endocrine Disruptors; Laccase; Polyporales; Sulfonic Acids; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Purification